TiO2对CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃晶化机理的影响

使用差热分析（DTA）方法研究了TiO2对CaO－Al2O3－SiO2系玻璃晶化机理的影响，发现在CaO－Al2O3－SiO2系玻璃中，引入TiO2有助于玻璃网络聚合程度的降低，从而导致玻璃的粘度减小，转变温度Tg和析晶峰温度Tp的降低.玻璃的析晶难易程度和析晶峰温度的高低不存在相互对应关系．CaO－Al2O3－SiO2系玻璃中，不管是否加入TiO2，均以表面晶化为主，TiO2的晶核剂效果不显著．充分的核化热处理也不能促使含TiO2的CaO－Al2O3－SiO2系玻璃发生体积晶化，TiO2的含量越高，核化热处理后玻璃的表面晶化效果越显著．     

La2O3在MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2微晶玻璃中的作用

在MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2玻璃中添加不同数量的氧化镧，采用差热分析，X射线衍射及电子显微镜等技术研究了氧化镧对玻璃析晶过程与力学性能的影响。氧化镧的加入使玻璃中析出α－堇青石相的温度降低，同时避免了高膨胀方石英相的析出。随着氧化镧加入量的增加，玻璃整体析晶能力下降，微晶玻璃中晶相含量减少，晶粒尺寸增大，微晶玻璃的弹性模量与硬度减小，断裂韧性增加，体现出大尺寸长柱状金红石晶粒的增韧作用。     

Fe2+、Fe3+对CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO系微晶玻璃析晶性能的影响规律

为了利用大量的含铁铝硅酸盐固体废弃物制备具有高附加值的微晶玻璃,采用DTA、XRD、SEM、EDS等手段研究了Fe2+、Fe3+对CASM系微晶玻璃析晶性能的影响.结果表明,Fe2+在微晶玻璃中与Mg2+的作用相同,取代以网络外体形式存在的Al3+,使得微晶玻璃的析晶温度逐渐下降,而对析晶能力几乎没有影响,并当Fe2+掺入量为2%时,主晶相由铝黄长石转变为镁黄长石,在7.5%时,进一步转变为透辉石.Fe3+掺量小于7.5%时,起到补充Si4+不足的作用,当大于7.5%时,部分Fe3+起到与Fe2+、Mg2+相同的作用,使得析晶温度呈先升后降的变化,在掺量为7.5%时,铝黄长石主晶相才开始转变为镁黄长石,在10%时,转变为透辉石,且析晶能力得到大幅提升.随着Fe2+和Fe3+含量增加,虽然微晶玻璃中主晶相的变化顺序相同,但Fe2+具有降低微晶玻璃析晶温度的作用,而一定量的Fe3+可作为晶核剂提高微晶玻璃的析晶能力.     

MgO-Al2O3-SiO2微晶玻璃的IR、DTA和XRD研究

利用红外光谱、差热分析、X射线粉末衍射、电子显微镜等手段研究了含有TiO2和ZrO2的堇青石微晶玻璃的分相，成核与析晶过程，热处理过程中玻璃首先发生分相，富含钛离子的一相呈现点滴状，均匀分散于玻璃基体中，随后玻璃中析出大量微小的镁铝钛酸盐晶粒，并保持与玻璃分相类似的显微结构形貌，在玻璃析晶过程中钛离子逐渐向六配位状态转化，表明玻璃中钛离子参与形成晶相，玻璃相中钛离子含量逐渐减少。     

F-离子对Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃晶化的影响

采用差热分析(DTA)，X射线衍射分析(XRD)，扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段研究了F^-离子对Li2O—A12O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃形核和晶化的影响。结果发现，引入F^-离子使得玻璃的析晶峰值温度降低，玻璃的析晶活化能E降低，晶化指数n加大。引入F^-离子后，一方面促进了玻璃析晶和晶化，LixAlxSi1-xO2固溶体析出以及LixAlxSi1-xO2固溶体向β-锂辉石固溶体转变加快，晶化后的晶粒尺寸加大，析晶活化能E，晶化指数n与扫描电镜(SEM)分析一致。表明F^-离子促进了玻璃晶化和离子扩散。     

B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃析晶动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热（DSC）分析法对B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2系统微晶玻璃的析晶动力学参数进行了测定，研究了该系统微晶玻璃的析晶动力学。结果表明：随着B2O3/SiO2比的降低，该系统玻璃的析晶活化能E呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，当B2O3/SiO2比为11：5时，析晶活化能最小，Emin=375．4kJ／mol，晶化指数n则先减小后增大，但均〉4，表明该系统玻璃可整体析晶。     

