COGNITIVE CHANGE AND PARTICIPATION IN A SENSITIVITY-TRAINING LABORATORY.

CHANGES IN CONCEPT PREFERENCE IN INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION WERE MEASURED FOLLOWING LABORATORY TRAINING IN INTERPERSONAL AWARENESS OR SENSITIVITY TRAINING. THE 115 S PARTICIPANTS IN A TRAINING LABORATORY DESCRIBED CO-WORKERS BEFORE AND AFTER THE TRAINING, USING A MODIFIED FORM OF KELLY'S ROLE REPERTORY TEST. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE FOUND TOWARDS USE OF A GREATER PROPORTION OF INFERENTIAL EXPRESSIVE CONCEPTS COMPARED TO CONCRETE-INSTRUMENTAL ONES. CHANGES WERE SLIGHT 3 WK. AFTER TRAINING, INCREASING TO SIGNIFICANCE AFTER 3 MO. SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATIONS WERE ALSO FOUND BETWEEN CONCEPT CHANGE AND RATINGS OF ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT IN THE TRAINING. THE PROGRESSIVE CHANGE, PLUS THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CHANGE AND INVOLVEMENT, ARE INTERPRETED AS PROVIDING EVIDENCE THAT SENSITIVITY TRAINING CAN AFFECT THE ABSTRACTNESS AND COMPLEXITY OF CONCEPTS IN INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERFORMANCE GOALS AS DETERMINANTS OF LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND BOREDOM.

2 PILOT STUDIES AND 4 EXPERIMENTS ARE REPORTED DEALING WITH THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE GOALS TO LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND DEGREE OF BOREDOM OR INTEREST IN THE TASK. TASKS USED INCLUDED SIMPLE ADDITION, PERCEPTUAL SPEED, AND PSYCHOMOTOR COORDINATION. TRIAL TIMES RANGED FROM 2 MIN-2 HR. IN THE 2 PILOT STUDIES POSTEXPERIMENTAL GOAL DESCRIPTIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO PERFORMANCE LEVEL, AND SS INDICATED THAT TRYING FOR A SPECIFIC GOAL OR SCORE WAS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF TASK INTEREST. IN THE 4 EXPERIMENTS A SPECIFIC HARD GOAL LED TO A HIGHER LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND MORE TASK INTEREST THAN A GOAL OF "DO YOUR BEST." THERE WAS NO CONSISTENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN BOREDOM OR INTEREST AND CHANGES IN PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FACTORS UNDERLYING IMPROVEMENT IN SERIAL REVERSAL LEARNING.

THE 1ST OF 4 EXPERIMENTS WITH 34 RATS SUGGESTED THAT SERIAL REVERSAL TRAINING CAUSES 2 CHANGES IN REVERSAL PERFORMANCE: THE PROBABILITY OF AN ERROR ON TRIAL I DECREASES AND THE SUBSEQUENT RATE OF ERROR REDUCTION INCREASES. EXP. II SHOWED THAT SS REVERSED WITHIN DAYS BUT NOT BETWEEN DAYS ALSO PERFORMED AT CHANCE ON TRIAL I OF EACH DAY. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE CHANGE IN TRIAL I PERFORMANCE IS DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE, I.E., TO SS' FORGETTING WHICH ALTERNATIVE WAS LAST CORRECT. EXP. III AND IV SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE RATE OF WITHIN-PROBLEM LEARNING ARE NOT DUE TO THE ACQUISITION OF A GENERAL STRATEGY. IN EXP. III PRETRAINING ON POSITION REVERSAL INTERFERED WITH RATHER THAN BENEFITED BRIGHTNESS REVERSAL LEARNING. IN EXP. IV, ALTHOUGH THE 2 PROBLEMS REQUIRE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES, PRETRAINING ON BRIGHTNESS REVERSALS BENEFITED RATHER THAN INTERFERED WITH BRIGHTNESS PROBABILITY LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ON SOCIAL COGNITION.

2 EXPERIMENTS DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM OF PERSON PERCEPTION IN A BROAD SENSE DEMONSTRATE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR IMAGE OF ANOTHER PERSON AND INDICATE THAT "THIS IMAGE IS OFTEN NOT A SIMPLE FUNCTION OF A PARTICULAR DATUM, BUT RATHER A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTIONS OF A NUMBER OF DATA." PARTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL COGNITION ARE INTERRELATED. IF THESE STRUCTURES ARE RICHLY JOINED: "1ST-A CHANGE IN 1 PART SHOULD PRODUCE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF OTHER PARTS . . . . 2ND-A CHANGE IN 1 PART MIGHT BE A FUNCTION OF A COMBINATION OF CHANGES IN OTHER PARTS . . . .(THE EXPERIMENTS) SHOW THE RELATION BETWEEN 1 PART AND OTHER PARTS, BUT IN 1 THE CHANGES IN 1 PART ARE CAUSE, IN THE OTHER, EFFECT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

USE OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL IN A TEST OF SUPER'S VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT THEORY.

