INFLUENCE OF TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCORES.

THE MMPI AND CROWNE-MARLOWE SCALES WERE ADMINISTERED TO 50 PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS WHO WERE GROUPED BY LEVELS OF MOTIVATION FOR DISCHARGE AND THEN RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 2 TESTING CONDITIONS. FOR THE "DEFENSIVE" CONDITION, THE PATIENTS WERE TOLD THAT THE TESTS WOULD DETERMINE THEIR READINESS FOR DISCHARGE; FOR THE "ROUTINE" CONDITION, THEY WERE ASSURED THAT THE TEST RESULTS WOULD NOT AFFECT THEIR DISCHARGE DATE. THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS FOR THE CONDITIONS OF TESTING AND LEVELS OF MOTIVATION ON SEVERAL OF THE STANDARD AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALES. FROM AN ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION EFFECTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISSIMULATE WHEN THE TESTING IS PERCEIVED AS A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THEIR IMMEDIATE GOALS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF JUDGMENTAL METHODS WITH ENDORSEMENTS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS.

FOCUSES ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH JUDGMENT METHODS ARE FREE FROM DISSIMULATION EFFECTS AS COMPARED WITH ENDORSEMENTS. 8 STRUCTURED PERSONALITY SCALES FROM THE PERSONALITY RESEARCH FORM WERE ADMINISTERED UNDER 4 INSTRUCTIONAL SETS-ENDORSEMENT, DESIRABLE IN OTHERS, FREQUENCY OF ENDORSEMENT, AND DESIRABLE IN SELF-TO 94 COLLEGE FRATERNITY MEMBERS. THE VALIDITY OF JUDGMENTS AND ENDORSEMENTS WAS EXAMINED BY RELATING THEM TO NONINVENTORY BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA IN THE FORM OF BEHAVIOR RATINGS. ALTHOUGH JUDGMENTS WERE FREE FROM THE KINDS OF DISSIMULATION EFFECTS FOUND WITH ENDORSEMENTS, JUDGMENTS YIELDED SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER VALIDITIES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS: THEIR UTILITY IN THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S ARMAMENTARIUM FOR PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT.

REVIEWS 18 YEARS (1949-1967) OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE DRAW-A-PERSON TEST AND DISCUSSES THE VALUE OF FIGURE DRAWINGS IN THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S ARMAMENTARIUM. THE STUDIES CITED GENERALLY FAILED TO SUPPORT MACHOVER'S HYPOTHESES, BUT REVEALED A PAUCITY OF WELL-DESIGNED INVESTIGATIONS INDICATING THAT THIS TEST SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S TEST BATTERY. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THERE IS A GREAT NEED FOR STANDARDIZED AND VALIDATED SCALES FOR ESTIMATING PERSONALITY ADJUSTMENT FROM FIGURE DRAWINGS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ITEM AMBIGUITY AND ITEM DISCRIMINATION IN THE MMPI.

EVALUATED 2 CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF ITEM AMBIGUITY WITH RESPECT TO THE DISCRIMINATION POWER AND RESPONSE DIRECTION OF MMPI ITEMS. INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY RATINGS AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY VALUES WERE OBTAINED ON THE ITEMS IN ORDER TO DIVIDE THEM INTO GROUPS BY AMBIGUITY CHARACTERISTICS. A CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS INDICATED THE PRESENCE OF A LOW POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 2 MEASURES. THE ITEMS WERE ANALYZED WITH RESPECT TO THE NUMBER OF SCALES ON WHICH THEY ARE KEYED AND IN TERMS OF THEIR VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE DIRECTION. IT WAS EXPECTED THAT ITEMS HIGH IN INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY AND LOW IN RESPONSE AMBIGUITY WOULD HAVE GREATER DISCRIMINATION POWER AND WOULD BE MORE VARIABLE IN KEYED RESPONSE DIRECTION. BOTH EXPECTATIONS WERE CONFIRMED. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTERPRETIVE AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY IS USEFUL TO CONSIDER IN ITEM-ANALYSIS PROCEDURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PUBERTAL ONSET AND EGO FUNCTIONING.

