Evaluation of Heated Frying Oils Containing Added Fatty Acids

Frying oils (corn, lightly and highly hydrogenated soybean and tallow) were heated 24 hr at 200°C and acid value and percentage polar compounds measured. Fatty acids (stearic, oleic and linoleic) were added to the oils at 1 and 5% levels to determine their effect on oil quality. Corn oil formed acidic and polar compounds at faster rates than the other oils. With 5% fatty acids added, acid value decreased because acidic compounds evaporated faster than they were formed. Polar compound formation generally increased with fatty acid addition in corn oil and lightly hydrogenated soybean oil and decreased in highly hydrogenated soybean oil and tallow.     

核桃油与常用植物油中37种脂肪酸和角鲨烯含量比较

为探明核桃油与大豆油、芝麻油和玉米胚芽油等常用植物油的营养价值差异,本研究采用气-质联用法和气相色谱法对4种植物油中37种脂肪酸和角鲨烯的含量进行了测定,并开展了对比分析。结果表明,核桃油与常用植物油营养价值存在显著差异（P<0.05）,核桃油富含α-亚麻酸、二十碳二烯酸和亚油酸3种多不饱和脂肪酸以及油酸等单不饱和脂肪酸,还含有少量的棕榈酸及硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸,核桃油中多不饱和脂肪酸组成与比例显著高于其他植物油（P<0.05）,而饱和脂肪酸则显著低于其他植物油（P<0.05）;核桃油中角鲨烯含量略低于芝麻油,属于优质植物油。4种植物油中总脂肪酸含量从高到低顺序依次为大豆油、芝麻油、核桃油和玉米胚芽油,含量分别为78.11、73.96、69.20和48.83 g/100 g;4种植物油均含α-亚麻酸、亚油酸和二十碳二烯酸等人体必需脂肪酸（Essential fatty acids,EFA）,EFA含量从高到低依次为核桃油、大豆油、玉米胚芽油和芝麻油,分别占总脂肪酸的90.0%、70.7%、64.9%和54.1%;4种植物油的油酸含量与亚油酸含量的比值（油亚比R）由高到低依次为芝麻油、玉米胚芽油、大豆油和核桃油,分别为0.62、0.35、0.27和0.10,表明4种植物油中,芝麻油的抗氧化能力最大,可保存时间最长。大豆油、核桃油和芝麻油中均检出角鲨烯,其含量从高到低依次为大豆油、芝麻油和核桃油,含量分别为173.3、72.9和31.4 mg/kg,玉米胚芽油中仅含有微量的角鲨烯,未检出。本研究表明不同植物油中脂肪酸及角鲨烯等营养物质含量存在差异,可为食用植物油的营养价值分析、相关的食品和保健品等产品研发提供科学依据。     

Isomeric distribution and rapid determination of trans-octadecenoic acids in German brands of partially hydrogenated edible fats

The determination of trans fatty acids (TFA), in particular trans-octadecenoic acids, in edible fats is of current interest, since just in the last years a variety of negative physiological effects has been related to TFA. A main source of C18:1 trans fatty acids are partially hydrogenated fats. Besides the total content of trans-octadecenoic acids, their isomeric distribution seems to be even more important, as fats of different origin, e.g. partially hydrogenated fats and ruminant fats, possibly show different physiological properties. In this study, 46 margarines and 16 shortenings and cooking fats, purchased in August of 1994, were analyzed for trans-octadecenoic acid isomers by a two-step method (Ag-TLC/HRGC). The mean relative isomeric distributions (g/100 g TFA) of both groups determined with a 100 m-column were comparable, with Δ9 and Δ10 being the main isomers. By repeated analysis of 15 brands between August of 1994 and January of 1996, the mean total C18:1 TFA content was found to have decreased in these margarines (n = 8) from 9.58% to 4.62% but not in shortenings/cooking fats (n = 7; 11.62% to 11.92%). The relative isomeric distribution was not affected in both groups. To avoid the problem of overlaps between cis-and trans-C18:1 isomers with GC analysis, formulae for the rapid determination of total C18:1 TFA contents in margarines and shortenings/cooking fats from direct GC data were statistically derived. Thus, applying these formulae and considering the mean relative distributions, absolute contents of all individual isomers of trans-octadecenoic acids can rapidly be determined from direct GC.     

