STIMULUS TRACE IN THE MENTALLY RETARDED: DEFECT OR DEVELOPMENTAL LAG?

TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE CENTRAL ORGANISMIC VARIABLE OF STIMULUS TRACE THEORY, I.E., NEURAL INTEGRITY (NI), WAS MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO MA OR IQ, COMPARISONS WERE MADE BETWEEN DIGIT SPAN PERFORMANCE OF OUTPATIENT CHILDREN WHO WERE MATCHED ON EITHER MA OR CA BUT WHO DIFFERED IN IQ GROUPS MATCHED DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN NORMAL, BORDERLINE, AND RETARDED IQ. ON CA, BUT NOT BETWEEN THOSE MATCHED ON MA. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT N1 WAS RELATED TO MA BUT NOT TO IQ AND THAT AS A CONSEQUENCE STIMULUS TRACE THEORY WAS BEST REGARDED AS A DEVELOPMENTAL RATHER THAN A DEFECT APPROACH TO MENTAL RETARDATION. THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEFECT APPROACHES ARE DISCUSSED AS IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FINDING OF NO DIFFERENCES IN VARIABILITY OF DIGIT SPAN PERFORMANCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND RETARDED CHILDREN. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERACTION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU), 4 S GROUPS COMPRISED OF PKU, RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN DAMAGED, PSYCHOTIC, AND NORMAL CHILDREN WERE COMPARED ON A MEASURE OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR. ON TOTAL INTERACTION SCORES, THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO PERFORM SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POORLY THAN THE NORMALS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN THE PSYCHOTICS. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PKU GROUP AND RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUP TENDED TOWARD SIGNIFICANCE, ALTHOUGH ON SEPARATE COMPARISONS FOR THE 3 SOCIAL STIMULUS CONDITIONS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE 2 GROUPS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST HETEROGENEOUS, AND THE CLUSTERING OF SCORES SUGGESTED THAT PHENYLKETONURIA IS BEHAVIORALLY NOT A UNITARY DISORDER. CORRELATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE CRITERIA AND INTERACTION SCORES FOR THE PKU GROUP FURTHER INDICATED THAT THE INTERACTION MEASURE MAY TAP FUNCTIONS NOT ASSESSED BY STANDARDIZED IQ TESTS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCESSES UNDERLYING EXPOSURE TO ADVERTISING.

EXPLORES ONGOING PROCESSES DURING MOMENTS OF EXPOSURE. 3 KINDS OF DATA ARE REPORTED. THINKING IS DEFINED AS THOUGHTS COMING SPONTANEOUSLY TO MIND WHILE VIEWING. LOOKING IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF A STAND MOUNTED EYE MOVEMENT RECORDER (MACKWORTH OPTISCAN). FEELING IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF INTENSITY OF RESPONSE AS MEASURED BY PUPIL SIZE (HESS APPARATUS). TEST ADS ELICITED MUCH SUBJECTIVE RESPONSE. ADS WITH THE LEAST STRUCTURE ELICITED THE MOST THOUGHTS PER RESPONDENT, THE WIDEST VARIETY OF THOUGHTS AND THE MOST THOUGHTS EXPRESSING DESIRE FOR THE PRODUCT AND SERVICE. HIGHLY STRUCTURED ADS WERE MOST INFORMATIVE, LEAST MOTIVATING OR PERSUASIVE, I.E., INFORMATION IS NOT SIMPLY PERSUASIVE. ADS WHICH WERE EASILY LEARNED REQUIRED LITTLE OF THE RESPONDENT, AND COMMUNICATED WITH LITTLE WORK ON HIS PART; BUT ADS WHICH WERE NOT LEARNED EASILY REQUIRED THE RESPONDENT TO BE MORE ACTIVE, I.E., TO SCAN RATHER THAN FOCUS. THE WORK OF COMMUNICATION MAY THEREFORE BE DONE BY THE COMMUNICATOR VIA CREATION OF AN EASILY LEARNABLE AD, OR BY THE RESPONDENT VIA AN ABILITY TO LEARN DIFFICULT COMMUNIQUES. COMMUNICATION IS FURTHER DISCUSSED, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FAMILIAR AND NOVEL STIMULI, AND RELATED COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF TRIALS. THE STUDY OF EFFECTS OF COMPLETED COMMUNICATION IS PROPOSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF IRRELEVANT PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI ON DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN MINIMALLY BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN.

THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MINIMALLY BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN ARE MORE DISTRACTIBLE THAN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN WAS TESTED IN A SERIES OF 3 EXPERIMENTS. EXP. I DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DISTRACTING CONDITION OF PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI INTERFERED WITH DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED SS. IN EXP. II THE DISTRACTING CONDITION AGAIN INTERFERED WITH LEARNING IN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED SS, BUT FAILED TO HAVE THIS EFFECT WITH BRAIN-DAMAGED SS. WHEN DIFFERENCES IN IQ WERE CONTROLLED STATISTICALLY, THE PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRAIN-DAMAGED AND NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUPS WERE NO LONGER SIGNIFICANT. THE DISTRACTING CONDITION DID NOT INTERFERE WITH LEARNING IN A GROUP OF OLDER BRAIN-INJURED SS USED IN EXP. III. RESULTS FAILED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A TASK-IRRELEVANT DISTRACTING CONDITION OF PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI WOULD AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAIN-INJURED SS MORE THAN THAT OF NON-BRAIN-INJURED SS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THEMATIC EXPRESSION OF SEXUAL CONFLICT UNDER VARYING STIMULUS CONDITIONS.

USING AN APPROACH-AVOIDANCE MODEL, THE SEX APPROACH RESPONSES OF HIGH-SEX-CONFLICT (HSC) AND LOW-SEX-CONFLICT (LSC) SS, AS ASSESSED BY A SELF-REPORT INDEX, WERE EVALUATED USING LOW-RELEVANCE (AMBIGUOUS) AND HIGH-RELEVANCE (STRUCTURED) THEMATIC STIMULI. 48 SS WERE EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING 4 GROUPS: HSC, MALE E; HSC, FEMALE E; LSC, MALE E; LSC, FEMALE E. 2 INDEXES OF SEX APPROACH WERE DERIVED FROM SS' VERBAL RESPONSES, 1 BASED ON CONTENT, THE OTHER ON AFFECT. AS PREDICTED, THE STRUCTURED STIMULI ELICITED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER APPROACH RESPONSES FROM THE LSC SS THAN FROM THE HSC SS, WHEREAS THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES TO THE AMBIGUOUS STIMULI. SEX OF E WAS NOT FOUND TO INFLUENCE RESPONSES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT AVOIDANCE REACTIONS TO STRUCTURED STIMULI ARE MORE USEFUL THAN APPROACH RESPONSES TO AMBIGUOUS STIMULI IN DETECTING CONFLICT. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SYMPTOM SUBSTITUTION AND THE BEHAVIOR THERAPIES: A REAPPRAISAL.

ATTEMPTS TO REFORMULATE THE SYMPTOM SUBSTITUTION HYPOTHESIS IN AN EMPIRICALLY INVESTIGABLE MANNER. FROM THIS BASE, SOME PROCEDURES GERMANE TO THE BEHAVIOR THERAPIES ARE EXAMINED WITH RESPECT TO THEIR POSSIBLE RELEVANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OR NONDEVELOPMENT OF NEW SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING TREATMENT. THE ISSUE OF WHETHER OR NOT CERTAIN KINDS OF THERAPIES ARE MORE LIKELY TO LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF NEW SYMPTOMS THAN ARE OTHER THERAPIES IS AN EMPIRICAL MATTER DESERVING EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION. (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTELLIGENT TESTING.