A MODEL OF PUBERTAL GROWTH BASED ON PSYCHOANALYTIC EGO PSYCHOLOGY IS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF EARLY AND LATE MATURATION IN MALES. FROM THIS MODEL THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY AND LATE MATURERS IN THE GUIDANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS EXAMINED PRIOR TO, AT, AND FOLLOWING THEIR ONSET OF PUBERTY. CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH, THE DIMENSIONS OF MOTILITY AND EXPRESSIVENESS APPEAR TO BE SPECIFICALLY CONNECTED TO PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL MATURATION. FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE LENGTH OF THE LATENCY PERIOD REGULATES ONE'S PREPARATION FOR THE PUBERTAL SOMATIC CHANGES AND MAY DECISIVELY INFLUENCE POSTPUBERTAL IMPULSE-CONTROLLING MECHANISMS OF THE PERSONALITY. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND RESPONSE TO THE ROSENZWEIG PICTURE-FRUSTRATION STUDY.

COMPARED SS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) WITH A GROUP OF CONTROLS MATCHED FOR 2 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES) AND AGE, IN RESPONSE TO THE ROSENZWEIG PICTURE-FRUSTRATION STUDY. CAD PATIENTS DID NOT DIFFER FROM CONTROLS, WHEREAS BOTH SES AND AGE PRODUCED PREDICTABLE KINDS OF DIFFERENCES ON THE TEST. RESULTS WERE CONSISTENT WITH THE ASSERTION THAT SPECIFIC PERSONALITY FACTORS WERE NOT RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAD, I.E., A CORONARY PERSONALITY DOES NOT EXIST. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGY VERSUS PSYCHIATRY: A STUDY OF PUBLIC IMAGE.

ATTEMPTED TO ASCERTAIN, IN A MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREA, THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDE TOWARD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY. DATA WERE OBTAINED BY CONDUCTING TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS WITH 400 RESPONDENTS (200 MALES, 200 FEMALES) WHOSE NAMES WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM THE ST. LOUIS TELEPHONE DIRECTORY. BOTH PROFESSIONS WERE CREDITED WITH ANALYZING PEOPLE, HELPING THEM WITH THEIR PROBLEMS, AND STUDYING THE MIND, EMOTIONS, AND PERSONALITY. RESEARCH AND TESTING WERE MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOLOGISTS, AND MEDICINE AND/OR THE MEDICAL DEGREE WITH PSYCHIATRISTS. MOST PEOPLE WOULD CONTACT THE FORMER TO DETERMINE THE IQ OF THEIR CHILD OR FOR MARITAL COUNSELING; THE LATTER WOULD BE CONTACTED IF THEY FELT DEPRESSED, WERE BECOMING MENTALLY ILL, WANTED TRANQUILIZERS, OR HAD A DRINKING PROBLEM. AS A DESIRABLE OCCUPATION, PSYCHOLOGY RANKED BEHIND SURGEON, ENGINEER, LAWYER, PSYCHIATRIST, AND DENTIST, RESPECTIVELY. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT AN ATTEMPT BE MADE MORE SYSTEMATICALLY TO CREATE A DESIRABLE PROFESSIONAL IMAGE AND TO IMPLEMENT A CONTINUING RESEARCH PROGRAM DESIGNED TO TELL US WHERE WE STAND AT ANY POINT IN TIME. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY AND PATTERNS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.

M. C. JONES (SEE 42:5) FOUND THAT MALE ADOLESCENTS WHO LATER BECAME PROBLEM DRINKERS WERE DISTINGUISHED BY A SET OF TRAITS SUGGESTING UNDERLYING DEPENDENCE WITH OVERCOMPENSATORY STRIVINGS FOR MALENESS AND THAT PATTERNS OF NON-PROBLEM-DRINKING AND ABSTAINING ARE ALSO CORRELATED WITH DISPOSITIONS OF PERSONALITY. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS WORK FOR THE NEGLECTED FIELD OF ALCOHOL-RELATED BEHAVIOR IS DISCUSSED. IT IS FELT THAT JONES' STUDY, THOUGH HIGHLY ORIGINAL, SUFFERS FROM THE FACT THAT HER FREQUENCY-AMOUNT SCHEME FOR CLASSIFYING DRINKERS LACKS SUBTLETY AND IS NOT BASED ON GENERAL THEORY. A SCHEME FOR CLASSIFYING ALCOHOL-RELATED BEHAVIOR ON THE BASIS OF ITS RELATIONS TO THE PURPOSES, FUNCTIONING, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL IS BRIEFLY OUTLINED, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE ARE INDICATED. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY.

SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT, FOR THE AVERAGE S, ENDORSEMENT OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY ITEMS HAS ONLY A LOW TO MODERATE CORRELATION WITH SOCIAL DESIRABILITY (SD), UNLIKE THE CASE WHEN PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT BY A GROUP IS RELATED TO DESIRABILITY. THESE STUDIES HAVE USED POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT FOR THE GROUP. WHEN A SINGLE S'S RESPONSES ARE ANALYZED IN A WAY THAT PERMITS ESTIMATION OF PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT, THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION BETWEEN THIS PROBABILITY AND SD TYPICALLY IS HIGH, APPROACHING MUCH CLOSER TO THE GROUP VALUE. HIGH AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDORSEMENT AND DESIRABILITY DOES NOT PREVENT A DIAGNOSTIC SCALE FROM DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN DISPARATE GROUPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL AS A PERSONALITY DIMENSION.

EXTENSIVE NEW DATA ARE REPORTED ON THE TEST-RETEST RELIABILITIES AND PERSONALITY SCALE CORRELATES OF THE INTERNAL-EXTERNAL (I-E) CONTROL DIMENSION. I-E IS FOUND TO RELATE CONSISTENTLY TO MEASURES OF MALADJUSTMENT, WITH INTERNAL SCORERS LESS MALADJUSTED. I-E IS RELATED TO A VARIETY OF PERSONALITY SCALES, WITH INTERNAL SCORERS DESCRIBING THEMSELVES AS MORE ACTIVE, STRIVING, ACHIEVING, POWERFUL, INDEPENDENT, AND EFFECTIVE. FOR 2 OF 3 SAMPLES, INTERNAL SCORERS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY MORE EFFECTIVE AS MENTAL HOSPITAL VOLUNTEERS THAN EXTERNAL SCORERS. THESE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THOSE REPORTED IN PREVIOUS REVIEWS, BUT ADJECTIVAL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTREME SCORERS, AND OTHER DATA, SUGGEST THAT INTERNAL SCORERS ARE A MORE HOMOGENEOUS GROUP THAN EXTERNAL SCORERS. SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPT OF EXTERNALITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REPORTED MATERNAL AND PATERNAL BEHAVIORS OF SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUGGESTS A DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY FOR SOLITARY AS OPPOSED TO SOCIAL DELINQUENTS, WITH SOLITARY DELINQUENTS COMING FROM SOCIOLOGICALLY NORMAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY DISTURBED HOMES, WITH THE REVERSE GENERALLY BEING THE CASE FOR SOCIAL DELINQUENTS. OTHER RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT DELINQUENTS, AS A WHOLE, VIEW THEIR FATHERS' MORE THAN THEIR MOTHERS' BEHAVIORS AS BEING OF A TYPE THAT MIGHT BE CALLED PATHOGENIC. WHEN DESCRIPTIONS OF PARENT BEHAVIOR BY SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS ARE COMPARED, SOLITARY DELINQUENTS REPORT MORE DEVIANT MATERNAL BEHAVIOR. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS DIFFER IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THEIR BEHAVIOR DIFFICULTIES, WITH BOTH VARIETIES HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH MALE AUTHORITY FIGURES, BUT ONLY THE SOLITARY DELINQUENTS HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH FEMALE AUTHORITY FIGURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERSONALITY INVENTORIES: THE 16 PF, THE MMPI, AND THE MPI.

