DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN MMPI SCALE OF ASSAULTIVENESS IN OVERCONTROLLED INDIVIDUALS.

REPORTS THE DERIVATION, STANDARDIZATION, AND CROSS-VALIDATION OF AN MMPI SCALE, O-H (OVERCONTROLLED HOSTILITY), WHICH DISCRIMINATES OVERCONTROLLED FROM UNDERCONTROLLED ASSAULTIVE CRIMINALS, NONVIOLENT CRIMINALS, AND NORMALS. SEVERAL CONSTRUCT VALIDITY STUDIES ARE PRESENTED WHICH INDICATE THAT THE SCALE IS SENSITIVE TO A MIXTURE OF SELF-CONTROL, HOSTILITY, AND ALIENATION. THE DATA ARE INTERPRETED AS SUPPORTING THE THEORY THAT ASSAULTIVE CRIMINALS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO OVERCONTROLLED AND UNDERCONTROLLED TYPES. THE USEFULNESS OF O-H IN CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THERAPIST RESPONSES TO HOSTILITY AND DEPENDENCY AS A FUNCTION OF TRAINING.

THERAPIST RESPONSES TO A TYPICAL CLIENT, A HOSTILE CLIENT, AND A DEPENDENT CLIENT WERE STUDIED AS A FUNCTION OF THE SS' TRAINING. SS WERE 18 ADVANCED GRADUATE STUDENTS IN A COURSE IN THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING. THE COURSE INCLUDED DIDACTIC MATERIAL WITH SUPERVISED EXPERIENCE IN THE FORM OF ROLE PLAYING, STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS, AND PRACTICE COUNSELING. RESPONSES TO TAPE RECORDINGS OF THESE CLIENTS WERE OBTAINED BEFORE AND AFTER THE COURSE AND WERE SCORED FOR DIRECTIVENESS. RESULTS SHOWED SS TO BE INCREASINGLY DIRECTIVE TO THE TYPICAL, HOSTILE, AND DEPENDENT CLIENTS, RESPECTIVELY, ON BOTH ADMINISTRATIONS AND SHOWED SS TO BE LESS DIRECTIVE TO ALL 3 CLIENTS ON THE 2ND ADMINISTRATION. THE DECREASE IN DIRECTIVENESS TO THE DEPENDENT CLIENT, HOWEVER, WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT. IMPLICATIONS SUGGESTED WERE THAT DIFFERENT CLIENTS ELICIT DIFFERENT RESPONSES FROM THE SAME THERAPIST, AND THAT TRAINING MAY AFFECT RESPONSES TO HOSTILITY MORE THAN IT AFFECTS RESPONSES TO DEPENDENCY. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATION OF MOOD AND HYPNOTIZABILITY: AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STATE VERSUS TRAIT DISTINCTION.

TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT AFFECT STATES JUST PRIOR TO HYPNOSIS INDUCTION ARE RELATED TO SUBSEQUENT HYPNOTIZABILITY, WHILE AFFECT TRAITS ARE NOT. THE MULTIPLE AFFECT ADJECTIVE CHECKLIST (MAACL), AN AFFECT-STATE TEST, WAS GIVEN TO SS JUST PRIOR TO HYPNOSIS. MMPI AFFECT-TRAIT MEASURES WERE GIVEN AFTER HYPNOSIS. HOSTILITY STATE (MAACL) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH HYPNOTIZABILITY IN 3 RUNS OF SS TESTED IN SMALL, HIGHLY MOTIVATED GROUPS. DEPRESSION STATE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH HYPNOTIZABILITY IN 2 OF THE RUNS, AND ANXIETY STATE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED IN 1. AFFECT-STATE MEASURES WERE UNRELATED TO HYPNOTIZABILITY IN A LARGE, LESS MOTIVATED GROUP. AFFECT-TRAIT MEASURES AND OTHER TRAIT MEASURES FROM THE MMPI WERE UNRELATED TO HYPNOTIZABILITY. THE RESULTS SHOW THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STATE VS. TRAIT DISTINCTION IN THE PREDICTION OF HYPNOTIC BEHAVIOR AND HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER AREAS OF PREDICTION. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF STIMULUS, BACKGROUND, PERSONALITY, AND SCORING SYSTEM ON THE MANIFESTATION OF HOSTILITY ON THE TAT.