AN ORGANIZATION OF INTELLIGENCE IS PROPOSED WHICH VIEWS INTELLIGENCE AS A COMPOSITE OF ALL PAST LEARNING EXPERIENCES OF THE INDIVIDUAL. PREVIOUS LEARNINGS IN TURN PROVIDE THE FOUNDATION ON WHICH FUTURE LEARNINGS CAN OCCUR, AND THUS ARE THE BASIS FOR PREDICTING THE SUCCESS OF LEARNING FROM FUTURE EXPERIENCES. THIS VIEW OF INTELLIGENCE IS CONSISTENT WITH ANY LEARNING THEORY. IT ALSO SUGGESTS THAT MANY ISSUES INVOLVING THE USE OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS HAVE BECOME ISSUES PRIMARILY DUE TO THE FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE WHAT THE TESTS TRULY MEASURE. AMONG THE TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE: PRESUMED DIFFERENCES AMONG INTELLIGENCE, APTITUDE, AND ACHIEVEMENT TESTS, THE UTILITY OF CULTURE-FREE OR CULTURE-FAIR TESTS, THE MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH AND DECLINE OF INTELLIGENCE, AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND CONFUSIONS OF FACTOR ANALYSIS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTEGRATIVE BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENT BOYS AS A FUNCTION OF DELINQUENCY AND RACE.

EXPLORES INTEGRATIVE BEHAVIOR (I.E., BEHAVIOR MAXIMIZING REWARD OVER TIME) IN 88 ADOLESCENT BOYS ALL EVINCING, VIA INTELLIGENCE TEST PERFORMANCES, COMPARABLE SYMBOLIZING CAPACITY. THE FINDINGS WERE THAT DELINQUENCY IS RELATED TO INTEGRATIVE FAILURE AS MEASURED BY CHOICE OF A SMALL BUT IMMEDIATE REWARD OVER A LARGE BUT REMOTE REWARD (CANDY). HOWEVER, CONTRARY TO EXPECTANCY, NEGRO BOYS BEHAVED MORE INTEGRATIVELY THAN WHITE BOYS. THE FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED IN CONNECTION WITH RESULTS FOUND ON AUXILIARY MEASURES MADE ON ALL SS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATION OF SUCKING STRENGTH TO PERSONALITY VARIABLES.

ATTEMPTED TO DEMONSTRATE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCKING STRENGTH IN NORMAL ADULTS AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES. TESTS OF SUCKING STRENGTH, CONTROL MEASURES OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY, AND MMPI QUESTIONNAIRES WERE GIVEN TO 44 MEN AND 33 WOMEN. MEN AND WOMEN BOTH HAD SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND WELSH'S R DIMENSION, AFTER AGE CORRECTION. MALES ALSO SHOWED POSITIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND THE PHYSICAL TESTS OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY. FOR WOMEN, HOWEVER, SUCKING WAS RELATED TO SEVERAL PERSONALITY VARIABLES BUT NOT TO THE PHYSICAL TESTS. THIS SEX DIFFERENCE IN CORRELATIONAL PATTERN SUGGESTS THAT DIFFERENCES IN SUCKING STRENGTH ARE DETERMINED MORE BY PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN WOMEN AND MORE PHYSICAL STRENGTH VARIABLES IN MEN. IT IT IS ASSUMED THAT REPRESSION MAY STEM FROM UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS ABOUT ORAL NEEDS, THEN THE DATA ARE COMPATIBLE WITH THE IDEA THAT THE SUCKING TESTS REFLECT SIMILAR CONFLICTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MATERNAL ATTITUDES ABOUT FAMILY LIFE AND CHILD REARING AS AVOWED BY MOTHERS AND PERCEIVED BY THEIR UNDERACHIEVING AND HIGH-ACHIEVING SONS.

