FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY APPLIED TO CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR.

REVIEWS RESEARCH RELATING TO CHILDREN'S REACTIONS TO NONREWARD IN A VARIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS. PERFORMANCE IN NONCONTINUOUS RATHER THAN CONTINUOUS REWARD SITUATIONS WAS FOUND TO BE MORE VIGOROUS. THESE DATA AND THE RESULTS OF STUDIES DEALING WITH DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND DIFFERENTIAL CONDITIONING PROVIDE CROSS-SPECIES SUPPORT FOR AMSEL'S FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY. THE EFFECTS OF NONREWARD ARE ALSO EXAMINED IN RELATION TO CA, MA, PERSONALITY, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND SUCCESS-FAILURE MANIPULATIONS. FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY MAY BE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN DERIVING RELATED HYPOTHESES. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCEDURAL, SITUATIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES IN INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING.

A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS EMERGE FROM THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING. DEPARTURES FROM STANDARD PROCEDURES ARE MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT SPECIALIZED GROUPS THAN NORMAL GROUPS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, ESPECIALLY DISCOURAGEMENT, APPEARS MORE FREQUENTLY WITH YOUNGER THAN WITH OLDER SS. RAPPORT IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN THE E-S RELATIONSHIP. E DIFFERENCES OCCASIONALLY APPEAR, BUT REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT CLEAR. E'S EXPERIENCE IS USUALLY NOT A CRITICAL VARIABLE. WHITE ES MAY HAVE SOME SUBTLE DELETERIOUS EFFECT ON NEGRO SS' SCORES, BUT THE EVIDENCE IS NOT DEFINITIVE. INADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHARACTERIZE MANY STUDIES ON E DIFFERENCES. A COMBINATION OF MAN AND MACHINE TEST ADMINISTRATION MAY SOLVE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REASSESSMENT OF THE TRILOGY: NEED, SUPPLY, AND DEMAND.

DISCUSSES THE CONCEPTUAL ISSUES UNDERLYING THE MANPOWER TERMS NEED, SUPPLY, AND DEMAND IN THE FIELDS OF HEALTH SERVICES AND EDUCATION. A DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES AND THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS. SINCE MANY SERVICES CAN BE AND ARE PROVIDED BY PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES, OFTEN WITH SHORTER TRAINING AND IN GREATER SUPPLY, THE DEMAND AND ABILITY TO PAY FOR PHD PSYCHOLOGISTS MAY BE LESS THAN HAS BEEN ASSUMED. IMPLICATIONS FOR MANPOWER RESEARCH, PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES, AND TRAINING AND UTILIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGISTS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE ANALYSIS OF CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS.

A CR IN THE CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING SITUATION MAY BE VIEWED AS THE JOINT PRODUCT OF A CRITERION FOR A RESPONSE AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH S DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN THE STIMULI. RESPONSE BIAS IS THUS SEEN TO BE A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN SINGLE-STIMULUS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, AND SIGNAL DETECTION METHODS ARE SEEN TO BE RELEVANT TO THE ANALYSIS OF DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS. PRELIMINARY APPLICATIONS TO PUBLISHED DATA ON SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES SUGGEST THAT SS CLASSIFIED AS "VOLUNTARY," SS WITH HIGH MA SCALE SCORES, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A HIGH-INTENSITY UCS DIFFER PRIMARILY BY RESPONDING WITH A LOWER CRITERION, I.E., ARE MORE RESPONSIVE, THAN "CONDITIONERS," LOW-MA SS, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A LOW-INTENSITY UCS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN THE RELATION OF THOUGHT TO ACTION.

