利用SCR技术降低柴油机NOx的试验研究

设计了尿素水溶液还原添加装置,并使用这套装置在发动机台架上进行了稀燃NOx选择催化还原（SCR）催化剂的性能评价试验,最后分析了SCR技术目前存在的问题。试验结果表明：在30000h^-1空速、排气温度为340～420℃范围的条件下,该催化剂的NOx转化率维持在90%以上,而在低温和高温下的转化率较低;随着尿素水溶液添加量的增加,催化剂NOx转化率提高,但同时会增加CO排放;当空速为50000h^-1时,催化剂性能略有所下降。     

同时催化去除柴油机微粒和NOx的试验研究(1)

通过在γ-Al2O3小球和柴油机微粒过滤器（DPF）上涂覆复合金属氧化物催化剂Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4和La0.9K0.1CoO3。利用程序升温反应（TPR）技术，对同时催化去除柴油机微粒（PM）和NOx反应进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4和La0.9K0.1CoO3催化剂能够明显降低NOx的浓度和PM的起燃温度和燃尽温度，具有显著的PM-NOx同时去除催化反应活性。该方法集柴油机微粒的捕集、微粒的氧化燃烧和NOx的还原等功能于一体，是一种很有发展前途的柴油机排放后处理新技术。     

同时催化去除柴油机微粒和NOx的试验研究(2)

通过在γ-Al2o3小球和柴油机微粒过滤器（DPF）上涂覆复合金属氧化物催化剂Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4和La0.9K0.1CoO3，利用程序升温反应（TPR）技术，对同时催化去除柴油机微粒（PM）和NOx反应进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，La0.9K0.1CoO3催化剂比Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O3催化剂具有更高的同时去除PM-NOx的催化反应活性，在低负荷下，柴油机的PM由于SOF含量多而使NOx降低的幅度比高负荷下的大，其燃烧温度也比高负荷下的低，同时，NO和O2的共存促进了PM的氧化燃烧。另外，PM和催化剂之间“松接触”的催化活性要比“紧接触”低。     

Fe对MnO_x催化剂低温SCR脱硝性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备一系列Fe改性的MnOx催化剂,在固定床模拟燃煤烟气气氛下考察其脱硝活性,同时借助N2吸附及XRD等研究Fe添加对MnOx催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性的促进机理。结果表明,Fe的添加显著提高了MnOx的低温NOx转化率,并将其活性温度窗口向低温段拓宽了55℃;其中,Fe0.3Mn0.7Ox催化剂在30 000h-1下具有最佳低温SCR活性,自90℃其NOx转化率均高于95%;铁、锰组分间的协同作用能提高催化剂中锰氧化物的分散度,增大催化剂的比表面积和比孔容并优化其孔径分布,进而提高MnOx催化剂的低温SCR脱硝活性。     

制备条件对蜂窝状V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂孔结构及活性的影响研究

采用挤出方法制备了蜂窝状V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂,分析了造孔剂、煅烧温度对催化剂孔结构及活性的影响,并研究了催化剂抗H2O和抗SO2中毒的性能.结果表明:造孔剂有利于改善催化剂的孔结构,采用0.5%的造孔剂制备的催化剂可以得到较为适宜的孔结构,并可增加孔径为1～5 nm的孔容,有利于提高催化剂的反应速率;煅烧温度对催化剂的比表面积和TiO2晶形有较大影响,并对成型催化剂的反应速率影响较大;在锐钛矿结构下,比表面积与一级速率常数成线性关系;煅烧温度在550℃时,催化剂比表面积最大,活性最高,在空速为4500h-1、温度为300～400℃时,NOx的转化率可达到98%以上;在烟气中含10%H2O、0.1%SO2的条件下,催化剂活性仍然较高,NOx转化率高达99%.     

