直购电模式下市场主体收益建模与博弈分析

以我国大用户直购电试点现行的转运定价机制为基础，结合区域电力市场的运营现状，建立发电商、大用户和电网公司在直购电模式下的收益模型，并对各市场主体之间的利益博弈行为进行分析，找出达成直购电交易的必要条件，最后结合算例得出结论。     

基于智能体的大用户直购电交易研究

电力体制改革9号文的发布确立了深化电力体制改革的总体思路和基本原则,明确了推进电力体制改革的重点任务,强调了继续推进大用户直购电交易,拓展交易范围和比重。大用户直购电经过多年试点和推行,取得了显著成效,对于大用户直购电问题的研究也积累了一定成果。随着市场参与主体的增多,主体间交互关系愈加复杂,市场信息更迭加快,大用户直购电问题的研究需要更加丰富和灵活的建模技术。本文基于智能体(Agent)技术,设计了大用户Agent、发电商Agent、电网Agent,建立了大用户直购电模型;通过算例验证了模型的有效性,并分析了影响大用户直购电交易的主要因素;结合分析结果针对当前大用户直购电开展情况提出了相关政策建议。     

基于均值-CVaR-熵的大用户购电组合优化模型研究

摘要： 大用户直购电是电力大用户与发电公司直接交易的一种购电模式。在大用户从日前现货市场、直购电合约市场、电力期权市场和企业自建电厂购电的背景下,考虑到风险包括损失的大小和不确定性等因素,引入熵和CVaR作为大用户购电风险的测度因子,构建大用户在上述市场中的购电组合优化模型,并采用混沌粒子群算法求解。算例结果表明,模型在预期购电成本约束下在不同市场购电比例分配优化和风险控制上的可行性,为大用户在多市场环境下的购电决策提供参考。     

大用户直购电市场风险评估设计及政策影响分析

从市场组织者与社会公正的角度,识别大用户直购电的市场风险,提出具体评估指标,建立完整评估体系。考虑政策因素的影响,对某省直购电试点进行具体的风险评估分析,其分析结果可为相关机构量化直购电风险以及制定直购电相关政策提供参考。     

竞争市场下梯级电站大用户直购电效益优化分析

大用户直购电交易在新电改背景下已成为电力市场领域研究的热点。回顾了大用户直购电发展历程,分析了梯级电站参与大用户直购电的风险。通过对市场电价进行“以丰补枯”成本测算,引入电量转移力度系数对电站间电量进行转移,建立发电企业效益优化模型。以四川省某梯级水电站为例,针对丰、平、枯水期变动电价特性,对同一成本电价电站采用不同电量转移系数。算例结果表明,电量转后梯级整体效益提升15.4%,其中,丰、平、枯电量转移利润贡献率分别为5.2%、3.7%和91.1%。研究成果对发电企业电量指标统筹安排具有重要现实意义,对其制定营销策略具有一定参考价值。     

四川直购电歧路

“全国大用户直购电已经试验了十年,四川省开始得更早。可是很遗憾,十多年的时间里并没有总结出什么经验来。”四川省电监办市场与价财监管处一位不愿透露姓名的官员如此评价大用户直购电试点的曲折之路。     

大用户直购电环境下电网公司的风险管理

电力市场环境下的直购电导致了电网公司风险,从政策风险、运营风险、运行风险3个角度分析了直购电所引起电网公司的风险类型,表明了各种风险是相互关联而存在的,在此基础上论述了相应的风险管理办法,指出通过有效的风险评估办法可以判断其交易策略是否在可接受范围内,从而在规避风险的同时帮助电网公司达到期望利润,最后确立了考虑直购电的电网公司风险管理阶段框图     

我国可再生能源发展现状

正针对我国目前可再生能源发展的以下状况,国家能源局2018年3月份发布了《可再生能源电力配额及考核办法(征求意见稿)》,给出了分省份2018年及2020年的总量配额和非水电配额要求,并明确省级电网企业、其他各类配售电企业、拥有自备电厂的工业企业、参与电力市场交易的直购电用户等为承担配额义务的市场主体;针对未完成配额指标的考核主体提出了一系列的惩罚措施,以确保我国可再生能源的健康发展。     

