EFFECTS OF VERBAL MEDIATORS ON A NONVISUAL FORMBOARD TASK.

STUDIES OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAIN-DAMAGED SS ON FORMBOARD TASKS HAVE INDICATED THAT THE TEST IS SENSITIVE TO BRAIN LESIONS. THE TEST IS KNOWN TO REQUIRE TACTUAL, KINESTHETIC, AND SPATIAL ABILITIES, BUT THE INFLUENCE OF VERBAL MEDIATORS HAS NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED THE INFLUENCE OF LABELING THE BLOCKS USE IN A FORMBOARD TASK ON SPEED OF PERFORMANCE. 20 FRESHMEN PERFORMED ON FORMBOARDS WHICH CONTAINED FAMILIAR AND UNFAMILIAR SHAPED BLOCKS IN A COUNTERBALANCED DESIGN, WITH AND WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF LABELS FOR THE BLOCKS. THE LEARNING OF NAMES FOR THE UNFAMILIAR BLOCKS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE SPEED OF PERFORMANCE. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESULTS FOR THE USE OF VERBAL MEDIATORS ON FORMBOARD TASKS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MAN AS AN INTUITIVE STATISTICIAN.

CONSIDERS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT HAS USED PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS AS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH TO STUDY HUMAN STATISTICAL INFERENCE. EXPERIMENTS HAVE INVESTIGATED ESTIMATES OF PROPORTIONS, MEANS, VARIANCES, AND CORRELATIONS, BOTH OF SAMPLES AND OF POPULATIONS. IN SOME EXPERIMENTS, PARAMETERS OF POPULATIONS WERE STATIONARY; IN OTHERS, THE PARAMETERS CHANGED OVER TIME. THE EXPERIMENTS ALSO INVESTIGATED THE DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE AND TRIAL-BY-TRIAL PREDICTIONS OF EVENTS TO BE SAMPLED FROM A POPULATION. IN GENERAL, THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS CAN BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS THAT INTEGRATE AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN A WIDE RANGE OF INFERENTIAL TASKS. (115 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REDUNDANCY AS A VARIABLE IN PATTERN PERCEPTION.

AMBIGUITIES IN THE USE OF THE TERM REDUNDANCY ARE DESCRIBED AND SOME NECESSARY DISTINCTIONS ARE MADE. 2 GENERAL KINDS OF REDUNDANCY ARE NOTED. SCHEMATIC REDUNDANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SCHEMA, SAMPLING CONSTRAINTS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN MEMORY TASKS. DISCRIMINATION REDUNDANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED COMPLEXITY, ABSENCE OF SAMPLING CONSTRAINTS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN DISCRIMINATION TASKS. THE USE OF SHANNON'S MODEL TO MEASURE TECHNICAL REDUNDANCY IS SHOWN TO INVOLVE AMBIGUITIES BECAUSE 3 DIFFERENT SETS OF IDENTIFICATION STATEMENTS CAN BE USED TO LINK THE MODEL WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION; A SHIFT FROM 1 IDENTIFICATION TO ANOTHER RESULTS IN DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS AND DIFFERENT QUANTITIES FOR REDUNDANCY. WHEN PATTERNS ARE IDENTIFIED WITH SIGNALS IN A CHANNEL, BOTH SCHEMATIC AND DISCRIMINATION REDUNDANCY ARE SHOWN TO HAVE DISTINCT MEASURABLE COUNTERPARTS IN SHANNON'S MODEL. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGE STIMULUS SEQUENCES FOR DISCRIMINATION TASKS.

SEQUENCES OF POSITIONS FOR THE PLACING OF THE POSITIVE STIMULUS IN A 2-CHOICE VISUAL DISCRIMINATION TASK AS CONSTRUCTED BY GELLERMAN ARE EXAMINED BY MEANS OF A HYPOTHESIS-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE AND ARE FOUND TO BE UNSATISFACTORY ON 2 COUNTS: (1) THEY FAIL TO ENSURE THAT NO POSITION HYPOTHESIS WILL PRODUCE OTHER THAN CHANCE PERFORMANCE ON THE LEARNING CURVE, AND (2) THEY FAIL TO PREVENT THE DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF POSITION HYPOTHESES. A NEW SET OF SEQUENCES IS PROPOSED WHICH SATISFY THESE CONDITIONS. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE AS TO THE COMBINATION OF THESE SEQUENCES FOR USE IN RELATIVELY LONG DISCRIMINATION TASKS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE ORIENTATION INVENTORY: A REVIEW.