A FIELD-APPROACH INVESTIGATION ON THE DETERMINATION OF TAT HOSTILITY IN STUDENTS INVOLVED THE USE OF SUCH INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AS THE STIMULUS (3 LEVELS OF SCALED PICTORIAL HOSTILITY), BACKGROUND ("IMPERSONAL" OR "LOOK YOUR BEST" INSTRUCTIONS), AND PERSONALITY (PEER AND SELF-CONCEPT EVALUATION AS HOSTILE OR FRIENDLY). 9 SCORING SYSTEMS OF HOSTILITY WERE EXAMINED VIA A TYPE III ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE. THE STIMULUS WAS THE PRIME DETERMINANT. THE SELF-CONCEPT WAS CONSIDERABLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE OBJECTIVE POSSESSION OF HOSTILITY. LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN IMPORTANCE WAS FOUND FOR 7 OF THE 9 SCORING SYSTEMS. ALL STIMULUS LEVELS INFLUENCED THE RESPONSE, BUT VARIED WIDELY IN EXTENT OF INFLUENCE ACCORDING TO THE SCORING SYSTEM AND INTERACTION WITH OTHER VARIABLES. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THERAPISTS' APPROACH-AVOIDANCE REACTIONS TO HOSTILITY AND CLIENT BEHAVIOR IN THERAPY.

USED CONTENT ANALYSIS OF 16 COMPLETE CASES TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF THE THERAPISTS' APPROACH AND/OR AVOIDANCE REACTIONS TO HOSTILITY ON THE SUBSEQUENT EXPRESSIONS OF HOSTILITY BY THE CLIENT. THE DIRECTIONALITY OF THE CLIENT'S HOSTILITY AND THE EXPERIENCE LEVEL OF THE THERAPIST WERE ALSO EXAMINED. THE RESULTS INDICATE: (1) THERAPISTS' APPROACH TO HOSTILITY EXPRESSIONS OF THE CLIENT ELICITED FURTHER SUCH EXPRESSIONS, WHILE AVOIDANCE ALWAYS ELICITED NONHOSTILE MATERIAL; (2) CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUCH ELICITATIONS DID NOT INCREASE, AND THE PROPORTION OF HOSTILITY EXPRESSED IN AN INTERVIEW DECREASED OVER TIME; AND (3) EXPERIENCED THERAPISTS HAD MORE DIFFICULTY THAN INTERN THERAPISTS IN APPROACHING HOSTILITY DIRECTED AT THEMSELVES. THE ADEQUACY OF THE OPERANT CONCEPT OF REINFORCEMENT FOR EXPLAINING VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN THERAPY WAS QUESTIONED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION.

DISCUSSES "THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION AND THE ROLE THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE PLAYED AND CAN PLAY IN THESE DEVELOPMENTS." ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE POLICY PROCESS ARE 3 POINTS. "THE 1ST IS THAT MORALIZING AND GENERALIZING ARE NOT THE SAME THING AS POLICY MAKING." THE 2ND AND 3RD "ARE THAT POLICY FORMATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS WITH INTELLECTUAL ELEMENTS CONTAINED WITHIN IT RATHER THAN AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS, AND FURTHER, THAT THE MODEL OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IS NOT THAT OF DECISION MAKING." PROPOSES THAT "THE PROCESS OF POLICY FORMATION BE VIEWED AS ONE OF EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT NEGOTIATION IN WHICH A COURSE OF ACTION EVOLVED THAT WAS A REASONABLE RESOLUTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF VALUES AND INTERESTS. IN THIS PROCESS, A KEY SKILL IS THAT OF FORMULATING AND COMMUNICATING POLICY IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ELICIT THE NECESSARY SUPPORT." A STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IS OUTLINED, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "IF WE ARE TO IMPROVE THE POLICY PROCESS WE WILL HAVE TO EFFECT THESE IMPROVEMENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SYSTEM OF NEGOTIATION THAT PRESENTLY EXISTS." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MEANING AND CHANGE OF MEANING.