ATABULATION OF THE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL IMAGERY AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YR. IN SKOLNICK'S (SEE 41:3) STUDY REVEALED (1) THAT THE NUMBER OF SUCH CORRELATIONS IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN CHANCE, (2) THAT THIS FINDING IS LARGELY CONFINED TO THE MALE SS, (3) THAT ORDINARY OS DO NOT PERCEIVE PEOPLE AS HAVING TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF THEIR IMAGERY TYPES, THOUGH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DO, (4) THAT IMAGERY RELATED MORE TO OPERANT ACTIONS IN MALES AND RESPONDENT ACTIONS IN FEMALES, (5) THAT ADOLESCENT IMAGERY SCORES ARE MUCH INFERIOR TO ADULT IMAGERY SCORES IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS THEY GENERATE, AND (6) THAT ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES PREDICT ADULT IMAGERY SCORES MUCH BETTER THAN ADOLESCENT IMAGERY PREDICTS ADULT ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING THAT IMAGERY MAY BE MORE THE RESULT THAN THE CAUSE OF ACTION. THE FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN WHICH FANTASY IS CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS 1 TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., THOUGHT) WHICH IS RELATED TO ANOTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., ACTION), RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE TRADITIONAL PROJECTIVE TEST FRAMEWORK. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS VARYING IN ANXIETY AND DEFENSIVENESS.

SS WERE GIVEN THE TAYLOR MA SCALE AND THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILTIY SCALE (M-C SD). HIGH-ANXIOUS SS WERE FOUND TO BE PRIMARILY NONDEFENSIVE (LOW M-C SD SCORES) COMPARED TO THE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, 1/2 OF WHOM WERE DEFENSIVE (HIGH M-C SD SCORES) AND 1/2 NONDEFENSIVE. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ON DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE FAVORING LOW-ANXIOUS SS WAS FOUND ONLY WHEN THE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS WERE ELIMINATED FROM THE ANALYSIS. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EQUIVOCAL FINDINGS IN PAST RESEARCH MAY HAVE RESULTED IN PART FROM THE FAILURE TO ELIMINATE THESE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, WHO APPEAR TO EXPERIENCE MANIFEST ANXIETY BUT REFUSE TO ADMIT IT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A NEW LOOK AT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A BEHAVIORIST.

DISCUSSES TEST PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF RELATIONSHIPS TO CONTINGENT AND CONTROLLING STIMULI. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT TEST PERFORMANCE MAY BE RELATED TO THE SELECTION OF THE KINDS OF CONTINGENT STIMULI THAT MAY BE USED BY PERSONNEL WHO HAVE CONTACTS WITH THE PATIENT. A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEST PERFORMANCE AND SELF-CONTROL AND CONTROL BY OTHERS IS HYPOTHESIZED. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THE SUGGESTED ANALYSIS IS STRICTLY AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO TESTING. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND OLFACTORY METHODOLOGY AND THEORY.

A STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARGE ON S IS NOT UNUSUAL AND THERE NORMALLY EXISTS A COMPLEX ELECTRICAL FIELD INVOLVING S AND THE SURROUND. AN ODORANT CAN BE EXPECTED TO HAVE AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH IT. AN EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICS OF THE SITUATION AND A PHYSICAL MODEL QUESTIONS THE RELIABILITY OF MANY OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS DUE TO COMPLEX ELECTRICAL INTERACTIONS. IMPLICATIONS FOR OLFACTORY THEORY, PARTICULARLY THE STERIC THEORY, ARE DISCUSSED. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR MINIMIZING THE EFFECT OF THE STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARGE IN OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS. 4 OTHER FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE THE RESULTS OF OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. (23 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF EARLY RESTRICTION ON LATER FORM DISCRIMINATION IN THE RAT.