3 HYPOTHESES DERIVED FROM THE THEORY THAT VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT IS DEPENDENT UPON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SELF-CONCET WERE TESTED: (1) THE SAME DIMENSIONS OF MEANING ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SELF- AND JOB-RELATED CONCEPTS, (2) SS WILL RATE THE CONCEPTS IN THE SAME WAY ACROSS THE DIMENSIONS, AND (3) THE SELF-CONCEPT IS STABLE OVER TIME. 89 JUNE GRADUATING SENIORS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, WERE USED AS SS FOR ESTABLISHING THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE MYSELF CONCEPT. THIS STRUCTURE WAS THEN COMPARED TO THE CONCEPTS MYSELF, MY JOB, AND EMPLOYER, ADMINISTERED AFTER SS WERE EMPLOYED. 40 JANUARY GRADUATING SENIORS WERE USED FOR CROSS-VALIDATION. HYPOTHESES 1 AND 2 WERE PARTIALLY REJECTED; HYPOTHESIS 3 WAS ACCEPTED AT THE .01 LEVEL. THE THEORY THAT JOB SATISFACTION AND LIFE ADJUSTMENT ARE DUE TO A GENERAL EVALUATIVE PERSONALITY DISPOSITION IS OFFERED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CONGRUENCY THEORY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF EMOTION: A CRITICAL HISTORICAL REVIEW FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BEHAVIOR THEORY.

SEVERAL MAJOR THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE AREA OF EMOTION ARE REVIEWED AND COMPARED BY A SERIES OF DIAGRAMS. THE CONCEPT OF EMOTION, AS USED BY PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORISTS SUCH AS WILLIAM JAMES, CANNON, LINDSLEY, AND HEBB, AND NEOBEHAVIORISTS SUCH AS BROWN AND FARBER, NEAL MILLER, AND MOWRER, IS SUBJECTED TO A CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BEHAVIOR THEORY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT CERTAIN CONFUSIONS PERSISTING IN THIS AREA OF RESEARCH ARISE FROM THE USE OF POORLY DEFINED CONCEPTS AND THE SCARCITY OF RIGOROUSLY DEFINED EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES. MILLER'S WORK IS SELECTED AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF REDUCTIONISM THAT IS POSSIBLE WITHIN THIS AREA. (45 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS ON THINKING OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONFLICT AROUSAL AND ORAL FIXATION.

PSYCHOANALYTIC WRITINGS HAVE DELINEATED AN ORAL CHARACTER WHO IS IN CONFLICT ABOUT EARLY ORAL WISHES AND NEEDS. ORAL CONFLICTS WERE AROUSED VIA COGNITIVE TASKS CONTAINING ORAL REFERENTS IN ORDER TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ORALLY FIXATED SS REACT TO ORAL CONFLICT AROUSAL WITH DECREMENTS ON SUCH TASKS, BUT NOT WHEN TASK CONTENTS ARE NONORAL. 30 MALE ALCOHOLICS AND 30 NONORALLY FIXATED CONTROLS WERE STUDIED ON A CHAIN WORD ASSOCIATION TEST AND A PROVERBS TEST, BOTH CONTAINING ORAL AND NONORAL STIMULI. A T-TEST EVALUATION OF RESULTS INDICATED AT HIGH SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS THAT ORAL CONFLICT AROUSAL IN THE ALCOHOLICS LEADS TO THINKING IMPAIRMENTS IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS REGRESSIONS TOWARD PRIMARY PROCESS MODES AND HAS A GREATER EFFECT ON ALCOHOLICS THAN ON THE FUNCTIONING OF CONTROL SS. THOUGHT PROCESSES ARE PREDICTABLY AND CONVERSELY VARIABLE ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THOUGHT CONTENT. (32 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-IDEAL CONCEPT CONGRUENCE AND IMPROVEMENT IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