ZrO2对低温烧结 BaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃析晶和晶型转变的影响

用烧结法制备了化学计量比和高Ba含量的两组BaO-Al2O3-SiO2(BAS)系微晶玻璃,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段研究了ZrO2对BAS系微晶玻璃中六方钡长石析晶和六方钡长石向单斜钡长石晶型转变的影响.研究表明,两组BAS系玻璃的烧结温度低于850℃,晶化温度低于900℃.六方钡长石的析出为整体析晶.不加形核剂晶型转变为整体析晶;添加ZrO2晶型转变为表面析晶.提高Ba含量或添加ZrO2促进六方钡长石的析出和晶粒细化.化学计量比的BAS系微晶玻璃中添加ZrO2明显促进晶型转变.高Ba含量的BAS系微晶玻璃中添加ZrO2表现为抑制晶型转变,850℃保温100h不发生转变.     

Li2O·Al2O3·4SiO2-Ta2O5系微晶玻璃分相与析晶机理研究

采用Ta2O5为晶核剂制备Li2O.Al2O3.4SiO2-Ta2O5微晶玻璃,并研究其分相、析晶机理,构建晶化模型.结果表明Ta2O5能有效促进玻璃的体积析晶,获得了晶粒尺寸为50nm的精细组织.非等温动力学计算显示随Ta2O5含量增加,析晶活化能降低,析晶指数增加,析晶动力学参数K(Tp)作为析晶判据更为合理.研究发现,LAST玻璃冷却时因亚稳分解导致互锁分相,形核前期又借助成核生长机制发生微滴分相,晶体生长则在继承亚稳分相形貌基础上发生"他形"析晶.最终构建了LAST微晶玻璃的晶化模型.     

添加氧化物对Ba2TiSi2O8极性玻璃陶瓷析晶性能的影响

采用恒温场晶粒定向晶化工艺制备了Ba2TiSi2O8极性玻璃陶瓷，在组成1．2BaO—1．0TiO2—2．6SiO2的基础玻璃中，分别加入0．2CaO和0．1ZrO2，研究了添加不同的氧化物对Ba2TiSi2O8极性玻璃陶瓷析晶性能的影响。实验结果表明，加入CaO和ZrO2都会影响主晶相的析出过程，特别是加入ZrO2造成玻璃陶瓷中产生BaZrSi3O9第二相。此外，压电性能测试显示，加入0．2CaO有利于BTS晶体的定向析晶；加入ZrO2不利于BTS晶体的定向析晶。     

Fe2+、Fe3+对CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO系微晶玻璃析晶性能的影响规律

为了利用大量的含铁铝硅酸盐固体废弃物制备具有高附加值的微晶玻璃,采用DTA、XRD、SEM、 EDS等手段研究了Fe₂₊、Fe₃₊对CASM系微晶玻璃析晶性能的影响,结果表明,Fe₂₊在微晶玻璃中与Mgz+的 作用相同,取代以网络外体形式存在的Al₃₊,使得微晶玻璃的析晶温度逐渐下降,而对析晶能力几乎没有影 响,并当Fe₂₊掺入量为2%时,主晶相由铝黄长石转变为镁黄长石,在7.5%时,进一步转变为透辉石．Fe₃₊掺 量小于7.5%时,起到补充S14不足的作用,当大于7.5%时,部分Fe₃₊起到与Fe₂₊、Mg₂₊相同的作用,使得 析晶温度呈先升后降的变化,在掺量为7.5%时,铝黄长石主晶相才开始转变为镁黄长石,在10%对,转变为 透辉石,且析晶能力得到大幅提升．随着Fe₂₊和Fe₃₊含量增加,虽然微晶玻璃中主晶相的变化顺序相同,但 Fe₂₊具有降低微晶玻璃析晶温度的作用,而一定量的Fe₃₊可作为晶核剂提高微晶玻璃的析晶能力     

蒙脱土/二氧化钛/聚酰亚胺纳米杂化薄膜低温力学及热稳定性能研究

利用插层法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量的蒙脱土/ 二氧化钛/ 聚酰亚胺(MMT/ TiO₂ / PI) 纳米杂化薄膜。采用傅立叶红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、扫描电镜和热重分析等对该体系的分子结构、断口形貌和热性能进行了表征, 同时研究了聚酰亚胺杂化薄膜低温(77 K) 力学性能。结果表明, 纳米粒子与基体结合情况良好, 热分解温度Td有所上升。TiO₂ / PI 杂化薄膜低温拉伸强度随TiO₂ 质量分数增加而有所下降; 而MMT/ TiO₂ / PI 杂化薄膜拉伸强度随TiO₂质量分数增加而增加并在TiO₂质量分数为2 %时达到最大值, 说明TiO₂ 与MMT 超混杂产生了协同效应。另外, 弹性模量随无机颗粒含量的增加而提高, 但断裂伸长率则下降。      