BRIGHT TEEN-AGE BOYS ENROLLED IN SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR ACADEMIC UNDERACHIEVERS AND HIGH ACHIEVERS WERE ADMINISTERED THE PARENTAL ATTITUDE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT (PARI) WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO COMPLETE THE INVENTORY THE WAY THEIR MOTHERS WOULD RESPOND. THE PARI WAS ALSO ADMINISTERED TO THE MOTHERS. THE 2 GROUPS OF BOYS DID NOT DIFFER IN PERCEPTIONS OF MATERNAL HOSTILITY, BUT THE UNDERACHIEVERS PERCEIVED THEIR MOTHERS AS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ON MATERNAL CONTROL. THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATERNAL ATTITUDES AVOWED BY THE 2 GROUPS OF MOTHERS, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS A TREND SUGGESTIVE OF MORE CONTROL AVOWED BY MOTHERS OF THE HIGH-ACHIEVING BOYS. MUCH GREATER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOTHERS' AVOWAL AND SONS' PERCEPTIONS WERE FOUND IN THE UNDERACHIEVING GROUP, WITH THE MOST PRONOUNCED DISCREPANCIES BEING EVIDENCED ON MEASURES OF MATERNAL CONTROL. WHEREAS MOTHERS' AND SONS' SCORES CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR THE CONTROL FACTOR IN THE GROUP OF HIGH ACHIEVERS, THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ATTITUDES ASCRIBED TO THEIR MOTHERS AND ACTUAL ATTITUDES AVOWED BY MOTHERS OF THE UNDERACHIEVERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-PRESENTATIONS IN RELATION TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REFERENTS.

SELF-PRESENTATIONS MAY BE DISCERNED IN TERMS OF THE REFERENTS USED, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO RELATE TO MORE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2 CRITERION GROUPS (54 SS IN EACH) WERE DRAWN FROM A POPULATION OF 204 SS, USING THE "WHO AM I?" TECHNIQUE. THOSE USING GROUP-RELEVANT OR EXTERNALLY IDENTIFIABLE REFERENTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE USING INTERNAL OR IDIOSYNCRATIC REFERENTS TO PRESENT THEMSELVES ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND THE FIRO-B. THOSE PRESENTING THEMSELVES VIA GROUP-RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS USED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER WORDS TO DO SO, WERE OLDER, AND HAD MORE MARRIED MEMBERS. ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS THEY WERE FOUND TO BE LESS INTUITIVE AND MORE JUDGMENTAL IN ORIENTATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE FIRO-B. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG TWO-FACTOR THEORY.

RESULTS OF AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG 2-FACTOR THEORY OF JOB SATISFACTION ARE REPORTED. A NUMBER OF HYPOTHESES FOR WHICH THE HERZBERG THEORY AND TRADITIONAL UNIDIMENSIONAL THEORY MAKE DIFFERENT PREDICTIONS WERE TESTED USING A SAMPLE OF 793 MALE EMPLOYEES FROM VARIOUS JOBS. THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES ("SATISFIERS") WAS PAY. NEITHER THE HERZBERG THEORY NOR THE TRADITIONAL THEORY WAS SUPPORTED BY THE DATA. INSTEAD, RESULTS INDICATE THAT INTRINSIC FACTORS ARE MORE STRONGLY RELATED TO BOTH OVERALL SATISFACTION AND OVERALL DISSATISFACTION THAN THE EXTRINSIC FACTOR, PAY, AND SUGGEST THAT FUNCTIONING OF THE EXTRINSIC VARIABLE MAY DEPEND ON THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE CONCEPTS OF "SATISFIERS" AND "DISSATISFIERS" DO NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENT THE MANNER IN WHICH JOB-SATISFACTION VARIABLES OPERATE. (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COLLABORATION IN AN INVISIBLE COLLEGE.