G. STERN ADVANCED THE NOTION THAT HISTORICAL CHANGES OF MEANING WITHIN LANGUAGES STEM PRINCIPALLY FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS NOTION ARE EXPLORED IN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS, CARRIED OUT UNDER THE ASSUMPTION THAT 3 ASPECTS OF MEANING MAY CHANGE MORE OR LESS INDEPENDENTLY: (1) THE PHONEMIC OR GRAPHEMIC REPRESENTATION WITHIN A LANGUAGE, (2) THE EXTERNAL REFERENTS OF A LINGUISTIC ELEMENT, AND (3) THE COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF THE LINGUISTIC ELEMENT IN THE MINDS OF PEOPLE WHO USE THE CONCEPT. CHANGES IN THE 3RD ASPECT MAY DEPEND UPON CHANGES IN THE COGNITIVE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPT, OR THEY MAY SIMPLY REFLECT CHANGES IN THE CONTENT. EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATING CHANGE OF MEANING ARE PRESENTED. THESE ARE SERIAL REPRODUCTION CONCEPT ATTAINMENT EXPERIMENTS, IN WHICH VERBALLY ENCODED CONCEPTS ARE PASSED FROM S TO S. THE RESULTS OF SEVERAL EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT CHANGES IN EXTERNAL REFERENTS AND IN THE COGNITIVE CHARACTER OF CONCEPTS ARE ORDERLY AND INDEPENDENT. CHANGES IN MEANING ARE SENSITIVE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF SUCH EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AS CORRELATIONS AMONG INSTANCES OF VARIOUS CONCEPTS AND DIFFERENCES IN METHODS OF ASSESSING THE CHARACTER OF CONCEPTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGES IN AFFECTIVE STATES AS A FUNCTION OF GUILT OVER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.

60 UNDERGRADUATE MALES WERE PARTITIONED AT THE MEDIAN ON A MEASURE OF HOSTILITY-GUILT AND RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO MILD AND SEVERE DEROGATION TREATMENTS. AFTER LISTENING TO A "1ST IMPRESSION" INTERVIEW WITH A STRANGER AND COMPLETING THE NOWLIS MOOD ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (MACL), SS WERE REQUESTED TO AGGRESS VERBALLY AGAINST THE STRANGER. THE 2 DEROGATION TREATMENTS EMPLOYED WERE EITHER TASK-FOCUSED OR PERSON-ORIENTED. THE AGGRESSIVE ATTACK BY SS LED TO GREAT DISTRESS, DISCOMFORT, AND DISORGANIZATION IN THE VICTIM WHICH WERE SIMULATED BY A TAPE RECORDING. A 2ND MACL AND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS MEASURED CHANGES IN FEELINGS OF GUILT AND OTHER AFFECTIVE STATES. RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SS DISPOSED TO GUILTY REACTIONS OVER HOSTILITY DO REPORT AN INCREASE IN THE STATE OF GUILT AFTER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. THE DEROGATION CONDITIONS DID NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EFFECT SUBSEQUENT AFFECTIVE STATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI STUDY OF NEGRO MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC PATIENTS.

COMPARED MMPI DATA FOR 100 NEGRO AND 100 WHITE PATIENTS IN A MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC. THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR IN EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, BUT THE NEGROES WERE AT A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL. THE MEAN PROFILES FOR THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR. ORDERING THE MMPIS BY THE HIGHEST AND 2 HIGHEST CLINICAL SCALE SCORES SHOWED DIFFERENCES ON FEMININE INTERESTS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (SC) AS THE HIGHEST SCORES, AND ON HYPOCHONDRIASIS (HS)-SC, SC-HS, DEPRESSION (D)-PSYCHASTHENIA (PT), AND PT-D FOR THE 2 HIGHEST SCORES. THE CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE NEGROES TEND TO BE MORE CONFORMING TO MIDDLE-CLASS STANDARDS, MORE DENYING OF ANXIETY AND SENSITIVITY, AND MORE FOCUSED ON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAN THE WHITES. IT ALSO APPEARED THAT ANXIETY AND HOSTILITY WERE MORE FREQUENTLY DENIED AND PROJECTED ONTO IMPERSONAL AND DISTANT OBJECTS BY THE NEGROES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERVIEW INTERACTION OF REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS.

RESEARCH WITH QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES IN THE INTERVIEW HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERVIEWEE VERBAL PATTERNS CAN BE MODIFIED BY MANIPULATION OF INTERVIEWER VERBAL PATTERNS. IT WAS PREDICTED THAT SENSITIZERS AND REPRESSORS, HAVING IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE STYLES, WOULD AS INTERVIEWERS DIFFER IN THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THAT THESE DIFFERENCES WOULD RESULT IN DIFFERENT VERBAL BEHAVIOR BY THEIR RESPECTIVE INTERVIEWEES. REPRESSOR, SENSITIZER, AND NEUTRAL INTERVIEWERS WERE PAIRED WITH NEUTRAL INTERVIEWEES IN A 15-MIN INTERVIEW. SENSITIZER INTERVIEWERS TOOK MORE OF AN ACTIVE ROLE, AND THEIR INTERVIEWEES LESS THAN THAT OF REPRESSORS AND NEUTRALS. THE EFFECT OF INTERVIEWER PERSONALITY ON INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE SPEECH, AND THE ROLE OF INTERVIEW STRUCTURE ARE DISCUSSED. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF SELF-REPORT AND BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES OF ASSESSING AGGRESSION.