直购电迷局

被推上本阶段电力改革的主要突破口,尴尬的并非是直购电。但即便在此有限的改革范围里,直购电旧题新难并未获得实质纾解。冀望通过其试点来倒逼电力体制改革,前景难言乐观。     

电改“网售业务”如何分离

直购电改革试图从体制末端去解决问题,引入与现有电网企业的盈利模式和考核机制不相容的电力交易机制,如同在一个人体内植入一个不相容的器官,其注定要被排异。     

关于电力调度作为公共产品的几点讨论

电力调度承担着电力安全供应的主要职责,作为公共产品,由谁来提供一直是大家争论的焦点.本文从电力调度的公共产品属性出发,在对作为公共产品的电力调度是由“政府提供”还是由“企业提供”两种不同观点进行深入分析基础上,提出电力调度作为公共产品,无论由谁提供,关键问题是解决好成本核算问题.本文提出推进电力调度改革的关键是深化电力体制改革,做好电力调度成本核算;要加快修订相关法律法规,强化政府监管;为保证公平调度,电网企业不宜继续持有或发展电源项目;建议加快电力市场建设,积极推进售电侧改革,尽快形成多卖多买的电力市场格局.     

Study on electrical energy and prospective electricity generation from renewable sources in Australia

Nowadays renewable sources are being used as clean sources to generate electricity and to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The uses of renewable sources are being increased in electricity generation and contributed to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. The function of any electrical power system is to connect everyone sufficiently, clean electric power anywhere and anytime of the country. This can be achieved through a modern power system by integrating electrical energy from clean renewable sources into the nation's electric grid to enhance reliability, efficiency and security of the power system. The paper on the status of review the driving force of the generation of renewable energy and proposing electrical energy generation from renewable sources to be ensured at least 20% of total energy of Australia. This paper has been studied the existing electricity generation capacity of Australia from renewable and non-renewable sources. Optimal electricity generation from renewable sources has been examined. The environmental impact of electricity generation from renewable sources has been considered. Under this paper the yearly average wind data of past 20 years and above for some meteorological stations of Australia have been used. The prospective electricity generation from wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels has been proposed in the paper that will increase electrical energy of the power grid of Australia. It was estimated the capital cost of prospective electricity generation farms from wind and solar PV sources.     

Providing electricity access to remote areas in India: Niche areas for decentralized electricity supply

This paper presents the results of a study undertaken for identifying niche areas in India where renewable energy based decentralized generation options can be financially more attractive as compared to grid extension for providing electricity. The cost of delivering electricity in remote areas considering cost of generation of electricity and also cost of its transmission and distribution in the country have been estimated. Considering electricity generated from coal thermal power plants, the delivered cost of electricity in remote areas, located in the distance range of 5–25 km is found to vary from Rs. 3.18/kWh to Rs. 231.14/kWh depending on peak electrical load up to 100 kW and load factor. The paper concludes that micro-hydro, dual fuel biomass gasifier systems, small wind electric generators and photovoltaic systems could be financially attractive as compared to grid extension for providing access to electricity in small remote villages.     

动态无功补偿节电技术简介

电能消耗是企业生产成本的重要组成部分之一,如何降低成本,追求企业效益最大化是企业生存与发展的关键。本文从工厂供电系统电能损耗的几个方面进行了分析。就如何降低电能损耗,提高企业供电系统的利用率进行了阐述。     

Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province,China

Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the ±800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises’ business development.     