常见食用植物油中特征性脂肪酸的检测及鉴别

目的分析常见市售植物油中特征性脂肪酸构成及含量范围,并探讨在此基础上如何综合利用上述指标对常见植物油进行定性鉴别。方法从6个城市采集9个品种125份样品,每种两个批次。按照GB/T 22223—2008方法测定46种脂肪酸,分析植物油中的特征脂肪酸及其构成。结果菜籽油中的特征脂肪酸为芥酸;花生油中为C20∶0、C24∶0和C22∶0脂肪酸;茶油中的油酸含量高达75.45 g/100 g,是其特征脂肪酸;亚麻籽油的特征脂肪酸为α-亚麻酸;葵花籽油的特征脂肪酸为亚油酸;稻米油中棕榈酸含量范围为15.13～16.37 g/100 g,可以此作为其特征进行鉴别;大豆油中n6/n3比值最接近中国营养学会推荐比值;芝麻油中油酸和亚油酸的总含量及棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量的组成特征比较稳定,可以此作为芝麻油的鉴别依据;玉米油中脂肪酸特征不明显。结论结合单体特征脂肪酸、脂肪酸构成以及n6/n3比值分析可达到常见植物油定性检测的目的。     

Seed oils of apples (Malus pumila)

Apple seed oils were found to be characterised by a high content of linoleic acid (48–64 %), together with 24–42 % oleic acid, 48–71 % palmitic acid and lesser percentages of stearic and arachidic acids. The Granny Smith seed oils contained significantly greater amounts of palmitic and linoleic acids than those of the Dougherty and Sturmer varieties and lesser amounts of oleic acid. Differences in fatty add composition between the Sturmer and Dougherty varieties were not significant. The apple seed oils contrasted with those of other sub-families of the family Rosaceae in containing neither a-elaeostearic acid nor more than traces of linolenic acid. The apple processing industries could well be a useful source for the production of oil rich in linoleic acid.     

西藏不同种源光核桃仁脂肪酸组成分析

采用溶剂回流法及气相色谱法,分析全西藏范围内9 个种源的光核桃仁出油率、油脂种类及相对含量特征。结果表明,9 个种源的光核桃仁出油率差异显著,均值为44.96%;光核桃油中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量极高,均值为90.901%,主要由油酸和亚油酸组成,油酸相对含量的变化范围为45.280%～71.360%,最高值为芒康县的光核桃;亚油酸相对含量的变化范围为18.010%～44.340%,最高值为亚东县光核桃;饱和脂肪酸相对含量均值为9.099%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸,棕榈酸相对含量的变化范围为5.829%～7.354%,最高值为亚东县光核桃;硬脂酸相对含量的变化范围为1.600%～3.034%,最高值为察隅县光核桃。基于11 种脂肪酸相对含量特征的聚类分析表明,米林县、左贡县、波密县、八宿县光核桃仁油脂相对含量特征相近,芒康县则与其他种源光核桃油脂特征差异较大。     

Preparation of Margarines from Organogels of Sunflower Wax and Vegetable Oils

It was previously reported that sunflower wax (SW) had high potential as an organogelator for soybean oil–based margarine and spread products. In this study, 12 other vegetable oils were evaluated in a margarine formulation to test feasibility of utilization of SW as an alternative to solid fats in margarine and spread products containing these oils. The minimum quantity of SW required to form a gel with these oils ranged from 0.3% to 1.0% (wt.). Organogels were prepared from the vegetable oils with 3%, 5% and 7% SW and were tested for firmness as well as melting behaviors using differential scanning calorimetry. These organogels were also incorporated into a margarine formulation. All of the vegetable oil organogels produced relatively firm margarines. The margarines prepared from organogels containing 3% (wt.) SW had greater firmness than commercial spreads, whereas margarines made from 7% SW were softer than commercial stick margarines. However, dropping points of the margarine samples were higher than those of commercial spread and margarine products. Margarine firmness was modestly inversely correlated with the amount of polar compounds in the oils and did not correlate with fatty acid compositions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a number of healthy vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to make healthy margarine and spread products by utilizing SW as an organogelator.     

常用食用油的营养特点和作用研究进展

常用食用油有橄榄油、花生油、大豆油、茶油、芝麻油等。不同食用油的脂肪酸组成和含量不同,特别是一些重要的脂肪酸如油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量不近相同。橄榄油和茶油的油酸含量高达70％以上;花生油中油酸约占40％;大豆油的多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,主要为亚麻酸;芝麻油中亚油酸含量占到40％以上。食用油除提供能量和必需脂肪酸外,还有脂溶性维生素和一些植物化合物,一些食用油对控制脂代谢异常具有一定的作用。     

GC-MS quantification of fatty acid profile including trans FA in the locally manufactured margarines of Pakistan

Ten margarine brands of Pakistan were analyzed for their fatty acid composition with emphasis on trans fatty acids (TFA) using GC-MS. Saturated, cis-monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present at 24.2–58.1, 5.7–35.4 and 3.8–37.4% of total fatty acids, respectively. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid (16.9–33.8%) was dominant in all analyzed margarine brands and its higher amount indicates that palm oil was a major contributor in the margarine manufacturing. Among samples tested only one contained a low level of TFA (2.2%) while the rest contained very high amounts of TFA (11.5–34.8%) which clearly shows that hydrogenated oils were used in the formulation of margarines. Fatty acid profiles demonstrated that all samples belong to the hard margarine category containing high amounts of trans and saturated fatty acids which is an alarming issue for the health of consumers.     