PRESENTS AN OUTLINE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A GROUP WHICH CONSTITUTES THE GREATER PART OF A SINGLE INVISIBLE COLLEGE. INVISIBLE COLLEGE REFERS TO THAT "INGROUP" IN EACH OF THE MORE ACTIVELY PURSUED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE SPECIALTIES IN THE SCIENCES. GROUP MEMBERS CLAIM TO BE REASONABLY IN TOUCH WITH EVERYONE WHO IS CONTRIBUTING MATERIALLY TO RESEARCH IN THEIR AREA NOT ONLY NATIONALLY, BUT INTERNATIONALLY AS WELL. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY ARE CONSIDERABLE FOR ANALYZING THE SOCIAL LIFE OF SCIENCE AND THE NATURE OF COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION AT THE RESEARCH FRONT . . . . PERHAPS THE RECENT ACCELERATION IN THE AMOUNT OF MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF SCIENCE IS DUE PARTLY TO THE BUILDING OF A NEW COMMUNICATION MECHANISM DERIVING FROM THE INCREASED MOBILITY OF SCIENTISTS, AND PARTLY TO AN EFFORT TO UTILIZE LARGER AND LARGER QUANTITIES OF LOWER-LEVEL RESEARCH MANPOWER. IF THIS IS SO, THEN THE CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF COLLABORATION, AS THE UTILIZATION OF MANY DIFFERENT SKILLS AND PAIRS OF HANDS TO DO A SINGLE JOB OTHERWISE IMPOSSIBLE TO PERFORM, IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE AND MISLEADING." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF DESENSITIZATION AND PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION IN TREATING TEST ANXIETY.

STUDENTS WHO REPORTED HIGH LEVELS OF TEST ANXIETY RECEIVED SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION, RELAXATION TRAINING, OR NO TREATMENT. THESE SS WERE FOLLOWED ON 4 MEASURES BELIEVED TO REFLECT ANXIETY LEVEL. IT WAS PREDICTED, IN KEEPING WITH DESENSITIZATION BY COUNTERCONDITIONING, THAT DESENSITIZED SS WOULD SHOW LESS ANXIETY THAN SS WHO RECEIVED ONLY RELAXATION TRAINING AND THAT BOTH GROUPS WOULD SHOW LESS TEST ANXIETY AFTER TREATMENT THAN CONTROLS. RESULTS SHOW THAT DESENSITIZATION SS ATTAINED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER GRADES THAN THE OTHER 2 GROUPS WHICH DID NOT DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER. THE OTHER MEASURES SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS. SINCE THE RESULTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND NONREACTIVE MEASURE CONFIRM THE PREDICTION WITH REGARD TO THE SUPERIORITY OF DESENSITIZATION OVER THE 2 CONTROL CONDITIONS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT EVIDENCE FOR THE COUNTERCONDITIONING EXPLANATION WAS PROVIDED. (29 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE STABILITY AND COMMONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS, NEUROTICS, AND NORMALS.

4 ASSOCIATIONS TO EACH OF 16 STIMULUS WORDS, 8 JUDGED TO BE ANXIETY WORDS AND 8 NEUTRAL WORDS, WERE OBTAINED UNDER RELAXED AND TIME-PRESSURE CONDITIONS FROM EACH OF 40 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 32 NEUROTICS, AND 27 NORMALS ON 2 SUCCESSIVE DAYS. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND NEUROTICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NORMALS IN THEIR ASSOCIATIONS, AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NEUROTICS IN THEIR RESPONSES TO ANXIETY WORDS. TIME PRESSURE MADE SCHIZOPHRENICS EVEN LESS STABLE AND NEUROTICS MORE STABLE. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE MORE UNCOMMON THAN THOSE OF NEUROTICS OR NORMALS. ALL GROUPS GAVE MORE UNCOMMON RESPONSES WHEN RESPONDING TO ANXIETY WORDS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL WORDS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A PARTIAL DISORGANIZATION OF VERBAL HABITS IS AN ASPECT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH A RESPONSE-STRENGTH CEILING INTERPRETATION OF THIS DISORGANIZATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS ON THINKING OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONFLICT AROUSAL AND ORAL FIXATION.