Tackling global electricity shortage through human power: Technical opportunities from direct or indirect utilizations of the pervasive and green human energy

With the energy and environmental problems becoming increasingly serious, human power, as a pervasive, renewable, mobile and environment friendly energy, draws more and more attention over the world. In this paper, the most basic features of human power are presented. The currently available human power harvesting theories and devices are briefly reviewed and compared. Further, direct or indirect utilization of human power in daily life, especially transportation and home appliances, such as human-powered car, watercraft, aircraft, washing machine and television etc. are summarized. Considering that the total energy from an individual is rather limited, as previously focused by most of the former works, it is conceived in this paper that an important future for large scale use of human powers lies in the efficient conversion, collection and storage of such energy from discrete people and then use it later on as desired. With the huge amount of energy gathered, the application category of human power would be significantly expended. Starting from this point, three technical ways towards efficiently utilizing human power are sketched, which are termed as human-powered grid (HPG), human-powered charger (HPC) and human-powered storage (HPS), among which, HPG is capable of collecting the electric power produced by each individual at different regions and thus can supply unique and flexible power to the customers covered in the area, without relying on the conventional electricity grid. The HPC can then charge various kinds of electrical devices instantly by a human driven generator which converts human power into electricity. Finally, the HPS can store electricity in time for later use. In this way, even for the devices requiring electricity that is strong enough, the collected human power can also serve as its reliable energy source. Meanwhile, utilization of human power becomes rather convenient and timely which guarantees its practical value. It is expected that with further research and increasing applications, human power could partially relieve the current global electricity shortage and environmental issues via its pervasive contribution.     

偏远地区电网投资模式及其环境承载率分析

偏远无电地区的电网投资已经成为改善供电服务质量、提高企业效益、协调社会经济发展的重要环节,但偏远无电地区电网的可持续发展必须同时考虑对环境的影响。基于偏远无电地区的现状,分析了偏远无电地区的环境影响因素,构建了环境影响因素指标体系,运用环境承载力理论建立了偏远无电地区电网投资模型,计算了电网延伸、集中光伏发电站、户用光伏发电系统三种投资模式的环境承载率,选取了偏远无电地区最佳的电网投资模式。     

Renewable energy sources for desalination

Renewable energy sources (RES) coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions, where connection to the public electrical grid is either not cost effective or not feasible, and where the water scarcity is severe. Stand-alone systems for electricity supply in isolated locations are now proven technologies. Correct matching of stand-alone power supply desalination systems has been recognized as being crucial if the system is to provide a satisfactory supply of power and water at a reasonable cost. The paper covers plants installed since 1990 on the coupling of the two technologies. The main driver promoting the take up of this technology is that water is a limiting factor for many countries in the Mediterranean region. This paper presents the two technologies, RES desalination, and describes the most promising couplings such as PV–reverse osmosis, wind-mechanical-vapor compression, geothermal-multieffect distillation, etc as well as technologies selection guidelines. Also, included applications and lessons learned from specific applications as well as data on the economics. RES for desalination is an important challenge and useful work has been done. However in order to provide practical viable plants, much remains to be done.     

Wishful thinking and real problems: Small modular reactors,planning constraints,and nuclear power in Jordan

Jordan plans to import two conventional gigawatt scale nuclear reactors from Russia that are expensive and too large for Jordan's current electricity grid. Jordan efforts to establish nuclear power might become easier in some ways if the country were to construct Small Modular Reactors, which might be better suited to Jordan's financial capabilities and its smaller electrical grid capacity. But, the SMR option raises new problems, including locating sites for multiple reactors, finding water to cool these reactors, and the higher cost of electricity generation. Jordan's decision has important implications for its energy planning as well as for the market for SMRs.     

Performance of a direct steam generation solar thermal power plant for electricity production as a function of the solar multiple

This paper describes the influence of the solar multiple on the annual performance of parabolic trough solar thermal power plants with direct steam generation (DSG). The reference system selected is a 50 MW_e DSG power plant, with thermal storage and auxiliary natural gas-fired boiler. It is considered that both systems are necessary for an optimum coupling to the electricity grid. Although thermal storage is an opening issue for DSG technology, it gives an additional degree of freedom for plant performance optimization. Fossil hybridization is also a key element if a reliable electricity production must be guaranteed for a defined time span. Once the yearly parameters of the solar power plant are calculated, the economic analysis is performed, assessing the effect of the solar multiple in the levelized cost of electricity, as well as in the annual natural gas consumption.