52 LIGHT- AND 54 DARK-REARED HOODED RATS WERE TRAINED ON 3 DISCRIMINATIONS INVOLVING DIFFERENCES IN ORIENTATION OF SINGLE RECTANGLES. OTHER SS WERE TRAINED ON A PATTERN DISCRIMINATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN VISUALLY EXPERIENCED AND INEXPERIENCED SS IN THE ACQUISITION OF ANY OF THE ORIENTATION PROBLEMS. A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIGHT- AND DARK-REARED SS WAS FOUND FOR THE VISUAL PATTERN PROBLEM. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO THE PROPOSITION THAT DEFICITS IN PERFORMANCE OF VISUALLY DEPRIVED SS ON PATTERN DISCRIMINATIONS ARE RELATED TO THE TASK DIFFICULTY PER SE. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHAT UNITS SHALL WE EMPLOY? ALLPORT'S QUESTION REVISITED.

ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY IN RESEARCH AND APPLIED SETTINGS. IN PLACE OF TRADITIONAL DISPOSITIONAL CONCEPTS, THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN ABILITIES CONCEPTION OF PERSONALITY ARE EXPLORED. RESPONSE CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ARE SUGGESTED AS CENTRAL FOCI FOR PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT. PERSONALITY STRUCTURE IS CONSTRUED IN TERMS OF SKILLS RATHER THAN DISPOSITIONS. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO FACTORS CONTROLLING RESPONSE PERFORMANCE ARE CONSIDERED WITH REGARD TO 3 SETS OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS, I.E., REINFORCEMENT CONDITIONS, SITUATION SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES, AND FORMAL ATTRIBUTES OF SITUATIONS. THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN ABILITIES CONCEPTION OF PERSONALITY FOR PERSONALITY CHANGE ARE DISCUSSED. (38 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONNOTATIONS OF TWENTY PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNALS TO THEIR PROFESSIONAL READERS.

20 PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS OF INTEREST TO PSYCHOLOGISTS WERE RATED BY 553 MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) ON 20 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALES. THE DATA WERE FACTOR ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS BY A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND TO REVEAL THE CLUSTERS OF THE MAJOR JOURNALS AS PERCEIVED BY THEM. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO RELATE DIFFERENCES IN EVALUATION TO BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF RATERS SUCH AS DIVISIONAL AFFILIATION, AREAS OF INTEREST, TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT, AND SENIORITY. 4 MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF FEELING TONES ARE REPORTED-VALUE, SCIENTIFIC RIGOR, INTERESTINGNESS, AND ORIENTATION TOWARD THEORY OR APPLICATION. JOURNAL CLUSTERS IN TERMS OF THESE 4 FACTORS ARE DISCUSSED. THE MEMBERS HAVING THE GREATEST INVOLVEMENT WITH APA, AS EVIDENCED BY MULTIPLE-DIVISION MEMBERSHIP, TEND TO BE ACADEMIC IN ORIENTATION AND PLACE THE GREATEST GENERAL VALUE ON THE JOURNALS. NONDIVISIONAL MEMBERS SEEM TO BE MORE CLINICAL AND APPLIED IN ORIENTATION. OTHER BACKGROUND DIFFERENCES ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-PRESENTATIONS IN RELATION TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REFERENTS.

SELF-PRESENTATIONS MAY BE DISCERNED IN TERMS OF THE REFERENTS USED, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO RELATE TO MORE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2 CRITERION GROUPS (54 SS IN EACH) WERE DRAWN FROM A POPULATION OF 204 SS, USING THE "WHO AM I?" TECHNIQUE. THOSE USING GROUP-RELEVANT OR EXTERNALLY IDENTIFIABLE REFERENTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE USING INTERNAL OR IDIOSYNCRATIC REFERENTS TO PRESENT THEMSELVES ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND THE FIRO-B. THOSE PRESENTING THEMSELVES VIA GROUP-RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS USED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER WORDS TO DO SO, WERE OLDER, AND HAD MORE MARRIED MEMBERS. ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS THEY WERE FOUND TO BE LESS INTUITIVE AND MORE JUDGMENTAL IN ORIENTATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE FIRO-B. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A CALL TO RESPONSIBILITY.

A POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY IS THAT OF "BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS," THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THIS RAISES MANY CRITICAL SOCIAL ISSUES WHICH MAY BE BEST RESOLVED BY PROFESSIONAL "PREVENTIVE" RESEARCH SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN DRUG AND MEDICAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS AND THAT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PHYSICS LABORATORY ARE POINTED OUT, AND BROAD PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS FOR DEVELOPING A WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS CONSONANT WITH THE PUBLIC WELFARE. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EVALUATION OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST.

3 GROUPS (21 SS IN EACH) OF HOSPITALIZED WHITE MALES, HOMOGENEOUS AS TO AGE, SEX, AND EDUCATION, WERE EXAMINED WITH THE TRAIL MAKING TEST (TMT). THE GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS BRAIN-DAMAGED, MIXED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, AND HOSPITALIZED CONTROLS. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS THAT THE TMT SCORES OF THE 3 GROUPS WOULD NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY COULD NOT BE REJECTED. ALTHOUGH PART A OF THE TMT DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PART B, THE DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES BEING TAPPED BY BOTH ARE UNKNOWN. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT IF THE TMT IS TO BE APPLIED IN A CLINICAL SETTING, CONSIDERABLY MORE INFORMATION IS NEEDED CONCERNING TEST PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SIMULATION, SHELTERS, AND SUBJECTS.

DESCRIBES "A NAVY FALLOUT AND BLAST-SHELTER TRIAL IN MAY OF 1963, WHICH MAY HAVE A BEARING ON CURRENT PUBLIC CONCERN REGARDING . . . ." EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING HUMAN SS. FACTORS CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL TO THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE STUDY ARE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO "INVITE THE ATTENTION OF . . . COLLEAGUES TO THE DETAILS OF S PROCUREMENT, HANDLING, AND UTILIZATION IN A RESEARCH EFFORT WHICH CONTAINED MANY POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND DANGERS . . . .(IT IS FELT THAT) THE UNDERLYING ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH OF THIS NATURE WILL BECOME OF GREATER VISIBILITY AND SOCIAL IMPORTANCE IN THE FUTURE . . . ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AROUSAL SWEATING AND ELECTRODERMAL PHENOMENA.

RECENT RESEARCH SUPPORTS THE CONCLUSIONS THAT VARIOUS BODY PARTS DISPLAY BOTH AROUSAL SWEATING AND THERMOREGULATORY SWEATING, BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 2 TYPES OF SWEATING. THE MAIN ADAPTIVE FUNCTION OF AROUSAL SWEATING MAY BE TO TOUGHEN THE SKIN AND PROTECT IT FROM MECHANICAL INJURY. THE NEGATIVE WAVE OF THE SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSE SEEMS TO BE DUE TO A SYMPATHETIC MEDIATOR AND THE POSITIVE WAVE MAY BE PRIMARILY DUE TO SWEATING. THESE 2 FACTORS APPEAR TO SUMMATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF SKIN RESISTANCE AND SKIN IMPEDANCE RESPONSES. HOWEVER, SKIN RESISTANCE AND SKIN IMPEDANCE ACTIVITY OF THE CAT SEEM TO BE CONTROLLED ENTIRELY BY SWEATING. THE FUNCTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC MEDIATOR MAY BE TO MODIFY CUTANEOUS SENSITIVITY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BEHAVIOR TAXONOMY FOR DESCRIBING HUMAN TASKS: A CORRELATIONAL-EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH.

DISCUSSES THE NEED FOR IDENTIFYING A SET OF UNIFYING DIMENSIONS UNDERLYING SKILLED BEHAVIOR. THE ISSUES BEAR ON PROBLEMS OF GENERALIZING PRINCIPLES FROM LABORATORY TO OPERATIONAL TASKS AND FROM 1 TASK TO ANOTHER. COMBINATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL APPROACHES APPEAR TO BE REQUIRED. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH STRATEGY UTILIZED IN RESEARCH ON PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR ABILITIES IS DESCRIBED AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TAXONOMY QUESTIONS DISCUSSED. THE INTEGRATIVE NATURE OF THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED IS ILLUSTRATED BY A WIDE VARIETY OF STUDIES, IN LABORATORY AND OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS, RANGING FROM THOSE OF SKILL LEARNING AND RETENTION TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF LABORATORY TASKS FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REDUNDANCY AS A VARIABLE IN PATTERN PERCEPTION.