REVIEWS RESEARCH BETWEEN 1959 AND 1967 RELATING ORIENTATION INVENTORY (ORI) SCORES TO OTHER SELF-REPORTS AND TO PERFORMANCE IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE STUDIES ARE BASED ON SMALL SAMPLES AND ORI SCORES ARE RELATIVELY LOW IN RETEST RELIABILITY, THE OVERALL PATTERNS OF RESULTS SUGGEST THE UTILITY OF ASSESSING ORIENTATION AS A WAY OF INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE IN A VARIETY OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS. IN MANY SUCH SITUATIONS, THE GREATEST SOURCE OF VARIANCE MAY BE THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATION AND THE NATURE OF THE TASK. WHAT IS PUNISHING FOR THE SELF-ORIENTED MAY BE OF NO CONSEQUENCE TO THE INTERACTION-ORIENTED AND POSITIVELY REINFORCING TO THE TASK-ORIENTED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL THALAMIC SURGERY: A PRELIMINARY REPORT.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL SUBCORTICAL SURGERY WERE EXAMINED. SPECIFICALLY, COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL FUNCTIONS AND PERFORMANCE ON VISUAL AND AUDITORY TASKS OF RECENT RECALL WERE COMPARED IN THE STABILIZED POSTOPERATIVE SITUATION FOR SS UNDERGOING NO SURGERY, UNILATERAL RIGHT OR LEFT, AND BILATERAL CRYOTHALAMECTOMY. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (P > .05) OBTAINED ON ANY OF THESE BEHAVIORAL DIMENSIONS. THE DISCUSSION FOCUSED ON THE RESILIENCE OF SO-CALLED "HIGHER INTEGRATIVE" ACTIVITIES AND THE FUNCTIONAL DUPLICATION OR EQUIVALENCE APPARENT AT THE SUBCORTICAL CORE. THE POSSIBILITY OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BILATERAL SUBCORTICAL ZONE TO A BALANCE BETWEEN DIFFUSE BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION AND SPECIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS IS RAISED. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING.

EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERACTION OF DRUGS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST PERFORMANCE AS A FACTOR IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY. ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON TEST PERFORMANCE HAVE NOT BEEN SUCCESSFUL, AND THE EXISTENCE OF CONFLICTING EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS CONTRIBUTES TO NEGLECT OF THE FACTOR. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT THERE ARE A FEW OR NO CHANGES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST PERFORMANCE AS A RESULT OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG TREATMENT. THIS CONCLUSION IS QUESTIONED IN TERMS OF THE POOR RESEARCH DESIGN WHICH CHARACTERIZES DRUG-INTERACTION RESEARCH. AN APPARENT DRUG-PERSONALITY INTERACTION IS ALSO DISCUSSED AS A VARIABLE CONTRIBUTING TO THE DIFFICULTY IN INTERPRETING RESEARCH IN THIS AREA. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERFORMANCE GOALS AS DETERMINANTS OF LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND BOREDOM.

2 PILOT STUDIES AND 4 EXPERIMENTS ARE REPORTED DEALING WITH THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE GOALS TO LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND DEGREE OF BOREDOM OR INTEREST IN THE TASK. TASKS USED INCLUDED SIMPLE ADDITION, PERCEPTUAL SPEED, AND PSYCHOMOTOR COORDINATION. TRIAL TIMES RANGED FROM 2 MIN-2 HR. IN THE 2 PILOT STUDIES POSTEXPERIMENTAL GOAL DESCRIPTIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO PERFORMANCE LEVEL, AND SS INDICATED THAT TRYING FOR A SPECIFIC GOAL OR SCORE WAS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF TASK INTEREST. IN THE 4 EXPERIMENTS A SPECIFIC HARD GOAL LED TO A HIGHER LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND MORE TASK INTEREST THAN A GOAL OF "DO YOUR BEST." THERE WAS NO CONSISTENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN BOREDOM OR INTEREST AND CHANGES IN PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DREAM FUNCTION RECONSIDERED.