Variability of fatty acid content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil is a common salad oil which is produced in Slovenia, Hungary and the southern parts of Austria. It is dark green and has a high content of free fatty acids. The seed itself can be eaten. Due to its colour and the foam formation, the oil cannot be used for cooking. The content of vitamin E, especiallyγ-tocopherol, is very high. The oil content of the pumpkin seed is about 50%. The variability in the oil content is very high resulting from a broad genetic diversity. Thus a breeding programme for increasing the oil productivity is very promising. The four dominant fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. These four fatty acids make up 98±0.13% of the total amount of fatty acids, others being found at levels well below 0.5%.     

Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 4. C1-C27 organic compounds from cooking with seed oils

The emission rates of gas-phase, semivolatile, and particle-phase organic compounds ranging in carbon number from C1 to C27 were measured from institutional-scale food cooking operations that employ seed oils. Two cooking methods and three types of seed oils were examined: vegetables stir-fried in soybean oil, vegetables stir-fried in canola oil, and potatoes deep fried in hydrogenated soybean oil. The emission rates of 99 organic compounds were quantified, and these include n-alkanes, branched alkanes, alkenes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkenoic acids, carbonyls, aromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and lactones. Carbonyls and fatty acids (n-alkanoic and n-alkenoic acids) make up a significant portion of the organic compounds emitted from all three seed oil cooking procedures. The compositional differences in the organic compound emissions between the different cooking operations are consistent with the differences in the organic composition of the various cooking oils used. The distribution of the n-alkanoic acids between the gas and particle phases was found to be in good agreement with gas/particle partitioning theory. The relative importance of emissions from commercial deep frying operations to the total emissions of C16 and C18 n-alkanoic acids in the Los Angeles urban area was estimated using the available information and is estimated to account for approximately 7% of the total primary emissions of these acids. Additional emissions of these n-alkanoic acids from stir-frying and grill frying operations are expected. Estimates also indicate that seed oil cooking may make up a significant fraction of the emissions of lighter n-alkanoic acids such as nonanoic acid.     

8种枣核油脂肪酸组成及含量分析与比较

对8种枣核(贡枣、晋枣、骨头枣、北樱枣、秤砣枣、敦煌大枣、滩枣、鸡心枣)油的脂肪酸组成与含量进行分析。结果表明:8种枣核油共检出24种脂肪酸,包括13种饱和脂肪酸、11种不饱和脂肪酸;饱和脂肪酸主要为棕榈酸、硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸、油酸、棕榈油酸;秤砣枣核油不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,达到84.55%;北樱枣核油、秤砣枣核油、滩枣核油和鸡心枣核油中油酸和亚油酸含量较高;贡枣核油、晋枣核油、骨头枣核油和敦煌大枣核油的棕榈酸含量较高;贡枣核油中亚麻酸含量最高,达到3.57%。采用聚类分析、主成分分析及线性判别分析,通过枣核油脂肪酸组成和含量可以实现8种枣核油的有效分类与区分,为不同品种大枣的分类判别与枣种质资源研究提供了新方法。     

Detrimental Impact of Trans Fats on Human Health: Stearic Acid‐Rich Fats as Possible Substitutes

ABSTRACT: Strong evidence demonstrated the negative effect of trans fatty acid (TFA) intake on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, systemic inflammation, and hemostasis. As a consequence, different regulatory actions have been developed around the world, aiming to reduce human consumption of TFA. Replacement for TFA functionality requires incorporation of plastic and stable saturated fats; the present options are palm or fully hydrogenated oils. Palm oil has been described as responsible for negative biological effects on serum cholesterol levels and CVD risk. Different epidemiological and clinical studies recommend reduction of saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, mainly myristic and palmitic acids. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that stearic acid is a wholesome substitute for TFAs and other SFAs in food manufacturing. In this article, biological effects of stearic acid on human health are reviewed in comparison to TFAs, SFAs, and unsaturated fatty acids. Current revised understanding on dietary intake, digestion, and absorption is also covered.     