ADMINISTERED THE 16 PF, THE MPI, AND THE MMPI TO 267 AIRMEN. A FACTOR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE 16 PF SCALES, AND ESTIMATED CORRELATIONS OF MPI AND MMPI SCALES WITH THE 16 PF FACTORS WERE OBTAINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE 16 PF EXTRAVERSION FACTOR AND THE MPI EXTRAVERSION SCALE WERE IDENTICAL FOR MOST PURPOSES, BUT THAT THE 16 PF ANXIETY FACTOR AND THE MPI NEUROTICISM SCALE SHOWED CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES. FINDINGS CONCERNING THE MMPI CLINICAL SCALES, THE 16 PF FACTORS, AND THE MPI SCALES ARE DISCUSSED. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERVIEW INTERACTION OF REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS.

RESEARCH WITH QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES IN THE INTERVIEW HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERVIEWEE VERBAL PATTERNS CAN BE MODIFIED BY MANIPULATION OF INTERVIEWER VERBAL PATTERNS. IT WAS PREDICTED THAT SENSITIZERS AND REPRESSORS, HAVING IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE STYLES, WOULD AS INTERVIEWERS DIFFER IN THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THAT THESE DIFFERENCES WOULD RESULT IN DIFFERENT VERBAL BEHAVIOR BY THEIR RESPECTIVE INTERVIEWEES. REPRESSOR, SENSITIZER, AND NEUTRAL INTERVIEWERS WERE PAIRED WITH NEUTRAL INTERVIEWEES IN A 15-MIN INTERVIEW. SENSITIZER INTERVIEWERS TOOK MORE OF AN ACTIVE ROLE, AND THEIR INTERVIEWEES LESS THAN THAT OF REPRESSORS AND NEUTRALS. THE EFFECT OF INTERVIEWER PERSONALITY ON INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE SPEECH, AND THE ROLE OF INTERVIEW STRUCTURE ARE DISCUSSED. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

USE OF A STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN THE CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF PERSONALITY SCALES.

STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHIES WRITTEN BY 352 MALE FRESHMEN, WERE CONTENT ANALYZED, AND THE RESPONSES OF THE HIGH AND LOW SCORERS WERE COMPARED BY CHI-SQUARE ON EACH OF 6 CPI SCALES (DOMINANCE, INTELLECTUAL EFFICIENCY, RESPONSIBILITY, SOCIALIZATION, ACHIEVEMENT VIA CONFORMANCE, ACHIEVEMENT VIA INDEPENDENCE). AREAS COMPARED WERE RELATIONSHIPS WITH FATHER AND MOTHER, CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES, SELF-DESCRIPTION, AND WORK-STUDY HABITS. THE RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE VALIDITY OF THE MANUAL'S DESCRIPTION OF THE 1ST 5 SCALES AND FOR A GENERAL CONCEPT OF INDEPENDENCE ON THE LAST SCALE. THE LIMITED EVIDENCE ON RESPONSIBILITY IS EQUIVOCAL. A STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS SEEN AS A USEFUL ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF PERSONALITY SCALES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE MANIFEST ANXIETY, EXTRAVERSION, AND REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION SCALES.

THE MA, EXTRAVERSION (E), REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION (R-S), AND 13 OTHER PERSONALITY SCALES WERE GIVEN TO 226 SS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH MA SCORES ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRAVERSION AND TO EXPLORE THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE R-S SCALE ASSESSES ATTRIBUTES SIMILAR TO THOSE MEASURED BY THE MA AND E SCALES. FROM THE RESULTS OF A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE 16 VARIABLES IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: SCORES ON THE MA AND R-S SCALES ARE ALMOST TOTALLY INDEPENDENT OF EXTRAVERSION; THE MA AND R-S SCALES ARE PRACTICALLY IDENTICAL IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING; SCORES ON BOTH THESE SCALES ARE LARGELY DETERMINED BY 2 BIPOLAR, ORTHOGONAL TRAITS-DEFENSIVENESS AND EMOTIONALITY. (27 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ATTITUDES TOWARD MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG TWO GROUPS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL SETTING.