氢气和DME作为还原剂的NSR性能比较研究

采用共沉淀法配制了NOx存储还原(NOxstorage and reduction,NSR)专用催化剂Pt/Co-BaO/γ-Al2O3。试验研究了催化剂存储NOx的热稳定性与其脱附还原特性,并在小样试验台架上采用二甲醚(DME)和氢气(H2)进行NOx存储-还原试验,研究了不同还原剂对NSR催化剂性能的影响。研究结果表明:Pt/Co-BaO/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有良好的NOx存储性能和热稳定性,以H2为还原剂时催化剂存储NOx的热稳定性最差,NOx转化率最高,H2的还原性能优于DME。     

CuAgLa多组分钛硅分子筛／堇青石整体式催化剂降低稀燃发动机NOx排放的试验研究

采用原位合成技术制作了多组分CuAgLa-TS-1/堇青石整体式催化剂,通过选择还原法降低稀燃汽油机NOx的排放.试验结果表明,不需额外添加还原物质,而采用稀燃发动机自己排放的HC和CO等作为还原物质可以对NOx排放进行选择还原.在排气温度为450 ℃左右、空速为28 500 h-1时,多组分分子筛催化剂的最大NOx转化效率为33.3%,较Cu-TS-1分子筛催化剂有所降低,但其维持较高的NOx转化率排温窗口较为宽广,区间可达80 ℃.经H2预还原后,多组分CuAgLa-TS-1稀燃催化剂对NOx的转化效率较未还原的催化剂的活性稍有提高,但耐久性变差.     

催化剂与微粒接触对同时去除PM和NOx反应的影响

通过在柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)上涂覆复合金属氧化物催化剂Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4,利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术，就柴油机微粒(PM)与催化剂的接触对PM和NO，同时去除反应的影响进行了试验研究．比较了PM与催化剂的紧接触和松接触，以及不同的挂烟量、不同的中间层、不同的催化剂涂覆方法对PM和NOx同时催化去除的影响．研究结果表明，改善载体和催化剂之间的过渡层和催化剂的负载工艺以及增大PM与催化剂的有效接触，对于提高PM和NOx同时去除的催化活性具有重要意义。     

双级尿素-选择性催化还原系统对柴油机排放特性的影响研究

为满足国Ⅵ排放标准,提出并开发了双级尿素(urea)-选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction system,SCR)系统及控制策略,并针对该系统在柴油机上的NOx排放特性及对柴油颗粒捕集器(DPF)被动再生的影响进行了台架验证。结果表明:冷态国际统一瞬态循环(WHTC)双级urea-SCR系统NOx转化效率达到89.2%,比单级urea-SCR系统提高了5.4%,冷起动NOx排放显著降低;热态WHTC双级urea-SCR系统NOx转化效率达到99.3%,比单级urea-SCR系统提高了3.0%;对双级urea-SCR系统尿素喷射量采用闭环控制策略,热态WHTC下DPF平衡点碳载量仅比单级urea-SCR系统提高了0.2g/L,DPF被动再生效果几乎未受影响。     

国六柴油机铜基催化剂劣化规律及评价

在发动机台架上,利用柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)主动再生方式,模拟铜基催化剂热老化环境,对比不同温度(特定工况)、不同老化时间下催化剂的转化效率、NOx排放量,研究铜基催化剂的劣化规律;制定在发动机台架上考核铜基催化剂劣化的试验方法,并基于催化剂在不同温度点NOx转化效...     

A combined system of dimethyl ether (DME) steam reforming and lean NOx trap catalysts to improve NOx reduction in DME engines

This paper performs a study on a combined system of DME steam reforming (SR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) in order to improve the performance of the de-NOx catalyst in DME engines. A new concept, a combined system of SR and LNT catalysts, utilizes H₂ and CO generated from the DME SR catalyst as a reductant for the LNT catalyst. The Cu-based SR catalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method; further, the LNT catalyst was used a commercial catalyst. The parameters considered in this experiment included the particle size, dispersion, and amount of Cu loaded on the SR catalyst, the cell density of the substrate of the SR catalyst, and the amount of Zn as a promoter. The experiments revealed that the highest NOx conversion was obtained in the LNT catalyst when the concentration of DME was 1% and the lean/rich time was 55/8 s; however, we decided to supply 0.7% of DME and use 55/5 s of lean/rich time in the combined system of SR and LNT to overcome the problems of DME slip and fuel penalties. The system showed the best performance regarding NOx conversion in the combined system of SR and LNT that used the Cu29Zn1/r-Al₂O₃ catalyst with 1% of Zn as a promoter, a cell density of 600 cpsi, and a volumetric ratio of 1.3 (SR/LNT). Finally, the NOx conversion was improved by about 20% compared to the LNT catalyst used alone.     

