STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL INTERVENTION AND THE PROBLEM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.

DEFINING THE PRIMARY TASK OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS AS THAT OF INTERVENING AT THE SOCIAL SYSTEM LEVEL TO MODIFY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SEVERAL CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS THAT NEED CLARIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT ARE POSED. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL AND THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF MASS MOVEMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONCEPTS IN THESE AREAS MAY LEAD TO A NEW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATION OF SUCKING STRENGTH TO PERSONALITY VARIABLES.

ATTEMPTED TO DEMONSTRATE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCKING STRENGTH IN NORMAL ADULTS AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES. TESTS OF SUCKING STRENGTH, CONTROL MEASURES OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY, AND MMPI QUESTIONNAIRES WERE GIVEN TO 44 MEN AND 33 WOMEN. MEN AND WOMEN BOTH HAD SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND WELSH'S R DIMENSION, AFTER AGE CORRECTION. MALES ALSO SHOWED POSITIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUCKING AND THE PHYSICAL TESTS OF MANUAL STRENGTH AND VITAL CAPACITY. FOR WOMEN, HOWEVER, SUCKING WAS RELATED TO SEVERAL PERSONALITY VARIABLES BUT NOT TO THE PHYSICAL TESTS. THIS SEX DIFFERENCE IN CORRELATIONAL PATTERN SUGGESTS THAT DIFFERENCES IN SUCKING STRENGTH ARE DETERMINED MORE BY PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN WOMEN AND MORE PHYSICAL STRENGTH VARIABLES IN MEN. IT IT IS ASSUMED THAT REPRESSION MAY STEM FROM UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS ABOUT ORAL NEEDS, THEN THE DATA ARE COMPATIBLE WITH THE IDEA THAT THE SUCKING TESTS REFLECT SIMILAR CONFLICTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF OVERSEAS RESEARCH.

DESCRIBES THE TREND OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF OVERSEAS RESEARCH IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DURING THE 20TH CENTURY, AND DISCUSSES CURRENT NEEDS, THE COORDINATION PROCESS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, THE PROBLEMS OF LEADERSHIP IN THIS AREA, AND SUGGESTED BILLS TO REMEDY THE SITUATION. THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES SUBCOMMITTEE'S WORK IS EXPLAINED, AND THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE DISCUSSED. THESE "REVOLVED AROUND (1) STRENGTHENING THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES; (2) PRESERVING THE INDEPENDENCE OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS; AND (3) INTERNATIONALIZING FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH." THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL TEAMS TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT INVENTIONS AND STRATEGIES ARE STRESSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT "THE USE OF THE INFORMAL METHOD FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH" BE STRENGTHENED AND THAT A TEAM OF FOREIGN POLICY EXPERTS AND SCIENTISTS BE FORMED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EMPIRICAL EVALUATIONS OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS: 1957-1966.

REVIEWS HUMAN FIGURE DRAWING RESEARCH LITERATURE PUBLISHED SINCE 1957, AND CONCLUDES THAT SUCH RESEARCH HAS IMPROVED SUBSTANTIALLY IN QUALITY AND HAS PRODUCED INCREASED EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS AS A CLINICAL TOOL. THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE VALIDITY OF A PARTICULAR ASPECT OF DRAWINGS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE RELIABILITY OF THAT ASPECT OF THE DRAWING. GLOBAL RATINGS ARE THE MOST RELIABLE AND MOST VALID, WHILE INDIVIDUAL SIGNS ARE THE LEAST RELIABLE AND LEAST VALID. SINCE THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN SIGNS IS RELATED TO THE OVERALL QUALITY OF THE DRAWINGS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD CONTROL FOR THE QUALITY OF THE DRAWINGS. (4 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ALPHA WAVES-ARTIFACTS?