ATTEMPTED TO SHOW WHY TRADITIONAL FREUDIAN VIEWS ON THE FUNCTION OF DREAMING APPEAR TO BE INADEQUATE IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. IT SUGGESTS A NEW THEORY OF DREAM FUNCTION WHICH IS AN OUTGROWTH OF HERMAN RORSCHACH'S NOTIONS ON DREAMING, AND HAS TO DO WITH THE RELATIONS BETWEEN KINESTHETIC FANTASY, BODY IMAGE, AND EGO INTEGRITY. EVIDENCE FOR THE THEORY IS DERIVED FROM 3 MAJOR SOURCES: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SLEEP AND DREAMS, RORSCHACH RESEARCH, AND SENSORY-DEPRIVATION STUDIES. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO INTEGRATE THIS EVIDENCE, UNDERLINING A COMMON CORE OF FINDINGS AND INDICATING ITS RELATION TO THE PROPOSED THEORY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTION OF PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIZATION: I. THE MEASUREMENT OF HOSPITALIZATION PRONENESS.

THE HOSPITALIZATION PRONENESS SCALE (HPS) IS AN EMPIRICALLY DEVELOPED SCALE DESIGNED TO PREDICT PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIZATION FROM A COMMUNITY CLINIC. THE PREDICTION WAS MADE FROM VARIABLES DEFINING THE PATIENT'S EFFECTIVENESS IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE, AND SOCIAL ATTAINMENT, AS ASSESSED AT INTAKE. THE SCALE WAS DEVELOPED ON A GROUP OF 45 HOSPITALIZED AND 97 NONHOSPITALIZED SCHIZOPHRENIC OUTPATIENTS TREATED WITH PLACEBO FROM 2 WK. TO 94 MO. THE HPS WAS RELATED TO HOSPITALIZATION FOR THE ORIGINAL GROUP (P     

NEED TYPE AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG INDUSTRIAL SCIENTISTS.

NEED-FULFILLMENT THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION ASSUME THAT INDIVIDUALS DIFFER IN THE OUTCOMES THEY PREFER (NEED) TO OBTAIN FROM JOBS, AND THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OUTCOMES RECEIVED ON THE JOB AND SATISFACTION IS DEPENDENT UPON THESE PREFERENCES. IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PATTERN OF PREFERENCES FOR JOB OUTCOMES MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFERENCE FOR AND SATISFACTION WITH AN OUTCOME. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE EMPLOYED TO ASSESS PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION ON 30 DIFFERENT JOB OUTCOMES WITH 113 INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS WORKING IN 1 FACILITY. PREFERENCE (NEED) RATINGS WERE SUBJECTED TO Q CLUSTER ANALYSIS. 2 "NEED" TYPES WERE IDENTIFIED. NEED TYPE MODERATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFERENCE FOR AND SATISFACTION WITH THAT OUTCOME ONLY ON THOSE OUTCOMES MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO THE COMPANY ITSELF. IT IS PROPOSED THAT THESE 2 NEED TYPES REFLECT THE 2 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL THAT DIFFER PRIMARILY IN ORIENTATION TOWARD THE COMPANY ITSELF. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF LUNAR GRAVITY ON MAN'S PERFORMANCE OF BASIC MAINTENANCE TASKS.