满足欧Ⅳ/Ⅴ排放法规的柴油机排气后处理技术

从车用柴油机的欧Ⅳ/Ⅴ排放法规出发,指出满足该法规必须采取排放后处理装置,介绍了用以处理NOx排放的稀NOx吸附器(LNT)和选择性催化还原装置(SCR),及控制颗粒物(PM)排放的氧化催化器(DOC)和PM过滤器(DPF),分析了这些后处理装置的主要技术特点及应用情况,并认为今后的后处理装置的发展趋势是不同后处理装置的综合使用。     

A review on various after treatment techniques to reduce NOx emissions in a CI engine

NOx emissions have always been a main concern in the development of diesel engines. This paper summarizes the studies about NOx emission reduction in diesel engines. The need for meeting the stringent requirements with regard to NOx emissions in a diesel engine has led to the development of a range of after treatment techniques. After treatment methods are required to reduce NOx emissions that cannot be controlled by fuel composition and combustion phenomena. Current after treatment techniques that are being employed are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Lean NOx Trap (LNT) and SCR Filter (SCRF). The benefits and constraints of different types of SCR are discussed. Urea SCR is a prominent well proven technology. Urea SCR produces 96–99% conversion efficiency with the help of a reductant NH₃. The operating parameters such as nature of catalyst, temperature range of catalyst, flow of DEF (Diesel Exhaust fluid) to injector and mixing of NH₃ and NOx are discussed. Hybrid SCR such as Cu-SCR + Fe-SCR, SCR + LNT moderates fuel consumption and augments the catalytic activity at low temperature. SCRF has low cell density (200–300 csi vs 400–600 csi for SCR), and also has lower deNOx efficiency for a number of reasons. Pre-stored NH₃ and Preheating helps in low temperature reaction of SCRF. Technical problems in aqueous urea systems have led to the evolution of solid SCR system (SSCR). This review incorporates the study of solid ammonium salts decomposition, temperature range of the salts and infrastructure required for SSCR.     

不同路线国V车用柴油机非常规排放对比研究

在AVL全流采样(CVS)发动机台架上,对2台国V柴油机进行了ESC、ETC测试循环,并利用FTIR气体分析仪对非常规气体排放进行了测试。通过对比不同技术路线(增压中冷+共轨+EGR+DOC+DPF和增压中冷+共轨+SCR)发动机的NO2、SO2、NH3、HCHO和NOx排放,对它们的排放特性进行了试验研究;同时还分析了两种路线的CO2排放和油耗情况。研究结果表明DOC+DPF可以使NOx中NO2的比例升高,ESC循环达到了24.3%;两种路线都可以使车用柴油机满足国V排放标准要求,但前者THC、CO、HCHO、NH3排放明显低于后者,后者NO2排放及NO2在NOx排放中的比例明显低于前者。SCR路线在油耗和CO2排放方面相对具有优势。     

Hydrogen production from dimethyl ether over Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst with zeolites and its effects in the lean NOx trap performance