J. L. KENNEDY (SEE 35:2) HAS ARGUED THAT ALPHA RHYTHM RECORDINGS ARE ARTIFACTS CAUSED BY THE MECHANICAL PULSATION OF A GEL (THE LIVING BRAIN) WITH DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS. KENNEDY'S HYPOTHESIS SEEMED INSUFFICIENTLY SUPPORTED, AND CONTRADICTED THE CONSENSUS CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF ALPHA WAVES. SIGNIFICANT RECENT RESEARCH IS EXAMINED WHICH PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE THAT ALPHA WAVES REPRESENT A BASIC CELLULAR PROCESS PROBABLY RELATED TO EXCITABILITY. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT KENNEDY'S PHENOMENON BE EXPLORED FURTHER TO CLARIFY ANY EFFECT IT MAY HAVE ON STANDARD EEG RECORDINGS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-ESTEEM OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.

THE BILLS INDEX OF ADJUSTMENT AND VALUES (IAV) WAS USED TO OBTAIN MEASURES OF SELF-ESTEEM FOR A SAMPLE OF 155 FACTORY WORKERS. THE WORKERS' SELF-ESTEEM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN COLLEGE STUDENTS' USED AS A STANDARDIZATION GROUP FOR THE IAV. SELF-ESTEEM PROVED UNRELATED TO A VARIETY OF JOB-RELATED VARIABLES. MARRIED WORKERS DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN UNMARRIED. THOSE WITH SOME COLLEGE EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN THOSE WITH ONLY A HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION. EMPLOYEES WHO HAD TO CHANGE THEIR JOBS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM FOLLOWING THE JOB CHANGE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THOSE EMPLOYEES WHO RESPOND READILY TO SURVEY-RESEARCH INQUIRIES ARE LOWER IN PERSONAL AND JOB ADJUSTMENT THAN THOSE WHO CHOOSE NOT TO RESPOND. (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, PREDICTION EQUATION, REGRESSION EQUATIONS, AND INTRINSIC RESPONSE BIAS.

IT IS SHOWN ON THE BASIS OF 7 SAMPLES, INCLUDING 2 SAMPLES OF BOGUS DATA, THAT EDWARDS' SOCIAL-DESIRABILITY-BASED PREDICTION EQUATION DOES NOT PREDICT ACTUAL SCORES ON OTHER TRUE-FALSE SCALES BUT, AT BEST, MERELY PREDICTS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND THE OTHER SCALES. IT IS FURTHER SHOWN BY ANALYSIS OF EDWARDS' EQUATION THAT THIS RELATIONSHIP IS MATHEMATICALLY NECESSARY, AND THAT THE VERY STRUCTURE OF EDWARDS' EQUATION MAKES MORE ADEQUATE PREDICTIONS IMPOSSIBLE. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ACTUAL AND PREDICTED SCORES ARE DEMONSTRATED TO DEPEND ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ITEM CONTENT, STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE PREDICTION EQUATION, AND INTRINSIC RESPONSE BIAS. IN GENERAL, CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND OTHER SCALES ARE AN INACCURATE REFLECTION OF A POTENTIAL UNDERLYING RELATIONSHIP AND TEND TO BE SPURIOUSLY LOW. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION.

DISCUSSES "THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION AND THE ROLE THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE PLAYED AND CAN PLAY IN THESE DEVELOPMENTS." ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE POLICY PROCESS ARE 3 POINTS. "THE 1ST IS THAT MORALIZING AND GENERALIZING ARE NOT THE SAME THING AS POLICY MAKING." THE 2ND AND 3RD "ARE THAT POLICY FORMATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS WITH INTELLECTUAL ELEMENTS CONTAINED WITHIN IT RATHER THAN AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS, AND FURTHER, THAT THE MODEL OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IS NOT THAT OF DECISION MAKING." PROPOSES THAT "THE PROCESS OF POLICY FORMATION BE VIEWED AS ONE OF EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT NEGOTIATION IN WHICH A COURSE OF ACTION EVOLVED THAT WAS A REASONABLE RESOLUTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF VALUES AND INTERESTS. IN THIS PROCESS, A KEY SKILL IS THAT OF FORMULATING AND COMMUNICATING POLICY IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ELICIT THE NECESSARY SUPPORT." A STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IS OUTLINED, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "IF WE ARE TO IMPROVE THE POLICY PROCESS WE WILL HAVE TO EFFECT THESE IMPROVEMENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SYSTEM OF NEGOTIATION THAT PRESENTLY EXISTS." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A NEW LOOK AT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A BEHAVIORIST.