AMBIGUITIES IN THE USE OF THE TERM REDUNDANCY ARE DESCRIBED AND SOME NECESSARY DISTINCTIONS ARE MADE. 2 GENERAL KINDS OF REDUNDANCY ARE NOTED. SCHEMATIC REDUNDANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SCHEMA, SAMPLING CONSTRAINTS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN MEMORY TASKS. DISCRIMINATION REDUNDANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED COMPLEXITY, ABSENCE OF SAMPLING CONSTRAINTS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN DISCRIMINATION TASKS. THE USE OF SHANNON'S MODEL TO MEASURE TECHNICAL REDUNDANCY IS SHOWN TO INVOLVE AMBIGUITIES BECAUSE 3 DIFFERENT SETS OF IDENTIFICATION STATEMENTS CAN BE USED TO LINK THE MODEL WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION; A SHIFT FROM 1 IDENTIFICATION TO ANOTHER RESULTS IN DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS AND DIFFERENT QUANTITIES FOR REDUNDANCY. WHEN PATTERNS ARE IDENTIFIED WITH SIGNALS IN A CHANNEL, BOTH SCHEMATIC AND DISCRIMINATION REDUNDANCY ARE SHOWN TO HAVE DISTINCT MEASURABLE COUNTERPARTS IN SHANNON'S MODEL. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ON THE ASSESSMENT OF POTABILITY.

POTABILITY, THE ACCEPTANCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING PURPOSES, MAY BE CONCEPTUALIZED AND STUDIED THROUGH THE ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD DOMESTIC WATER. 3 ATTITUDE SCALES WERE DEVELOPED AND TESTED IN 6 COMMUNITY STUDIES UTILIZING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POTABILITY IS A FUNCTION OF THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) IN DRINKING WATER. RELIABILITIES OF THE SCALES WERE FOUND TO BE .82 AND HIGHER. THE HYPOTHESIS WAS STRONGLY SUPPORTED BY THE DATA: MEAN ATTITUDE SCORES WERE FOUND TO BE INVERSELY RELATED TO THE TDS IN COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER. A THEORY OF CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD TASTE IN WATER IS BRIEFLY OUTLINED, AND THE RECOMMENDATION OF LIMITING STANDARDS FOR TDS IN DOMESTIC WATER IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SEX ROLE, INSTRUMENTAL-EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN FEMALES.

INVESTIGATED THE PREVIOUSLY EQUIVOCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX-ROLE IDENTITY IN LATE-ADOLESCENT FEMALES AND ADJUSTMENT. PEER RATINGS OF 30 COLLEGE SS, OBTAINED AFTER A PERIOD OF SMALL GROUP INTERACTION, INDICATED THAT MASCULINE GIRLS TENDED TO BE BOTH GOAL ORIENTED AND SOCIALLY SENSITIVE, WHEREAS FEMININE GIRLS TENDED TO BE SOCIALLY SENSITIVE BUT LACKED A GOAL ORIENTATION. COMPARISON OF THE PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES OF THESE MASCULINE AND FEMININE GIRLS WITH THEIR MALADJUSTED COUNTERPARTS FOUND LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FEMININE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COMPARISON OF THE MASCULINE GROUPS IDENTIFIED MORE EXTENDED DIFFERENCES, PRIMARILY INDICATING A LACK OF INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP. MASCULINITY IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP MAY APPEAR AS SOCIAL INDEPENDENCE WHICH MAY ACTUALLY MASK SOCIAL ALIENATION AND SOCIAL APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICTS. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)