9 SS WERE TRAINED EXTENSIVELY ON 3 MAINTENANCE TASKS: BOLT TORQUING, CONNECTOR MATING, AND NUT THREADING. THEY WERE RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED INTO 1 OF 3 CLOTHING CONDITIONS (SHIRT-SLEEVE, VENTED SUIT, AND PRESSURIZED SUIT) AND TRAINED AND TESTED ON ALL 3 TASKS IN 3 GRAVITY CONDITIONS (1 GRAVITY, 1 GRAVITY HARNESSED, AND 1/6 GRAVITY). LUNAR GRAVITY IMPOSED A 25% PERFORMANCE DECREMENT OVER PERFORMANCE IN 1 GRAVITY. THE VENTED SUIT IMPOSED A 60%, AND THE PRESSURIZED SUIT A 150% PERFORMANCE DECREMENT WHEN COMPARED TO THE SHIRT-SLEEVE MODE. PRELIMINARY HUMAN-FACTORS DESIGN CRITERIA ARE SUGGESTED FOR LUNAR-GRAVITY PERFORMANCE AIDS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

IMPLICATIONS OF THE DECENTERING CONCEPT FOR THE STRUCTURING OF PROJECTIVE CONTENT.

THE ROLE-TAKING TASK (RTT) REQUIRES THE S TO MAKE UP AN INITIAL TAT STORY AND THEN TO RETELL THIS STORY FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF EACH OF THE TAT FIGURES. EVALUATED THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INITIAL STORY AND THE ADEQUACY OF SUBSEQUENT ROLE-TAKING. IT WAS FOUND IN EXP. I THAT THE MORE THE S PORTRAYS RECIPROCAL SOCIAL INTERACTION IN THE INITIAL STORY, THE BETTER ROLE-TAKING IS COORDINATED FOR THE TAT FIGURES. EXP. II EVALUATED ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF THIS EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP. SS TOOK ROLES BASED ON THEIR OWN INITIAL STORIES, AND ALSO ON THE INITIAL STORIES PRODUCED BY OTHERS. RESULTS SUPPORTED THE POSITION THAT THE EMPIRICAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INITIAL STORY PERFORMANCE AND ROLE-TAKING IS A FUNCTION OF A COMMON DIMENSION OF DECENTERING ACTIVITY RATHER THAN A FUNCTION OF THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES PER SE OF THE INITIAL STORY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A CALL TO RESPONSIBILITY.

A POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY IS THAT OF "BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS," THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THIS RAISES MANY CRITICAL SOCIAL ISSUES WHICH MAY BE BEST RESOLVED BY PROFESSIONAL "PREVENTIVE" RESEARCH SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN DRUG AND MEDICAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS AND THAT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PHYSICS LABORATORY ARE POINTED OUT, AND BROAD PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS FOR DEVELOPING A WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS CONSONANT WITH THE PUBLIC WELFARE. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PUBERTAL ONSET AND EGO FUNCTIONING.

A MODEL OF PUBERTAL GROWTH BASED ON PSYCHOANALYTIC EGO PSYCHOLOGY IS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF EARLY AND LATE MATURATION IN MALES. FROM THIS MODEL THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY AND LATE MATURERS IN THE GUIDANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS EXAMINED PRIOR TO, AT, AND FOLLOWING THEIR ONSET OF PUBERTY. CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH, THE DIMENSIONS OF MOTILITY AND EXPRESSIVENESS APPEAR TO BE SPECIFICALLY CONNECTED TO PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL MATURATION. FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE LENGTH OF THE LATENCY PERIOD REGULATES ONE'S PREPARATION FOR THE PUBERTAL SOMATIC CHANGES AND MAY DECISIVELY INFLUENCE POSTPUBERTAL IMPULSE-CONTROLLING MECHANISMS OF THE PERSONALITY. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCEDURAL, SITUATIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES IN INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING.