MEASURES OBTAINED FROM 3 STUDIES OF GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY-HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS, PSYCHONEUROTIC OUTPATIENTS, AND INSTITUTIONALIZED JUVENILE DELINQUENTS-WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE CLIENT-CENTERED HYPOTHESES THAT: (1) THERE IS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-IDEAL CONCEPT CONGRUENCE AND MEASURES OF ANXIETY OR MALADJUSTMENT; (2) THERE IS A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASES IN SELF-IDEAL CONGRUENCE AND POSITIVE THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME; AND (3) CHANGES IN SELF-IDEAL CONGRUENCE ARE MORE RELATED TO CHANGES IN SELF- THAN IN IDEAL-SELF-CONCEPTS. THE OBTAINED RESULTS SUPPORT THE 1ST 2 HYPOTHESES RELATIVELY STRONGLY WITH ALL 3 POPULATIONS. THE 3RD HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED ONLY WITH OUTPATIENTS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EMERGING SCIENTIST-PROFESSIONAL ROLE IN PSYCHOLOGY.

PRESENTS A HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE ROLES PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE ASSUMED, OR HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED, AS A USEFUL PERSPECTIVE FROM WHICH TO UNDERSTAND THE RESPONSE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS TO THE UNPRECEDENTED DEMANDS OF TODAY FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS. DETERMINANTS OF DISTINCTIVE ROLE STATUS ARE NOTED, E.G., CONCEPTUAL ORIENTATION, METHODOLOGY OR TECHNIQUE, PROBLEM AREA, OR EMBODIMENT OF A ROLE AS THE GOAL OF A TRAINING PROGRAM. PRESENT CHANGES IN GRADUATE TRAINING PROGRAMS FORESHADOW NEW ROLES FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS AS PROBLEM SOLVERS TRAINED TO CONCEPTUALIZE PROBLEMS AT LEVELS REACHING FROM THE INDIVIDUAL TO THAT OF SOCIETY, AND TO APPLY HIS CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES TO A VARIETY OF PROBLEMS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION ON A BATTERY OF OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TASKS.

2 EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH 43 MALE COLLEGE SS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PERFORMANCE ON OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TESTS WILL BE IMPAIRED BY EXPOSURE TO AN IMPOVERISHED SENSORY ENVIRONMENT. THE GUILFORD BATTERY OF CREATIVE THINKING (10 TESTS) WAS ADMINISTERED BEFORE AND AFTER 3 DAYS OF EITHER SENSORY DEPRIVATION (DARKNESS AND SILENCE) OR PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION (UNPATTERNED LIGHT AND WHITE NOISE). IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE ISOLATED AND CONTROL SS ON ANY OF THE TESTS. HOWEVER, WHEN DATA OF THE 2 EXPERIMENTS WERE COMBINED, THE ISOLATED SS PERFORMED SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE THAN DID CONTROLS ON A TEST OF IDEATIONAL FLUENCY. IT WAS ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE PREEXPERIMENTAL SCORES OF A GROUP OF 6 ISOLATION QUITTERS WERE CONSISTENTLY LOWER, RELATIVE TO THOSE OF THE SUCCESSFUL ISOLATION ENDURERS AND CONTROLS, ON ALL 10 TESTS. ALTHOUGH NONE OF THE DIFFERENCES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THE SMALL SAMPLE OF QUITTERS), THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LOW PREEXPERIMENTAL SCORES ON OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TESTS MAY INDICATE ISOLATION INTOLERANCE. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (24 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STORY TELLING AND THE MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVATION: THE DIRECT VERSUS SUBSTITUTIVE CONTROVERSY.

SKOLNICK (SEE 41:3) PRESENTS THE ISSUE OF THE DIRECT AND SUBSTITUTIVE CONCEPTS OF TAT FANTASY IN OVERSIMPLE TERMS. A MORE FRUITFUL ANALYSIS WOULD EMPHASIZE THE CONDITIONS THAT DETERMINE WHEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STORY CONTENT AND OTHER MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS WILL BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE. ONE MAY SPECULATE, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP WILL BE POSITIVE WHEN THE STORY AND THE MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS DERIVE MAINLY FROM A SECONDARY PROCESS, PROBLEM-SOLVING OUTLOOK, AND NEGATIVE WHEN THEY REPRESENT PLAYFUL FANTASY OR REVERIE. SKOLNICK'S STUDY SHOWS THE UNLIKELIHOOD OF OUR OBTAINING SUBSTANTIAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND FANTASY UNTIL APPROPRIATE MODERATING VARIABLES ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ADAPTATION, INTERTRIAL INTERVAL, AND RESPONSE TO PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED CHANGE.