DISCUSSES TEST PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF RELATIONSHIPS TO CONTINGENT AND CONTROLLING STIMULI. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT TEST PERFORMANCE MAY BE RELATED TO THE SELECTION OF THE KINDS OF CONTINGENT STIMULI THAT MAY BE USED BY PERSONNEL WHO HAVE CONTACTS WITH THE PATIENT. A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEST PERFORMANCE AND SELF-CONTROL AND CONTROL BY OTHERS IS HYPOTHESIZED. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THE SUGGESTED ANALYSIS IS STRICTLY AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO TESTING. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ADDENDUM TO "AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG TWO-FACTOR THEORY."

A 2-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON SELECTED A PRIORI CONTRASTS WAS PERFORMED ON THE DATA FROM THE STUDY BY EWEN, SMITH, HULIN, AND LOCKE (SEE 41:3). THE RESULTS CLEARLY SUPPORT THE TRADITIONAL THEORY WITHOUT THE ASSUMPTION THAT ALL VARIABLES ARE EQUALLY POTENT CONTRIBUTORS TO JOB SATISFACTION AND ARGUE AGAINST THE 2-FACTOR THEORY. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SATISFIER WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE MUCH GREATER THAN THAT OF THE DISSATISFIER TO BOTH SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SATISFIERS AND DISSATISFIERS IS NO LONGER REASONABLE. FURTHER, THE MOST LIKELY CANDIDATE ON WHICH TO MAKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MORE AND LESS POTENT CONTRIBUTORS TO JOB SATISFACTION APPEARS TO BE THE INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CLASSIFICATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EVALUATION OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST.

3 GROUPS (21 SS IN EACH) OF HOSPITALIZED WHITE MALES, HOMOGENEOUS AS TO AGE, SEX, AND EDUCATION, WERE EXAMINED WITH THE TRAIL MAKING TEST (TMT). THE GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS BRAIN-DAMAGED, MIXED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, AND HOSPITALIZED CONTROLS. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS THAT THE TMT SCORES OF THE 3 GROUPS WOULD NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY COULD NOT BE REJECTED. ALTHOUGH PART A OF THE TMT DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PART B, THE DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES BEING TAPPED BY BOTH ARE UNKNOWN. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT IF THE TMT IS TO BE APPLIED IN A CLINICAL SETTING, CONSIDERABLY MORE INFORMATION IS NEEDED CONCERNING TEST PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION.

DESCRIBES THE NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE MOST PROMINENT TECHNIQUE OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY, SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION. THE RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ARE DISCUSSED AND ASSESSED, AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE METHOD ARE DRAWN. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS MIGHT CONCENTRATE ON (1) THE EFFICACY OF DESENSITIZATION IN TREATING DISORDERS OTHER THAN SPECIFIC FEARS, AND (2) REPLICATING THE ESTABLISHED FINDINGS WITH PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS. (34 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR THERAPY WITH CHILDREN: A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

PAPERS ARE CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF THE THERAPIST'S GOALS IN TREATMENT INCLUDING: (1) DECELERATION OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR, (2) ACCELERATION OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR, AND (3) COMBINED PROMOTION OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL OF PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIOR. ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF THE STUDIES REVIEWED CONVINCINGLY DEMONSTRATE THE EFFICACY OF BEHAVIORISTIC TREATMENT APPROACHES, THE MAJORITY WERE INADEQUATELY CONTROLLED AND INCOMPLETELY RECORDED CASE STUDIES. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT WHEN INDIVIDUAL SS ARE USED FOR THERAPY-EVALUATION STUDIES, E SHOULD PROVIDE: (1) ADEQUATE BASE-LINE MEASURES OF THE TARGET BEHAVIOR, (2) SYSTEMATIC VARIATION OF REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES OR OTHER PROCEDURES DEMONSTRATING CONTROL OF S'S BEHAVIOR, (3) EVIDENCE THAT BEHAVIOR OBSERVATIONS ARE UNBIASED, AND (4) RIGOROUS FOLLOW-UP EVALUATIONS. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DENIAL OF DIABILITY AND INTERNAL CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT: A STUDY USING A PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE PARADIGM.