A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS EMERGE FROM THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING. DEPARTURES FROM STANDARD PROCEDURES ARE MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT SPECIALIZED GROUPS THAN NORMAL GROUPS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, ESPECIALLY DISCOURAGEMENT, APPEARS MORE FREQUENTLY WITH YOUNGER THAN WITH OLDER SS. RAPPORT IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN THE E-S RELATIONSHIP. E DIFFERENCES OCCASIONALLY APPEAR, BUT REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT CLEAR. E'S EXPERIENCE IS USUALLY NOT A CRITICAL VARIABLE. WHITE ES MAY HAVE SOME SUBTLE DELETERIOUS EFFECT ON NEGRO SS' SCORES, BUT THE EVIDENCE IS NOT DEFINITIVE. INADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHARACTERIZE MANY STUDIES ON E DIFFERENCES. A COMBINATION OF MAN AND MACHINE TEST ADMINISTRATION MAY SOLVE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS: THEIR UTILITY IN THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S ARMAMENTARIUM FOR PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT.

REVIEWS 18 YEARS (1949-1967) OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE DRAW-A-PERSON TEST AND DISCUSSES THE VALUE OF FIGURE DRAWINGS IN THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S ARMAMENTARIUM. THE STUDIES CITED GENERALLY FAILED TO SUPPORT MACHOVER'S HYPOTHESES, BUT REVEALED A PAUCITY OF WELL-DESIGNED INVESTIGATIONS INDICATING THAT THIS TEST SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST'S TEST BATTERY. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THERE IS A GREAT NEED FOR STANDARDIZED AND VALIDATED SCALES FOR ESTIMATING PERSONALITY ADJUSTMENT FROM FIGURE DRAWINGS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERATOR VARIABLES TO ENHANCE THE PREDICTION OF MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS.

ITEM ANALYSES WERE USED TO DEVELOP 2 MODERATOR VARIABLES WHICH, ON CROSS VALIDATION, SUCCESSFULLY IDENTIFIED MANAGERS WHO WERE OVER- AND UNDERPREDICTED BY REGRESSION EQUATIONS DEVELOPED EARLIER. THESE MODERATOR TESTS WERE USED TO IDENTIFY AND ELIMINATE FROM THE CROSS-VALIDATION SAMPLE 55 MANAGERS (25% OF THE TOTAL) CLASSED AS "UNPREDICTABLE." THE POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PREDICTED CRITERION STATUS (ABOVE OR BELOW THE CRITERION MEDIAN) AND ACTUAL CRITERION STATUS FOR THE REMAINING MANAGERS WAS .73 AS COMPARED WITH A POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION OF ONLY .65 FOR ALL MANAGERS IN THE SAMPLE. MOREOVER, THE DEGREE OF OVERLAP ON THE ACTUAL CRITERION SCALE BETWEEN MANAGERS PREDICTED TO BE "HIGH" OR "LOW" WAS REDUCED FROM 38%-28% BY USING THE 2 MODERATOR TESTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THESE RESULTS PROVIDE FURTHER CONFIRMING EVIDENCE OF THE USEFULNESS OF MODERATOR VARIABLES FOR ENHANCING THE MAGNITUDE OF RELATIONSHIPS IN TEST VALIDATION AND SELECTION RESEARCH. (35 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"OPENNESS" AS A DIMENSION OF PROJECTIVE TEST RESPONSES.

ATTEMPTS TO ASSESS THE DEGREE TO WHICH CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION AFFECTS SS' OPENNESS ON PROJECTIVE TESTS. THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS VARIATION IS ALSO EXAMINED. USING ROLE-PLAYING INSTRUCTIONS, 31 UNDERGRADUATE SS WERE DIRECTED TO TELL PERSONALLY REVEALING STORIES TO 6 TAT CARDS; 29 OTHERS WROTE GUARDED STORIES. RATINGS OF THE STORIES BY JUDGES USING A MANUAL OF OPENNESS INDICATED THAT SS CAN SUCCESSFULLY CONTROL THIS FACET OF TAT PERFORMANCE AND THAT JUDGES CAN OBJECTIVELY EVALUATE AN S'S INTENT. DEGREE OF ASSESSED OPENNESS IS SHOWN TO BE RELATED TO DIFFERENCES IN TAT CARDS AND ALSO TO THE S'S SEX. IMPLICATIONS FOR USE OF PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES AND FURTHER RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A SUBGROUP OF SS WHO, WHILE INSTRUCTED TO BE GUARDED, WROTE STORIES RATED AS OPEN. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)