pH值及含水量对自蔓燃制备TiO_2光催化性能的影响

为了考察pH值及含水量对溶胶-凝胶自蔓燃法制备TiO2粉体光催化性能的影响,以TiO(NO3)2为前驱体,在原料、燃烧剂和燃烧助剂的物质的量比为n(TiCl4)∶n(C6H8O7)∶n(NH4NO3)=1∶1∶3,以及煅烧温度550℃不变的情况下,改变溶胶pH值和含水量,制备TiO2粉体,利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜进行结构表征,通过降解亚甲基蓝验证光催化性能。结果表明:该条件下制备的TiO2粉体具有松散、多孔的特性,晶型为锐钛矿。在pH值为7、含水质量分数为50%的条件下,TiO2的光催化活性最高。     

Controlled Sn-doping in TiO2 nanowire photoanodes with enhanced photoelectrochemical conversion

We demonstrate for the first time the controlled Sn-doping in TiO(2) nanowire (NW) arrays for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Because of the low lattice mismatch between SnO(2) and TiO(2), Sn dopants are incorporated into TiO(2) NWs by a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis with different ratios of SnCl(4) and tetrabutyl titanate, and a high acidity of the reactant solution is critical to control the SnCl(4) hydrolysis rate. The obtained Sn-doped TiO(2) (Sn/TiO(2)) NWs are single crystalline with a rutile structure, and the incorporation of Sn in TiO(2) NWs is well controlled at a low level, that is, 1-2% of Sn/Ti ratio, to avoid phase separation or interface scattering. PEC measurement on Sn/TiO(2) NW photoanodes with different Sn doping ratios shows that the photocurrent increases first with increased Sn doping level to >2.0 mA/cm(2) at 0 V vs Ag/AgCl under 100 mW/cm(2) simulated sunlight illumination up to ~100% enhancement compared to our best pristine TiO(2) NW photoanodes and then decreases at higher Sn doping levels. Subsequent annealing of Sn/TiO(2) NWs in H(2) further improves their photoactivity with an optimized photoconversion efficiency of ~1.2%. The incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency shows that the photocurrent increase is mainly ascribed to the enhancement of photoactivity in the UV region, and the electrochemical impedance measurement reveals that the density of n-type charge carriers can be significantly increased by the Sn doping. These Sn/TiO(2) NW photoanodes are highly stable in PEC conversion and thus can serve as a potential candidate for pure TiO(2) materials in a variety of solar energy driven applications.     

Effect of MWCNT Inclusion in TiO2 Nanowire Array Film on the Photoelectrochemical Performance

Rutile TiO2 nanowire array films with multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT) inclusion perpendicularly grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) substrate were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method.The absorption edges of the TiO2 nanowire array films are blue-shifted with increasing MWCNT content.The resistance of the TiO2 nanowire array film is decreased by MWCNT inclusion.The optimum TiO2 /MWCNT molar ratio in the feedstock is 1:0.1.For the TiO2 nanowire array film with MWCNT inclusion served as electrode in dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC),an overall 194% increase of photoelectric conversion efficiency has been achieved.     

TiO2-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) comprised of TiO2 porous films with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared at low temperature (150 degrees C). MWNT were incorporated to facilitate the fast electron transport resulting from metallic properties of carbon nanotubes. In order to enhance the effect of MWNT incorporation, TiO2-grafted MWNT (TiO2-MWNT) was synthesized which can increase the electron transport rate further due to proximity of TiO2 to MWNT The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of MWNT was confirmed by electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As in the DSSCs prepared through high temperature sintering of photoanodes, the maximum content of MWNT incorporated into TiO2 was limited to 0.01 wt% relative to TiO2. TiO2 photoanodes including TiO2-grafted MWNT (TiO2-MWNT/P25) enhanced the cell efficiencies by ca. 28% and 14%, relative to TiO2 photoanodes without and with MWNT respectively, reaching the efficiency of 5.0%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized to examine the effect of incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles grafted to MWNT on the cell performance.     

Mn、N共掺杂TiO_2负载竹质活性炭纤维的制备及可见光光催化性能

为研究Mn、N共掺杂TiO_2负载竹质活性炭纤维(Mn-N/TiO_2-BACF)的可见光光催化性能,首先,以MnSO_4·H_2O为锰源,尿素为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了光催化复合材料Mn-N/TiO_2-BACF;然后,利用SEM、XRD及XPS等考察了煅烧温度对Mn-N/TiO_2-BACF结构和可见光光催化性能的影响。结果表明:Mn、N共掺杂使光催化复合材料的光响应范围由紫外光区域拓宽至可见光区域;随煅烧温度的提高,光催化复合材料表面的晶格氧含量逐渐降低,吸附氧含量先降低后增加,而羟基氧含量有所增加;光照400min后,350℃锻烧制备的Mn-N/TiO_2-BACF在可见光下对亚甲基蓝的光降解率达99.7%。同时,还发现Mn-N/TiO_2-BACF在可见光下的光降解率与煅烧温度没有相关性。     