36 MALE AND 36 FEMALE HOODED RATS WERE GIVEN AN ADAPTATION TRIAL IN A 6-CHOICE-POINT MULTIPLE-T MAZE. FOR 1/2 THE SS THE MAZE WAS BLACK ON THE ADAPTATION TRIAL AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE MAZE WAS WHITE. AFTER AN INTERTRIAL INTERVAL OF EITHER 15 MIN., 4 HR., OR 24 HR., THE CORRECT PATH OR THE CULS WERE CHANGED IN BRIGHTNESS LEAVING THE REMAINDER OF THE MAZE UNCHANGED. IT WAS FOUND THAT SELECTION OR AVOIDANCE OF A GIVEN ALTERNATIVE WAS INFLUENCED BY THE CHANGE BETWEEN TRIALS FOR ALL 3 INTERTRIAL INTERVALS BUT THAT THE AMOUNT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE SELECTION OF THE CHANGED ALTERNATIVE DECREASED WITH INCREASING INTERTRIAL INTERVALS. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE SS PREFERRED A CHANGE FROM WHITE TO BLACK TO A CHANGE FROM BLACK TO WHITE. IN OTHER WORDS, ADAPTATION, TIME BETWEEN ADAPTATION AND CHANGE, AND BRIGHTNESS PREFERENCES JOINTLY DETERMINED CHOICE-POINT BEHAVIOR. THE RELEVANCE TO CERTAIN THEORIES ACCOUNTING FOR RESPONSE TO CHANGE AND NOVELTY ARE DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CORRECTING PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RANGE.

MOST PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OUTPUT VARIABLES DISPLAY MARKED INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MAXIMUM AND OFTEN IN THE MINIMUM LEVELS OF WHICH S IS CAPABLE. SINCE SUCH VARIATIONS IN RANGE ARE GENERALLY UNRELATED TO THE UNDERLYING VARIABLE OF INTEREST, MEASURES OF TONIC LEVEL OR OF CHANGES IN LEVEL SHOULD BE CORRECTED SO AS TO REMOVE THEIR INFLUENCE. FORMULAS FOR THIS CORRECTION ARE PROVIDED TOGETHER WITH EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SUCH RANGE CORRECTIONS MAY ACCOMPLISH MARKED REDUCTIONS IN ERROR VARIANCE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH: THE MEDICAL MUDDLE.

REVIEWS MAJOR POSITIONS AND CONTROVERSIES FOUND IN THE LITERATURE RELATING TO THE MEDICAL MODE. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO ANALYZE AND CLASSIFY KEY ASPECTS OF APPROACHES OR DIMENSIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL. IN LIGHT OF CONCEPTS AND ISSUES RELATED TO THIS MODEL, "SOME RELATIONSHIPS AND ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER PROGRAM" ARE DISCUSSED, CONSIDERING RECENT CHANGES IN REGULATIONS REGARDING PROGRAM LEADERSHIP AND ASPECTS INFLUENCING FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS. IT IS PREDICTED THAT THE DEMAND FOR LEADERSHIP OR ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES WILL BE A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN DETERMINING THIS ISSUE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MAN AS AN INTUITIVE STATISTICIAN.

CONSIDERS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT HAS USED PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS AS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH TO STUDY HUMAN STATISTICAL INFERENCE. EXPERIMENTS HAVE INVESTIGATED ESTIMATES OF PROPORTIONS, MEANS, VARIANCES, AND CORRELATIONS, BOTH OF SAMPLES AND OF POPULATIONS. IN SOME EXPERIMENTS, PARAMETERS OF POPULATIONS WERE STATIONARY; IN OTHERS, THE PARAMETERS CHANGED OVER TIME. THE EXPERIMENTS ALSO INVESTIGATED THE DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE AND TRIAL-BY-TRIAL PREDICTIONS OF EVENTS TO BE SAMPLED FROM A POPULATION. IN GENERAL, THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS CAN BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS THAT INTEGRATE AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN A WIDE RANGE OF INFERENTIAL TASKS. (115 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG TWO-FACTOR THEORY.