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of mixing three kinds of zeolites (MFI, MOR, and BEA) with the dimethyl ether steam reforming(DME-SR) Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst to improve H₂ yield at low temperatures, and to identify the de-NOx performance of a combined system of SR catalyst and Lean NOx Trap(LNT). The SR catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method, and a commercialized LNT catalyst was used. The SR reaction experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the coexistence of CO₂, O₂, NO, and NO₂ among the exhaust gases of the DME engine on the H₂ yield. The study found that the proper mixing of Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ and zeolite increased the H₂ yield at low temperature improving DME hydrolysis. The variation in the H₂ yield according to the kinds of zeolite in the SR catalyst was due to the characteristics of zeolite. The Cu10/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst mixed with 10% MOR showed the highest H₂ yield. A combined system of SR and LNT uses the H₂ generated mainly from the Cu-based catalyst using the DME-SR reaction for the LNT. When H₂ generated from the SR (Cu10/γ-Al₂O₃ + MOR10) catalyst was used as the reductant of LNT, the NOx conversion at 350 °C or below was improved up to 15% compared to when DME was used. This demonstrates that H₂ as the reductant of LNT is more beneficial than DME. The H₂ generated from the SR catalyst can be used as the reductant of LNT in an after-treatment system. Meanwhile, the SR catalyst that was mixed with zeolite caused the carbon deposition, but the combined system of SR + LNT caused no carbon deposition because the carbon deposited on the SR catalyst reacted with O₂ during the lean-operating period.     

EGR+DPF系统降低柴油机的排放

柴油机具有良好的动力性和经济性,汽车柴油机已成为发展趋势,但柴油机NOx和颗粒(PM)的高排放成为制约柴油车发展的因素之一。随着机动车排放法规的日益严格,降低NOx和颗粒的排放成为现阶段柴油机汽车的主要研究课题。废气再循环(EGR)技术是现今降低柴油机NOx排放的有效方法之一,应用颗粒捕集器(DPF)可以有效的降低尾气中颗粒的排放。本文介绍了EGR技术和DPF技术的原理、特点,对不同工况下EGR对NOx排放进行了分析,同时对不同工况下颗粒捕集器的再生效率进行了研究,结果表明适宜的EGR率和颗粒再生效率才能同时降低柴油机NOx和PM的排放。     

循环流化床锅炉中NO_x的生成机理与排放控制研究

煤炭的高效洁净燃烧是实现洁净煤发电的一个重要领域,是洁净煤发电技术的核心。而循环流化床燃烧技术是一种新型的煤燃烧与发电技术,不仅可以大幅度减少NOx排放,易于脱除SO2的技术优势,而且具有煤种适应面广、高燃烧效率以及炉内脱硫脱氮的特点而得到推广。分析了循环流化床锅炉NOx的危害、生成机理及影响因素,在此基础上探讨了其控制措施,并提出未来烟气净化的方向。     

一种提高径向式微粒捕集器捕集效率的方法

基于气固两相流理论与多孔介质理论对径向式微粒捕集器进行了三维稳态气固两相流数值模拟分析,获得了微粒捕集器内部流体流动特性,发现在径向式微粒捕集器前端和下半部过滤体利用率低。为了解决这个问题,采用分流装置,安装于捕集器内部,并通过两相流数值模拟的方法,对比分析了分流器安装前后捕集器内部流体流动特性和捕集效果。结果表明:加入盘型分流器后,微粒捕集器内部的流动均匀性增强,过滤体的利用率提高,径向式微粒捕集器的捕集效率也有所提高。加入所提出的隔板分流器后,微粒捕集器内部的流动和捕集效率均优于盘型分流器。     

用于柴油机尾气脱硫捕集器的干式脱硫材料研究进展

柴油机尾气处理系统中脱除氮氧化合物（NOx）的催化剂易受硫的侵蚀而中毒。为避免SOx对净化NOx催化剂的毒害作用,一种有效的解决办法是将脱硫捕集器置于脱除NOx催化剂的系统之前来捕获柴油机尾气中的氧化硫（SOx）。本文针对贵金属催化剂、金属碳酸盐、金属氧化物等几种主要应用于柴油机脱硫捕集器的干式脱硫材料,主要阐述了各自的脱硫原理及性能,并分析了各种脱硫材料的研究现状和工业化应用前景,并指出了高性能且价格低廉的金属氧化物是未来应用于柴油机脱硫捕集器的主要方向。     

烟气脱硝装置技术介绍

催化脱硝是目前发达国家普遍采用的减少NOx排放的方法,应用较多的有选择性催化还原法(Selec-tive catalytic reduction,简称SCR)、选择性非催化还原法(Selective non-catalytic reduction,以下简称SCR)。详细介绍了SCR烟气脱硝技术的原理、工艺流程、运行控制和工业应用实例。