SMALL GROUP ECOLOGY.

THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS IN SMALL GROUPS BEGAN IN 1950 USING POST HOC ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED FOR OTHER PURPOSES. ONLY RECENTLY HAVE INVESTIGATORS BEGUN TO DESIGN EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUP ECOLOGY AS THE MAJOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IS A FUNCTION OF GROUP TASK, THE DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUALS, PERSONALITIES OF THE INDIVIDUALS, AND THE AMOUNT AND KIND OF AVAILABLE SPACE. THE RESULTING ARRANGEMENT IN TURN AFFECTS COMMUNICATION, FRIENDSHIP, AND STATUS DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS. KNOWLEDGE OF SMALL GROUP ECOLOGY CAN HELP IN DEVELOPING A THEORY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT INCLUDES THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH INTERACTION TAKES PLACE AS WELL AS PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A CALL TO RESPONSIBILITY.

A POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY IS THAT OF "BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS," THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THIS RAISES MANY CRITICAL SOCIAL ISSUES WHICH MAY BE BEST RESOLVED BY PROFESSIONAL "PREVENTIVE" RESEARCH SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN DRUG AND MEDICAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS AND THAT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PHYSICS LABORATORY ARE POINTED OUT, AND BROAD PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS FOR DEVELOPING A WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS CONSONANT WITH THE PUBLIC WELFARE. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

POSITIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL PROBES IN SERIAL LEARNING.

24 COLLEGE MALES PARTICIPATED IN 2 EXPERIMENTS WHICH USED A SHORT-TERM MEMORY TASK AND 3 TYPES OF PROBE TESTS. IN EXP. I, DESIGNED TO DISCOVER IF POSITIONAL CUES ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SEQUENTIAL CUES IN SERIAL LIST LEARNING, EACH LIST WAS SEEN ONCE AND FOLLOWED BY A SINGLE PROBE TEST FOR A SINGLE ITEM. SERIAL POSITION CURVES SHOWED THAT THE POSITIONAL PROBE LED TO SOMEWHAT HIGHER RECALL OF ITEMS OCCUPYING THE END POSITIONS OF A LIST THAN THE SEQUENTIAL PROBE. EXP. II WAS UNDERTAKEN TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POSITION PROBE. 5 TRIALS WERE GIVEN BEFORE A RECALL TEST. SERIAL POSITION CURVES FOR THE 3 TYPES OF PROBES SHOWED THAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE OVER-ALL RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS INDICATING THAT POSITIONAL CUES AND SEQUENTIAL CUES MAY BE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN SERIAL LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HEMIFIELD DIFFERENCES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF REDUNDANT STIMULI.

INVESTIGATED EFFECTS OF THE MUTUAL RELEVANCE OF STIMULI IN RIGHT AND LEFT VISUAL HEMIFIELDS ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES OF PATTERN PERCEPTION, AS INFERRED FROM O'S RELATIVE ACCURACY OF REPRODUCING THE STIMULI IN OPPOSITE HEMIFIELDS. FOR 8-LETTER PATTERNS, TACHISTOSCOPICALLY EXPOSED ACROSS FIXATION, 2 PREDICTIONS WERE MADE: (1) REDUNDANCY IN LEFT AND RIGHT VISUAL HEMIFIELDS WOULD REDUCE THE USUAL SUPERIOR PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY FOR STIMULI IN THE LEFT HEMIFIELD; AND (2) A DIFFERENTIALLY LARGE SPACE BETWEEN THE 2 CENTRAL LETTERS OF THE PATTERN WOULD PRODUCE A TENDENCY FOR O TO RESPOND TO THE STIMULI ON 1 SIDE OF FIXATION AS THOUGH THERE WERE NO STIMULI IN THE OPPOSITE HEMIFIELD. THIS WOULD REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF FINDING REDUNDANCY EFFECTS. THESE PREDICTIONS WERE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT REDUNDANCY AFFECTS OUTPUT ACCURACY BE FACILITATING A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STIMULI, I.E., A RESPONSE BIAS. ALTHOUGH THE PREDICTED RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN SOME INSTANCES, IN OTHERS THEY WERE NOT. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT REDUNDANCY OF STIMULI IN OPPOSITE HEMIFIELDS ALSO INFLUENCES THE MNEMONIC ENCODING OF PATTERNS. MOREOVER, THE TASK-SPECIFIC NATURE OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEMIFIELDS IMPLIES THAT THE SO-CALLED DOMINANCE IN PERCEPTION FOR STIMULI ON 1 SIDE OF FIXATION DOES NOT RESULT FROM A FIXED PREPOTENCY OF 1 HEMIRETINA OR CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (24 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