EFFECT OF DIETARY FATS ON THE FATTY ACID CONTENTS OF CHICKEN ADIPOSE TISSUE

SUMMARY— 150 broiler-type chicks were reared from hatching to 4 wk of age on a low-fat ration before being fed diets containing 10% of either corn oil, lard, beef tallow or hydrogenated coconut oil. Analyses of treatment effects were made at 2 wk intervals until the chicks were 10 wk old. The fatty acid content of extracted total lipids were characteristic of the dietary fats and dietary fatty acid patterns were incorporated into the adipose tissue within 2 wk after the experimental diets were fed. The total lipids when separated into solid fats and liquid oils at room temperature also reflected the fatty acid pattern of the experimental diets. Neutral triglycerides from the adipose tissue contained less linoleic acid and more palmitic and oleic acids than the total lipid fraction. High amounts of palmitic and oleic acids were observed in all of the fractions analyzed. No significant differences were found in total cooking loss, drip loss, taste preference, or TBA values of skin or adipose tissue among the 10 wk old chickens fed different experimental diets.     

Effect of different cooking methods on the oxidation,proximate and fatty acid composition of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fillets

The influence of seven cooking methods (boiling, conventional baking, microwave baking, grilling, deep-frying in soybean oil, canola oil, or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil) on the oxidation, proximate and fatty acid composition of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fillets was evaluated. All the treatments reduced moisture and increased the protein content. The free fatty acid content of the fillets was significantly reduced by the different cooking methods, while conjugated diene levels and peroxide values decreased for all fried samples, but remained constant in the samples subjected to the other cooking methods. Boiling and baking increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while grilling and frying did not change TBARS. Boiling, baking, and grilling did not affect the silver catfish fillets fatty acid composition. Frying in canola oil increased n−3/n−6 ratio, while frying in soybean oil increased the general polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and frying in hydrogenated vegetable oil incorporated trans fatty acids in the fillets.     

部分食品煎炸用油的反式脂肪酸比较

为探究不同品种食用油和煎炸食品对反式脂肪酸形成的影响,本文使用5种食用油(葵花油、大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油、花生油),在一定温度下炸制14批次油条,又依次使用大豆油炸制豆腐、油条和鸡腿,对2种情况下产生的煎炸油进行气相色谱分析,比较反式脂肪酸含量.结果表明:炸油条过程中,食用油中反式脂肪酸的含量均随着煎炸时间的延长而增加...     

煎炸油在煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成的变化

以大豆油、棉籽油、棕榈液油和氢化油作为煎炸油,分别进行薯条和鸡翅的煎炸实验。结果表明：在煎炸过程中,各种煎炸油的脂肪酸含量均会发生一定的变化。采用C18:2/C16:0比值变化作为研究煎炸油脂肪劣变的指标,氢化油煎炸过程中C18:2/C16:0比值减少的程度最小(P＜0.05),证明其煎炸过程中脂肪酸的稳定性最好。但对于反式脂肪酸含量变化来说,均没有显著增加(P＞0.05),其中氢化油的反式脂肪酸含量从煎炸前的10.39%降低到煎炸后的6.66%,变化显著(P＜0.05),不过高反式脂肪酸含量的煎炸油在煎炸后其反式脂肪酸含量还保持在较高水平。     

Variability of fatty acid content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil is a common salad oil which is produced in Slovenia, Hungary and the southern parts of Austria. It is dark green and has a high content of free fatty acids. The seed itself can be eaten. Due to its colour and the foam formation, the oil cannot be used for cooking. The content of vitamin E, especially-tocopherol, is very high. The oil content of the pumpkin seed is about 50%. The variability in the oil content is very high resulting from a broad genetic diversity. Thus a breeding programme for increasing the oil productivity is very promising. The four dominant fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. These four fatty acids make up 98±0.13% of the total amount of fatty acids, others being found at levels well below 0.5%.     

The evaluation of oil and fatty acid composition in seed of cotton accessions from various countries

Cottonseed oil has a 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, but in large amounts it contributes to a short shelf‐life due to rancidity. The aim of this study was to screen germplasm from various countries for oil and fatty acid content, to identify parents that can be used in hybridisation to increase stearic and oleic acids and reduce palmitic fatty acids. Oil content varied from 13.6% to 24.7%. Linoleic acid ranged from 51.5% to 63%, palmitic from 19.2% to 25.6%, oleic from 14.2% to 18.5% and stearic from 2.1% to 2.8%. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated, and stearic and linoleic acids were negatively correlated; therefore breeding for increased stearic acid and reduced palmitic acid as well as breeding for increased stearic and linoleic acids at the same time might be difficult through conventional breeding. CIM70 and Cyto 12/74 had high values for stearic and oleic acids and Stoneville had high values of stearic and oleic acids and low palmitic acid. These can be used as parents to improve these two fractions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical characteristics of canarium salomonense oil

Canarium salomonense (ngali nuts) had an oil content of 736 g kg^?1 dry weight. The major fatty acids present were oleic (41–6%), palmitic (34–9%) and stearic (12–6% of the total fatty acids). The nuts produced a yellow oil which had a low free fatty acid content. The fatty acid composition of C salomonense is similar to palm oil and could be used as a general purpose cooking oil.