COMPARED THE ATTITUDES OF FEMALES FROM A 4-YR COLLEGE WHO VOLUNTEERED FOR COMPANION THERAPY PROGRAMS (INVOLVING A 1:1 OR SMALL GROUP CONTACT WITH PATIENTS) AND 14 JUNIOR COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO VOLUNTEERED FOR RECREATIONAL THERAPY. AS PREDICTED, SS IN THE COMPANION GROUP WERE LESS CUSTODIAL IN THEIR ORIGINAL ATTITUDES AND THEIR VIEWS BECAME MORE HUMANISTIC AFTER ACTUAL PARTICIPATION. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE 2 PROGRAMS ATTRACT VOLUNTEERS WITH DIFFERENT ATTITUDES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE GRAPHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO SELECTING LIFE INSURANCE SALESMEN.

USING HANDWRITING SAMPLES FROM 63 LIFE INSURANCE SALESMEN, AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SELECT BOTH SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SALESMEN THROUGH USE OF GRAPHOANALYSIS. THE CRITERION WAS BASED UPON 1ST-POLICY-YR COMMISSIONS ADJUSTED FOR YEARSOF EXPERIENCE FOR EACH SALESMAN. IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO SELECT SUCCESSFUL SALESMEN BY ANALYZING THE WRITING FOR 13 PERSONALITY TRAITS SELECTED INTUITIVELY BY THE ANALYSTS, NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO DO THIS USING DOMINANT TRAITS "DISCOVERED" IN THE HANDWRITING OF SUCCESSFUL SALESMEN. HOWEVER, IT APPEARS THAT IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO SELECT FAILURES ON THE BASIS OF "LACKING" CERTAIN TRAITS AS DETERMINED BY THEIR HANDWRITING. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THIS ASPECT BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE VALIDITY STUDIES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ACCURACY VERSUS VALIDITY IN PERSON PERCEPTION.

24 UNDERGRADUATE PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS WERE ASKED TO PREDICT EVENTS FROM 3 DIFFERENT CASE HISTORIES AND THEN TO WRITE PERSONALITY CONCEPTUALIZATIONS FOR THE 3 CASES. THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE CONCEPTUALIZATIONS WAS MEASURED BY HAVING NEW JUDGES READ THEM AND MAKE A NEW SERIES OF PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE SAME CASES. THE ACCURACY OF THE ORIGINAL JUDGES IN MAKING THEIR PREDICTIONS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THEIR CONCEPTUALIZATIONS; I.E., THE MOST ACCURATE PREDICTORS TENDED TO WRITE THE LEAST VALID CONCEPTUALIZATIONS. THERE WERE INDICATIONS THAT THE ACCURATE PREDICTORS ADOPTED AN EMPATHIC APPROACH TO THE CASE MATERIAL, WHILE VALID CONCEPTUALIZERS WERE MORE ANALYTIC AND EVALUATIVE IN APPROACH. SLIGHT EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED TO THE EFFECT THAT TRAINING IN PSYCHOLOGY WAS NEGATIVELY RELATED TO ACCURACY, BUT POSITIVELY RELATED TO VALIDITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SEX ROLE, INSTRUMENTAL-EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN FEMALES.

INVESTIGATED THE PREVIOUSLY EQUIVOCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX-ROLE IDENTITY IN LATE-ADOLESCENT FEMALES AND ADJUSTMENT. PEER RATINGS OF 30 COLLEGE SS, OBTAINED AFTER A PERIOD OF SMALL GROUP INTERACTION, INDICATED THAT MASCULINE GIRLS TENDED TO BE BOTH GOAL ORIENTED AND SOCIALLY SENSITIVE, WHEREAS FEMININE GIRLS TENDED TO BE SOCIALLY SENSITIVE BUT LACKED A GOAL ORIENTATION. COMPARISON OF THE PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES OF THESE MASCULINE AND FEMININE GIRLS WITH THEIR MALADJUSTED COUNTERPARTS FOUND LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FEMININE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COMPARISON OF THE MASCULINE GROUPS IDENTIFIED MORE EXTENDED DIFFERENCES, PRIMARILY INDICATING A LACK OF INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP. MASCULINITY IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP MAY APPEAR AS SOCIAL INDEPENDENCE WHICH MAY ACTUALLY MASK SOCIAL ALIENATION AND SOCIAL APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICTS. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)