USE OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL IN A TEST OF SUPER'S VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT THEORY.

3 HYPOTHESES DERIVED FROM THE THEORY THAT VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT IS DEPENDENT UPON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SELF-CONCET WERE TESTED: (1) THE SAME DIMENSIONS OF MEANING ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SELF- AND JOB-RELATED CONCEPTS, (2) SS WILL RATE THE CONCEPTS IN THE SAME WAY ACROSS THE DIMENSIONS, AND (3) THE SELF-CONCEPT IS STABLE OVER TIME. 89 JUNE GRADUATING SENIORS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, WERE USED AS SS FOR ESTABLISHING THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE MYSELF CONCEPT. THIS STRUCTURE WAS THEN COMPARED TO THE CONCEPTS MYSELF, MY JOB, AND EMPLOYER, ADMINISTERED AFTER SS WERE EMPLOYED. 40 JANUARY GRADUATING SENIORS WERE USED FOR CROSS-VALIDATION. HYPOTHESES 1 AND 2 WERE PARTIALLY REJECTED; HYPOTHESIS 3 WAS ACCEPTED AT THE .01 LEVEL. THE THEORY THAT JOB SATISFACTION AND LIFE ADJUSTMENT ARE DUE TO A GENERAL EVALUATIVE PERSONALITY DISPOSITION IS OFFERED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CONGRUENCY THEORY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

APPLICABILITY OF THE COCHRAN Q TEST AND THE F TEST FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DICHOTOMOUS DATA FOR DEPENDANT SAMPLES.

DISCUSSES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS GIVING DICHOTOMOUS DATA AND USING A DESIGN WITH REPEATED OBSERVATION OF THE SAME SS OR WITH MATCHED GROUPS. A MINOR EXTENSION OF COCHRAN'S Q TEST IS PRESENTED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EXACTLY SPECIFYING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS WHEN USING THIS TEST IS EMPHASIZED. THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE F TEST FOR DICHOTOMOUS DATA IS INVESTIGATED IN COMPUTER SIMULATED EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT FOR THE EXAMPLES CHOSEN, THE F TEST AS A RULE GIVES RESULTS AS GOOD AS THE Q TEST WITH REGARD TO TYPE I ERROR. APPROXIMATION TO THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL IS GOOD EXCEPT IN SOME CASES WHERE THERE ARE VERY STRONG DEVIATIONS FROM F TEST ASSUMPTIONS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF SIGNAL AND STIMULUS RATES ON VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF CRITICAL SIGNAL RATE, NORMAL NONCRITICAL SIGNAL RATE, AND CRITICAL SIGNAL PROBABILITY ON DETECTION IN A VISUAL VIGILANCE TASK. 72 COLLEGE SS MONITORED A CLOCK DISPLAY FOR 54 MIN. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NORMAL SIGNAL RATE MAY BE OF GREATER IMPORTANCE IN A VIGILANCE SITUATION THAN EITHER CRITICAL SIGNAL RATE OR CRITICAL SIGNAL PROBABILITY. IN GENERAL, BOTH PERCENTAGE OF DETECTIONS AND PERCENTAGE OF STIMULI FALSELY RESPONDED TO WERE INVERSELY RELATED TO NORMAL SIGNAL PRESENTATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL INTERVENTION AND THE PROBLEM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.