PSYCHOANALYTIC WRITINGS HAVE DELINEATED AN ORAL CHARACTER WHO IS IN CONFLICT ABOUT EARLY ORAL WISHES AND NEEDS. ORAL CONFLICTS WERE AROUSED VIA COGNITIVE TASKS CONTAINING ORAL REFERENTS IN ORDER TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ORALLY FIXATED SS REACT TO ORAL CONFLICT AROUSAL WITH DECREMENTS ON SUCH TASKS, BUT NOT WHEN TASK CONTENTS ARE NONORAL. 30 MALE ALCOHOLICS AND 30 NONORALLY FIXATED CONTROLS WERE STUDIED ON A CHAIN WORD ASSOCIATION TEST AND A PROVERBS TEST, BOTH CONTAINING ORAL AND NONORAL STIMULI. A T-TEST EVALUATION OF RESULTS INDICATED AT HIGH SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS THAT ORAL CONFLICT AROUSAL IN THE ALCOHOLICS LEADS TO THINKING IMPAIRMENTS IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS REGRESSIONS TOWARD PRIMARY PROCESS MODES AND HAS A GREATER EFFECT ON ALCOHOLICS THAN ON THE FUNCTIONING OF CONTROL SS. THOUGHT PROCESSES ARE PREDICTABLY AND CONVERSELY VARIABLE ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THOUGHT CONTENT. (32 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FACTORS UNDERLYING IMPROVEMENT IN SERIAL REVERSAL LEARNING.

THE 1ST OF 4 EXPERIMENTS WITH 34 RATS SUGGESTED THAT SERIAL REVERSAL TRAINING CAUSES 2 CHANGES IN REVERSAL PERFORMANCE: THE PROBABILITY OF AN ERROR ON TRIAL I DECREASES AND THE SUBSEQUENT RATE OF ERROR REDUCTION INCREASES. EXP. II SHOWED THAT SS REVERSED WITHIN DAYS BUT NOT BETWEEN DAYS ALSO PERFORMED AT CHANCE ON TRIAL I OF EACH DAY. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE CHANGE IN TRIAL I PERFORMANCE IS DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE, I.E., TO SS' FORGETTING WHICH ALTERNATIVE WAS LAST CORRECT. EXP. III AND IV SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE RATE OF WITHIN-PROBLEM LEARNING ARE NOT DUE TO THE ACQUISITION OF A GENERAL STRATEGY. IN EXP. III PRETRAINING ON POSITION REVERSAL INTERFERED WITH RATHER THAN BENEFITED BRIGHTNESS REVERSAL LEARNING. IN EXP. IV, ALTHOUGH THE 2 PROBLEMS REQUIRE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES, PRETRAINING ON BRIGHTNESS REVERSALS BENEFITED RATHER THAN INTERFERED WITH BRIGHTNESS PROBABILITY LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL AS A PERSONALITY DIMENSION.

EXTENSIVE NEW DATA ARE REPORTED ON THE TEST-RETEST RELIABILITIES AND PERSONALITY SCALE CORRELATES OF THE INTERNAL-EXTERNAL (I-E) CONTROL DIMENSION. I-E IS FOUND TO RELATE CONSISTENTLY TO MEASURES OF MALADJUSTMENT, WITH INTERNAL SCORERS LESS MALADJUSTED. I-E IS RELATED TO A VARIETY OF PERSONALITY SCALES, WITH INTERNAL SCORERS DESCRIBING THEMSELVES AS MORE ACTIVE, STRIVING, ACHIEVING, POWERFUL, INDEPENDENT, AND EFFECTIVE. FOR 2 OF 3 SAMPLES, INTERNAL SCORERS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY MORE EFFECTIVE AS MENTAL HOSPITAL VOLUNTEERS THAN EXTERNAL SCORERS. THESE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THOSE REPORTED IN PREVIOUS REVIEWS, BUT ADJECTIVAL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTREME SCORERS, AND OTHER DATA, SUGGEST THAT INTERNAL SCORERS ARE A MORE HOMOGENEOUS GROUP THAN EXTERNAL SCORERS. SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPT OF EXTERNALITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)