AMONG THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED IS THE PERCEPTION OF BEING DIFFERENT. CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THIS THREAT IS HANDLED BY THE DEFENSE OF DENIAL. RESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE PERSONALITY VARIABLE INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT (IE) SHOULD ACCOUNT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OF DENIAL. PICTURES OF DISABLED AND NONDISABLED PEOPLE WERE PRESENTED TACHISTOSCOPICALLY TO PHYSICALLY DISABLED AND NORMAL 15-70 YR. OLD SS. RESULTS INDICATE LARGE DIFFERENCES. (F = 11004) BETWEEN DISABLED AND NORMAL SS IN PERCEIVING THE PICTURES. AN INTERACTION (F = 3.54) WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE 3 LEVELS OF IE AND THE DISABLED-NONDISABLED DICHOTOMY. IMPLICATIONS OF THE DENIAL AND IE VARIABLES FOR REHABILITATION SUCCESS AND FURTHER RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOME REMARKS CONCERNING INCEST, THE INCEST TABOO, AND PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY.

EXAMINES THE INCEST TABOO STRESSING "THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TABOO, THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE TABOO FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THESE OBSERVATIONS AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY." THE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE TABOO ARE CONSIDERED AS A SUFFICIENT EXPLANATION OF ITS ORIGIN. DATA SUGGESTING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INBREEDING ARE REVIEWED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT "THE EVOLUTIONARY ACHIEVEMENT ON THE INCEST TABOO . . . HAS RESULTED IN THE IMPOSITION OF A DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS UPON THE HUMAN ORGANISM." (69 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE FEAR OF NOVELTY.

DISCUSSES VARIABLES THAT AFFECT THE AGE OF APPEARANCE, THE FORM, AND THE INTENSITY OF VISUALLY PROVOKED FEARS IN ANIMALS. EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE FEAR OF NOVELTY IS DEPENDENT UPON THE PREVIOUS ENCODING OF THE FAMILIAR, AND THAT SUCH FEARS ARE ATTENUATED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE MOTHER ANIMAL. CLAIMS THAT REARING IN A VISUALLY LIMITED ENVIRONMENT PRODUCES A CHRONICALLY FEARFUL ANIMAL ARE QUESTIONED. THE HYPOTHESES THAT MATURATIONAL PROCESSES CONTRIBUTE TO BOTH THE DELAYED APPEARANCE AND THE CHANGING FORM OF FEAR REACTIONS ARE TENABLE, BUT EVIDENCE FAVORING SUCH POSITIONS IS NOT CONCLUSIVE. ANIMALS ALSO SEEM TO POSSESS A SPECIFIC FEAR OF OBJECTS APPROACHING THEM; THIS FEAR REACTION MAY NOT BE DEPENDENT UPON PREVIOUS VISUAL EXPERIENCE. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AUTHORITARIANISM SCALES AND RESPONSE BIAS: COMMENT ON PEABODY'S PAPER.

ON THE BASIS OF CONSIDERATIONS AND DATA PRESENTED HERE IT IS CONCLUDED THAT D. PEABODY'S (SEE 40:3) DATA DO NOT SUPPORT HIS CONCLUSION THAT AUTHORITARIANISM SCALES ARE AMBIGUOUS. MORE GENERALLY, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE RESPONSE-BIAS INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS OBTAINED WITH AUTHORITARIANISM SCALES CANNOT BE RECONCILED WITH NUMEROUS SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS, PARTICULARLY THOSE SHOWING THAT THE F SCALE IS A MEASURE OF RIGHT AUTHORITARIANISM WHILE THE DOGMATISM SCALE IS A MEASURE OF GENERAL AUTHORITARIANISM. (23 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)