DEFINING THE PRIMARY TASK OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS AS THAT OF INTERVENING AT THE SOCIAL SYSTEM LEVEL TO MODIFY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SEVERAL CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS THAT NEED CLARIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT ARE POSED. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL AND THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF MASS MOVEMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONCEPTS IN THESE AREAS MAY LEAD TO A NEW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND NONRANDOM SAMPLES.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION RARELY MEETS THE ASSUMPTION OF RANDOM SAMPLING THAT CONVENTIONAL STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCEDURES ARE GENERALLY BELIEVED TO REQUIRE. A RATIONALE IS PRESENTED TO JUSTIFY THE CURRENT PROCEDURE OF TESTING STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES WITH NONRANDOM SAMPLES. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SS TO TREATMENTS ALLOWS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH NONRANDOMLY SELECTED SS, ALTHOUGH THE STATISTICAL INFERENCES APPLY ONLY TO THE SS ACTUALLY USED IN THE EXPERIMENT. RANDOMIZATION TESTS CAN BE USED AS EXACT TESTS FOR THIS PURPOSE AND PARAMETRIC TESTS CAN BE USED AS APPROXIMATIONS TO RANDOMIZATION TESTS. NONSTATISTICAL INFERENCES ABOUT PERSONS NOT USED IN AN EXPERIMENT CAN BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY.

SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT, FOR THE AVERAGE S, ENDORSEMENT OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY ITEMS HAS ONLY A LOW TO MODERATE CORRELATION WITH SOCIAL DESIRABILITY (SD), UNLIKE THE CASE WHEN PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT BY A GROUP IS RELATED TO DESIRABILITY. THESE STUDIES HAVE USED POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT FOR THE GROUP. WHEN A SINGLE S'S RESPONSES ARE ANALYZED IN A WAY THAT PERMITS ESTIMATION OF PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT, THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION BETWEEN THIS PROBABILITY AND SD TYPICALLY IS HIGH, APPROACHING MUCH CLOSER TO THE GROUP VALUE. HIGH AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDORSEMENT AND DESIRABILITY DOES NOT PREVENT A DIAGNOSTIC SCALE FROM DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN DISPARATE GROUPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NATURAL LANGUAGE MEDIATION AND ALL-OR-NONE LEARNING.

EXPLORED THE ROLE OF NATURAL LANGUAGE MEDIATION (NLM) IN THE ACQUISITION AND RETENTION OF VERBAL PAIRED ASSOCIATES. EXP. I USED 3 GROUPS OF 50 SS EACH TO SEE IF AN NLM FOR AN ITEM MIGHT BE THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF ITS ACQUISITION ON 1 TRIAL. 1 GROUP USED I. ROCK'S (SEE 33:1) DROP-OUT METHOD, A 2ND WAS GIVEN W. K. ESTES' (SEE 35:3), RTT PROCEDURE AND A 3RD HAD THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF LIST REPETITION WHERE THE SAME LIST WAS REPEATED ON EACH TRIAL. EXP. II, WITH 100 SS, HAD ACQUISITION BY THE LIST REPETITION PROCEDURE AND A RETENTION TEST AFTER 1 WK. THE RESULTS OF EXP. I ESTABLISHED FOR ALL 3 GROUPS THAT ITEMS WERE ACQUIRED IN 1 TRIAL AND HAD A HIGH PROBABILITY OF REMAINING CORRECT; IT MADE NO DIFFERENCE WHETHER THE ITEMS WERE MEDIATED OR ROTE. EXP. II DEMONSTRATED THAT NLMS GAVE BETTER RECALL THAN ROTE LEARNING PROVIDING THAT THE NLMS USED IN ORIGINAL LEARNING WERE REMEMBERED. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONALITY FACTORS TO TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES (TUE), I.E., A PERSON'S CAPACITY TO PERCEIVE IN WAYS WHICH CONTRADICT USUAL MODES OF PERCEPTION, IN 20 GRADUATE STUDENTS. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SUGGESTED THAT ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THINKING THAT WAS INTEGRATED WITH MORE REALISTIC, NEUTRAL, SOCIALIZED THOUGHT SHOULD RELATE POSITIVELY TO TUE. AMOUNT AND INTEGRATION OF UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT WERE MEASURED BY THE HOLT PRIMARY-SECONDARY PROCESS SCORING OF THE RORSCHACH TEST, ON A WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST, AND ON AN ART-PREFERENCE TEST. RESULTS INDICATE THAT TUE RELATED TO THE CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH INTEGRATED UNREALISTIC AND IN INTEGRATED DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT. THESE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF PERSONALITY FACTORS INVOLVED IN RIGIDITY AND IN CREATIVITY. (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CRITERIA USED BY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS IN THE SELECTION OF AN INFORMATION SOURCE.