3 MEASURES OF AGGRESSION-THE BUSS AGGRESSION MACHINE (BAM), ROLE-PLAYING (RP), AND THE BUSS-DURKEE HOSTILITY INVENTORY (BD)-WERE ASSUMED TO LIE ALONG A CONTINUUM OF THE BEHAVIORAL DIRECTNESS WITH WHICH THE AGGRESSIVE RESPONSE IS MADE. SS WERE 38 MALES. THE BAM WAS FOUND NOT TO RELATE TO ANY MEASURES, WHILE THE HYPOTHESIZED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BD AND RP WAS SUPPORTED. IN GENERAL, THE RESULTS DO NOT SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIZED CONTINUUM OF RESPONSES. AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS IN TERMS OF ORTHOGONAL PHYSICAL AND VERBAL MODES OF AGGRESSION IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF SPEECH.

STUDIED 48 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY TEST SCORES. SS DEFINED ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE NOUNS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE OR IN THE PRESENCE OF E ALONE. DEFINITIONS WERE SCORED FOR EXTRALINGUISTIC AND STYLE FEATURES OF SPEECH. THE DESIGN WAS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND STIMULUS CONCRETENESS ARE MEDIATED BY COGNITIVE PROCESSES, WHEREAS EFFECTS OF AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY AND AUDIENCE CONDITIONS ARE MEDIATED BY EMOTIONAL STATES. LATENCY OF DEFINITIONS, WORD PRODUCTION, AND FILLED PAUSES ("AHS") WERE RELATED ONLY TO THE 2 COGNITIVE FACTORS. A SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION REVEALED THAT IN THE AUDIENCE SITUATION HIGHLY AUDIENCE-SENSITIVE SS HAD THE HIGHEST SILENT-PAUSE RATIO, SUGGESTING THAT THIS VARIABLE WAS MOST AFFECTED BY EMOTIONAL AROUSAL. FREQUENCY OF SILENT PAUSES, WORD LENGTH, RATIO OF CONCRETE TO ABSTRACT NOUNS IN THE DEFINITIONS, AND EVALUATIVE RATINGS OF THE DEFINITIONS WERE RELATED TO BOTH CLASSES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DISTRIBUTION OF PRACTICE AND BETWEEN-TRIALS INTERFERENCE.

DISTRIBUTION OF PRACTICE (DP) EFFECTS WERE INVESTIGATED BY MASSING OR DISTRIBUTING THE REPETITIONS OF PARTICULAR ITEMS IN A CONTINUOUS SEQUENCE OF CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT PAIRED ASSOCIATES. ITEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED REPETITIONS HAD MORE BETWEEN-TRIALS INTERFERENCE (BTI). MASSED ITEMS WERE CORRECT MORE OFTEN IN ACQUISITION, BUT DISTRIBUTED ITEMS WERE RECALLED BETTER AFTER A DELAY THAT WAS MUCH LONGER THAN THE INTERREPETITION INTERVAL. THE EXPERIMENT WAS INTERPRETED AS (1) SUPPORTING A DP FACILITATION OF RETENTION, RATHER THAN OF PERFORMANCE DURING ACQUISITION; (2) INDICATING THAT BTI IS CLOSELY INVOLVED IN THE FACILITATORY EFFECTS OF DP; AND (3) SUPPORTING A DISCRIMINATION THEORY OF LEARNING, SUCH AS THAT OF GIBSON OR FEIGENBAUM. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-ESTEEM AND CONSISTENCY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR.

WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF A THEORY OF SELF-OTHER ORIENTATIONS, IT WAS PROPOSED THAT THE SELF-CONCEPT IS A MEDIATING AGENT BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, AND THAT SELF-ESTEEM IS THAT COMPONENT OF THE SELF-SYSTEM WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORGANISM'S CONSISTENCY OF SOCIAL RESPONSE. THE CONSISTENCY OF THE LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION OF SS IN GROUP THERAPY SESSIONS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-ESTEEM AS MEASURED THROUGH TASKS REQUIRING JUXTAPOSITION OF SELF AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS. SELF-ESTEEM WAS ALSO POSITIVELY RELATED TO FREQUENCY OF VERBAL PARTICIPATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF THE TYPE OF STIMULUS EMPLOYED AND THE LEVEL OF SUBJECT AWARENESS ON THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION.