RESULTS OF AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG 2-FACTOR THEORY OF JOB SATISFACTION ARE REPORTED. A NUMBER OF HYPOTHESES FOR WHICH THE HERZBERG THEORY AND TRADITIONAL UNIDIMENSIONAL THEORY MAKE DIFFERENT PREDICTIONS WERE TESTED USING A SAMPLE OF 793 MALE EMPLOYEES FROM VARIOUS JOBS. THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES ("SATISFIERS") WAS PAY. NEITHER THE HERZBERG THEORY NOR THE TRADITIONAL THEORY WAS SUPPORTED BY THE DATA. INSTEAD, RESULTS INDICATE THAT INTRINSIC FACTORS ARE MORE STRONGLY RELATED TO BOTH OVERALL SATISFACTION AND OVERALL DISSATISFACTION THAN THE EXTRINSIC FACTOR, PAY, AND SUGGEST THAT FUNCTIONING OF THE EXTRINSIC VARIABLE MAY DEPEND ON THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE INTRINSIC VARIABLES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE CONCEPTS OF "SATISFIERS" AND "DISSATISFIERS" DO NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENT THE MANNER IN WHICH JOB-SATISFACTION VARIABLES OPERATE. (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL INTERVENTION AND THE PROBLEM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.

DEFINING THE PRIMARY TASK OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS AS THAT OF INTERVENING AT THE SOCIAL SYSTEM LEVEL TO MODIFY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SEVERAL CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS THAT NEED CLARIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT ARE POSED. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL AND THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF MASS MOVEMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONCEPTS IN THESE AREAS MAY LEAD TO A NEW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW PSYCHOPHYSICS: SIX MODELS FOR MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION.

6 PICTORIAL MODELS DESCRIBE THE EFFECT UPON MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION OF THE CHOICES OF THE VALUES OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: (1) THE RANGE OF STIMULI, (2) WHETHER THE RANGE INCLUDES THE THRESHOLD REGION, (3) THE POSITION OF THE STANDARD (1ST STIMULUS) WITHIN THE RANGE, (4) THE DISTANCE OF THE 1ST VARIABLE (2ND STIMULUS) FROM THE STANDARD, (5) WHETHER THE SET OF NUMBERS USED IS INFINITE OR FINITE, AND (6) THE SIZE OF THE MODULUS (THE NUMBER GIVEN TO THE STANDARD). THE 1ST ALONE ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 1/3 OF THE VARIANCE IN S. S. STEVENS' TABLE OF EXPONENTS. EFFECTS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER HEADINGS OF RESPONSE BIAS, LEVEL OF ADAPTATION, AND A MATHEMATICAL ARTIFACT. THEY ARE MORE COMPATIBLE WITH A LEARNED CALIBRATION THEORY THAN WITH A SIMPLE TRANSDUCER THEORY, BUT NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ARE TOO VARIED TO DECIDE BETWEEN THE 2 TYPES OF THEORY. TRANSFER EFFECTS WITHIN AND BETWEEN EXPERIMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE APPROXIMATELY LOGARITHMIC RELATIONSHIP USUALLY FOUND BETWEEN PARTITION OR CATEGORY SCALES AND MAGNITUDE SCALES CAN BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF 2 AND 5. THE EXACT FORM ALSO DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND HISTORY OF THE OS AND THESE POINTS NEED MORE ATTENTION BOTH IN EXECUTING AND REPORTING EXPERIMENTS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERTEBRATE BRAIN RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS AND MEMORY RETENTION.

REVIEWS CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR THE CHEMICAL TRACE. THE KNOWN CAPACITIES OF RNA MECHANISMS ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO THE TIME COURSE OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND WAYS IN WHICH INFORMATION COULD BE TRANSFERRED INTO AND OUT OF A TRACE INVOLVING RNA. RNA ANALYSES SUGGEST CHARACTERISTIC SYNTHESIS CORRELATED SPECIFICALLY WITH LEARNING. BRAIN PREPARATIONS FROM TRAINED ANIMALS MAY TRANSFER INFORMATION, SOMETIMES VIA PEPTIDES AND POSSIBLY OTHER MATERIALS, INCLUDING RNA. THESE EXPERIMENTS, TAKEN WITH INDICATIONS FROM DISRUPTIVE MANIPULATIONS THAT TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT RETENTION INVOLVES MULTIPHASIC AND DISSOCIABLE MECHANISMS, SUGGEST THAT RNA SYNTHESIS MAY NORMALLY MEDIATE CONSOLIDATION BUT IS NOT NECESSARY TO INFORMATION-HOLDING MECHANISMS OF SEVERAL HOURS' 1/2-LIFE, ALTHOUGH PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DEPENDENT ON RNA PROBABLY IS NECESSARY. INTERDISCIPLINARY WORK SHOULD BE ACCELERATED TO CLARIFY THE IMPLICATED BIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROANATOMICAL MECHANISMS AND TO SUBSTANTIATE SPECIFIC CORRELATIONS PRELIMINARILY MADE WITH CONSOLIDATION. (7 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)