INVESTIGATED THE CRITERIA EMPLOYED BY ENGINEERS IN THE SELECTION OF VARIOUS TECHNICAL INFORMATION CHANNELS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING ENDEAVORS. FOCUSES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF CERTAIN CRITERIA IDENTIFIED IN PAST RESEARCH TO SUCH FACTORS AS FREQUENCY OF CHANNEL UTILIZATION AND THE RATE AT WHICH ENGINEERS ACCEPT OR REJECT TECHNICAL INFORMATION RECEIVED FROM SPECIFIC CHANNELS. A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP IS FOUND BETWEEN PERCEIVED ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION CHANNELS AND SEVERAL OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF UTILIZATION, WHEREAS NO DEFINITE SUPPORT IS FOUND FOR THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE CHANNELS PERCEIVED HIGHEST IN TECHNICAL QUALITY ARE THOSE USED MOST FREQUENTLY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBALIZATION, STIMULUS RELEVANCE, AND PERSONALITY CHANGE.

VERBAL PRODUCTIVITY IN THEMATIC STORIES GIVEN OVER A 10-MO PERIOD BY 3 GROUPS-SUCCESSFULLY TREATED ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS, UNTREATED DELINQUENTS, AND NONDELINQUENTS-REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF WORDS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ONLY FOR THE TREATED DELINQUENTS AND ONLY IN 1 OF THE AREAS CHOSEN FOR STIMULUS RELEVANCE, THAT OF CONTROL OF AGGRESSION. THE PRODUCTIVITY IN STORIES TO SELF-IMAGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD AUTHORITY SHOWED NO CHANGE. THESE RESULTS WERE CONSISTENT BOTH WITH THEORY AND THE TREATMENT GOALS. THEY SUGGEST THAT VERBALIZATION MAY SERVE AS 1 MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH CONTROL OVER OVERT HOSTILE BEHAVIOR MAY BE OBTAINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERATOR VARIABLES TO ENHANCE THE PREDICTION OF MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS.

ITEM ANALYSES WERE USED TO DEVELOP 2 MODERATOR VARIABLES WHICH, ON CROSS VALIDATION, SUCCESSFULLY IDENTIFIED MANAGERS WHO WERE OVER- AND UNDERPREDICTED BY REGRESSION EQUATIONS DEVELOPED EARLIER. THESE MODERATOR TESTS WERE USED TO IDENTIFY AND ELIMINATE FROM THE CROSS-VALIDATION SAMPLE 55 MANAGERS (25% OF THE TOTAL) CLASSED AS "UNPREDICTABLE." THE POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PREDICTED CRITERION STATUS (ABOVE OR BELOW THE CRITERION MEDIAN) AND ACTUAL CRITERION STATUS FOR THE REMAINING MANAGERS WAS .73 AS COMPARED WITH A POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION OF ONLY .65 FOR ALL MANAGERS IN THE SAMPLE. MOREOVER, THE DEGREE OF OVERLAP ON THE ACTUAL CRITERION SCALE BETWEEN MANAGERS PREDICTED TO BE "HIGH" OR "LOW" WAS REDUCED FROM 38%-28% BY USING THE 2 MODERATOR TESTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THESE RESULTS PROVIDE FURTHER CONFIRMING EVIDENCE OF THE USEFULNESS OF MODERATOR VARIABLES FOR ENHANCING THE MAGNITUDE OF RELATIONSHIPS IN TEST VALIDATION AND SELECTION RESEARCH. (35 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STIMULUS COMPLEXITY AS A DETERMINANT OF APPROACH BEHAVIOUR AND INSPECTION TIME IN THE HOODED RAT.