煅烧温度和燃烧剂及助剂用量对TiO2光催化性能的影响

为了找出自蔓燃制备TiO2光催化剂的最佳奈件,本文以TiO（NO3）2为前驱体,以前躯体用量、燃烧剂柠檬酸和硝酸铵的比例、煅烧温度为主要考查因素,通过正交试验制备TiO2并进行亚甲基蓝的光催化降解实验。结果表明,自蔓燃工艺制备的TiO2粉体具有松散、多孔的特性;正交试验选出最优制备条件为：煅烧温度在550℃,n（TiCl1）：n（柠檬酸）：n（硝酸铵）=1：1：3,最优条件下的TiO2比不采用此工艺制备的TiO2的降解率提高了13．28％;最大光降解速率比不采用此工艺制备的TiO2的速率提高了58％。     

SiO2/TiO2复合气凝胶的孔道结构研究

为了在常压干燥下制备高比表面积且具有多级孔道结构的SiO2/TiO2复合气凝胶,以正硅酸乙酯、钛酸丁酯为原料,利用低聚体聚合将分相平行引入到溶胶凝胶过程中,获得SiO2/TiO2醇凝胶,并通过溶剂替换技术实现气凝胶的常压干燥制备.不同硅钛比气凝胶的内部结构研究表明:合成的气凝胶是由纳米SiO2和TiO2颗粒分散复合而成的介孔块体,其中Ti—O—Ti、Si—O—Si和Ti—O—Si键相互交织.气凝胶的结构变化是分相与溶胶凝胶过程相互竞争的结果.Si含量能显著改善气凝胶的结构,当n(Ti)∶n(Si)为3∶1时,比表面积高达712.2 m2/g,平均孔径为3.36 nm;当n(Ti)∶n(Si)为1.5∶1时,复合气凝胶具有明显双连续孔道,比表面积高,同时孔状结构清晰.     

中钛型含钛高炉渣制微晶玻璃及其性能研究

以中钛型含钛高炉渣为主原料制备微晶玻璃,利用渣中的TiO2作晶核剂.采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析技术研究了含钛高炉渣用量的变化对基础玻璃晶化、微晶玻璃性能的影响.结果表明,渣中适量的TiO2对玻璃晶化有较好的促进作用.渣用量较低时制得的微晶玻璃的主晶相为硅灰石,但当渣用量超过70％时,主晶相发生变化,变为钙铝黄长石等长石类矿相.中钛型含钛高炉渣用量为63％左右时,制得的微晶玻璃晶相含量合适,性能最好.此时采用的热处理制度为:核化温度720℃,保温1h,晶化温度945℃,保温2h,制得的微晶玻璃抗弯强度为121.68MPa,显微硬度为7.81 GPa.     

Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting

We report the first demonstration of hydrogen treatment as a simple and effective strategy to fundamentally improve the performance of TiO(2) nanowires for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Hydrogen-treated rutile TiO(2) (H:TiO(2)) nanowires were prepared by annealing the pristine TiO(2) nanowires in hydrogen atmosphere at various temperatures in a range of 200-550 °C. In comparison to pristine TiO(2) nanowires, H:TiO(2) samples show substantially enhanced photocurrent in the entire potential window. More importantly, H:TiO(2) samples have exceptionally low photocurrent saturation potentials of -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl (0.4 V vs RHE), indicating very efficient charge separation and transportation. The optimized H:TiO(2) nanowire sample yields a photocurrent density of ～1.97 mA/cm(2) at -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, in 1 M NaOH solution under the illumination of simulated solar light (100 mW/cm(2) from 150 W xenon lamp coupled with an AM 1.5G filter). This photocurrent density corresponds to a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of ～1.63%. After eliminating the discrepancy between the irradiance of the xenon lamp and solar light, by integrating the incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum of the H:TiO(2) nanowire sample with a standard AM 1.5G solar spectrum, the STH efficiency is calculated to be ～1.1%, which is the best value for a TiO(2) photoanode. IPCE analyses confirm the photocurrent enhancement is mainly due to the improved photoactivity of TiO(2) in the UV region. Hydrogen treatment increases the donor density of TiO(2) nanowires by 3 orders of magnitudes, via creating a high density of oxygen vacancies that serve as electron donors. Similar enhancements in photocurrent were also observed in anatase H:TiO(2) nanotubes. The capability of making highly photoactive H:TiO(2) nanowires and nanotubes opens up new opportunities in various areas, including PEC water splitting, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.