COMPARED DETECTION OF PERSONAL MATERIAL WITH THAT OF NEUTRAL MATERIAL MADE RELEVANT ONLY IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CONTEXT. EACH OF 28 MALE UNDERGRADUATES ACTED AS AN ESPIONAGE AGENT TO CONCEAL PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CODE WORDS LEARNED. PERSONALLY RELEVANT MATERIAL WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DETECTABLE THAN THE NEUTRAL MATERIAL, ALTHOUGH CONSEQUENCES OF DETECTION WERE THE SAME. THE STUDY ALSO PROVIDED EXPLORATORY DATA CONCERNING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVITY TO LIE-DETECTION STIMULI WHEN SS WERE UNAWARE THAT RESPONSES WERE BEING MONITORED. WHILE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT DETECTION WAS INFERIOR UNDER THE NONAWARE CONDITION, DIFFICULTIES IN ACHIEVING A COMPLETELY CONVINCING NONAWARE SITUATION SUGGEST CAUTION IN GENERALIZATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL REINFORCEMENT IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

IN CONTRAST TO AN EARLIER STUDY OF NONDIRECTIVE THERAPY BY MURRAY, D. L. VARBLE (SEE 42:9), PRESENTS A STUDY IN WHICH VERBAL REINFORCEMENT DOES NOT RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN HOSTILITY OVER THE COURSE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. HOWEVER, THE THERAPISTS IN VARBLE'S STUDY WERE INCONSISTENT IN THIS REINFORCEMENT, APPROACHING HOSTILITY ABOUT 50% OF THE TIME AND AVOIDING IT ABOUT 50% OF THE TIME. THEY WERE ALSO MORE DISAPPROVING THAN APPROVING OF HOSTILITY. THUS, WHILE THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCEPT OF REINFORCEMENT, VARBLE'S DATA DO NOT PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE TEST OF THE REINFORCEMENT HYPOTHESIS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOME EFFECTS OF CLINICIAN AND PATIENT PERSONALITY ON DECISION MAKING IN A CLINICAL SETTING.

CONDUCTED A FOLLOW-UP STUDY TO RECENT FINDINGS OF GORDON WHICH SHOWED THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON PARTIAL RORSCHACH PROTOCOLS WERE RELATED TO THE PERSONALITY DIMENSION OF ANALITY IN THE CLINICIANS. 44 PRACTICING CLINICIANS WERE ASKED TO RESPOND TO A 3-PAGE DOCUMENT WHICH THEY WERE TOLD WAS A PARTIAL TRANSCRIPT OF AN INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH A PATIENT. THE RESULTS CONFIRMED THE EARLIER FINDINGS THAT HIGH-ANAL CLINICIANS HAVE LESS CONFIDENCE IN THEIR INTERPRETATIONS, MAKE FEWER SPECIFIC PREDICTIONS, AND IDENTIFY LESS PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS THAN LOW-ANAL CLINICIANS. ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE IS GIVEN THAT THE PERSONALITY OF THE CLINICIAN INFLUENCES HIS CLINICAL DECISIONS. OTHER HYPOTHESES RELATED TO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PERSONALITY OF THE PATIENT AS PRESENTED IN THE CLINICAL DATA AND THE PERSONALITY OF THE CLINICIAN WERE NOT CONFIRMED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS IN THE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

HIGH- AND LOW-DISTRACTIBLE RETARDATES OF MIXED ETIOLOGY AND NORMALS OF A COMPARABLE MA LEARNED A 3-CHOICE SIZE DISCRIMINATION WITH AND WITHOUT AN ADDITIONAL CUE. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE ALWAYS INDICATED THE CORRECT STIMULUS, AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE INDICATED AN INCORRECT STIMULUS. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN EACH OF THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE WAS E'S FINGER, FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE WAS A LIGHT. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RETARDATES ARE MORE OUTER-DIRECTED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN NORMALS GENERATED THE PREDICTION THAT THE LEARNING OF THE RETARDATES WOULD BE MORE ENHANCED IN THE POSITIVE CONDITION AND MORE DEBILITATED IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS FOUND IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. NO DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE OF CUE OR LEVEL OF DISTRACTIBILITY WERE FOUND. FAMILIAL RETARDATES WERE FOUND TO BE LESS OUTER-DIRECTED IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WERE NONFAMILIAL RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)