FOLLOWING THE THEORY OF DEMBER AND EARL, IT WAS PREDICTED THAT HOODED RATS WOULD BE MORE RESPONSIVE (IN TERMS OF APPROACH BEHAVIOR AND INSPECTION TIME) TO MODERATELY COMPLEX STIMULI THAN TO EITHER SIMPLE OR COMPLEX ONES. IN ORDER TO TEST THESE PREDICTIONS, SS WERE PLACED IN A DARK COMPARTMENT AND PERMITTED TO INSERT THEIR HEADS THROUGH A SMALL HOLE INTO AN ADJACENT COMPARTMENT ILLUMINATED THROUGH A TRANSLUCENT PANEL. 9 PANELS, PAINTED IN CHECKERBOARD PATTERNS, CONTAINED 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 64, 100, 196, OR 256 ELEMENTS. EACH S WAS RUN FOR A SINGLE PERIOD OF 8 MIN.; 15 SS WERE USED ON EACH OF THE 9 STIMULUS PANELS. IT WAS FOUND THAT NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE PANELS DID NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY WITH STIMULUS COMPLEXITY, BUT THAT INSPECTION TIME PER APPROACH DID FOLLOW AN INVERTED U PATTERN. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND OLFACTORY METHODOLOGY AND THEORY.

A STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARGE ON S IS NOT UNUSUAL AND THERE NORMALLY EXISTS A COMPLEX ELECTRICAL FIELD INVOLVING S AND THE SURROUND. AN ODORANT CAN BE EXPECTED TO HAVE AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH IT. AN EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICS OF THE SITUATION AND A PHYSICAL MODEL QUESTIONS THE RELIABILITY OF MANY OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS DUE TO COMPLEX ELECTRICAL INTERACTIONS. IMPLICATIONS FOR OLFACTORY THEORY, PARTICULARLY THE STERIC THEORY, ARE DISCUSSED. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR MINIMIZING THE EFFECT OF THE STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARGE IN OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS. 4 OTHER FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE THE RESULTS OF OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. (23 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE GRAPHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO SELECTING LIFE INSURANCE SALESMEN.

USING HANDWRITING SAMPLES FROM 63 LIFE INSURANCE SALESMEN, AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SELECT BOTH SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SALESMEN THROUGH USE OF GRAPHOANALYSIS. THE CRITERION WAS BASED UPON 1ST-POLICY-YR COMMISSIONS ADJUSTED FOR YEARSOF EXPERIENCE FOR EACH SALESMAN. IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO SELECT SUCCESSFUL SALESMEN BY ANALYZING THE WRITING FOR 13 PERSONALITY TRAITS SELECTED INTUITIVELY BY THE ANALYSTS, NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO DO THIS USING DOMINANT TRAITS "DISCOVERED" IN THE HANDWRITING OF SUCCESSFUL SALESMEN. HOWEVER, IT APPEARS THAT IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO SELECT FAILURES ON THE BASIS OF "LACKING" CERTAIN TRAITS AS DETERMINED BY THEIR HANDWRITING. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THIS ASPECT BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE VALIDITY STUDIES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)