Investigation of partial discharge mechanism by simultaneous measurement of current waveform and light emission

We observed current pulse waveforms of partial discharge (PD) in SF₆ gas so as to investigate the PD mechanism. We also measured light intensity and light emission image of PD simultaneously under different conditions of applies voltage and SF₆ gas pressure. From these experiments, we found that the “double-peak current waveform” appeared at high pressure and high voltage conditions. We also analyzed the mutual correlation of waveforms between a single current and the light emission. Moreover, we obtained experimental evidence of filmentlike light image appearing at the PD tip under the same condition with double-peak current waveform. From the electric field analysis around the needle electrode tip, we believe that the filamentlike light image expands beyond the critical electric field of SF₆ gas. Thus, we concluded that these current waveforms with double peaks showed evidence of leader-type PD, leading to breakdown. Finally, we could point out that leader-type PD should be distinguished and measured for the diagnosis of GIS insulation performance. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 58–65, 1999     

火花放电预电离对空气中介质阻挡放电的影响

实现大气压下空气中辉光放电的办法之一是降低空气的击穿场强,避免放电以流注的形式发生.为此,利用脉冲电路产生的火花放电为介质阻挡放电提供初始电子,以验证预电离对介质阻挡放电的作用.实验证明:1. 火花放电预电离确有"点燃"放电,降低空气击穿场强的作用,在正常大气压下,采用预电离手段可使击穿场强降低25%左右;2. 预电离的有效率随气压升高而逐渐减小;3. 在有气体流动的条件下,预电离的作用显著增强;4. 预电离并不是实现大气压下空气中的辉光放电的唯一条件.本文中的方法可以用于在较低场强下提供初始电子以建立均匀介质阻挡放电,但在目前的实验条件下,这种作用还远未达到获得大气压下辉光放电的程度.     

材料性质对介质阻挡放电特性的影响

选取三种典型的介质材料：玻璃、环氧、聚四氟乙烯，通过试验研究它们的放电特性和介质厚度对放电特性的影响。结果表明阻挡层介质材料的选取对介质阻挡放电的特性有较大影响。试验和分析结果还显示了这样的规律，即选用介电常数较大、厚度较薄的材料容易产生强烈的放电。在理论上对这一试验结果给出了合理的解释．     

沿面型介质阻挡放电的电气特性

沿面型介质阻挡放电在气流控制等方面具有十分广阔的应用前景.本文对其放电机理进行了分析,指出放电过程中在介质板表面积聚的电荷处会形成一虚拟电极,与放电空间其他电荷共同作用,对放电过程产生影响.基于此,建立放电的等效模型,推导了放电功率的计算公式,并与Lissajous图形计算的放电功率比较,具有较好的吻合.讨论了外加电压、频率对放电特性的影响:外加频率相同时,随着外加电压的增加,每半周期内传输的放电电荷不断增大,且其变化趋势与功率增长趋势基本一致,呈非线性增加,同时放电面积增大,功率增加;外加电压一定时,放电功率与频率成正比.     

多针-平板电极介质阻挡放电的特性及影响因素研究

通过电压-电流波形图和电压-电荷李萨育图形的测量,研究了空气中多针-平板电极介质阻挡放电特性,比较了这种放电和平板-平板电极介质阻挡放电的区别。通过实验研究了放电间隙距离、多针电极针的密度、阻挡介质材料性质对多针-平板电极介质阻挡放电放电功率的影响。实验结果表明,在相同的条件下,与平板-平板电极介质阻挡放电相比,多针-平板电极介质阻挡放电消耗较大的放电功率;放电空间消耗的功率随外加电压和介电常数的增加而增加,随气隙距离的增加而减小。     

微腔介质阻挡放电忆阻特性分析

为了研究微腔结构介质阻挡放电的非线性电阻特性,搭建微腔结构介质阻挡放电的仿真模型,研究其放电过程中的电压和电流关系从而得到其伏安特性曲线.根据忆阻器数学模型及忆阻器物理模型,建立忆阻器的MATLAB仿真平台.应用阻变机理对忆阻器的伏安特性进行分析并与介质阻挡放电的伏安特性进行比较,发现微腔介质阻挡放电过程中的伏安特性与忆阻器的忆阻特性相似.从电荷转移角度进一步分析微腔介质阻挡放电过程中的忆阻特性.     

频率跟踪在介质阻挡放电中的应用

在介质阻挡放电中,由于受放电强度、环境温度、气体浓度、气体压力等因素的影响,负载的特性呈非线性变化,负载谐振回路的谐振频率也会发生变化,如果供电电源的频率不能很好的跟踪和匹配负载的谐振频率,将导致整机的效率降低,针对这种情况提出频率跟踪技术。通过采样负载端电流,经过零比较和脉冲整形,反馈到供电电源的同步端,实现负载谐振回路频率的实时检测、跟踪。经过原理设计、实物调试,印证频率跟踪技术在介质阻挡放电中高效可行。     

Influence of frequency and current waveform on low-pressure sodiumlamp operation

Efficient light production in AC-supplied low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps is strongly dependent on plasma conditions during the complete half-cycle. Significant luminous efficacy gains are obtained with sinusoidal currents of hundreds of kilohertz or with rectangular current forms at lower frequencies. Measurements of light emission from an 18-W LPS lamp at several operating conditions between 50 Hz-20 kHz, reported in this paper, can be useful to establish a compromise between supply frequency and current waveform shape for electronic ballast design     

介质阻挡放电等效电容变化规律的研究

介绍了介质阻挡放电(DBD)的介质等效电容Cd和Cg气隙等效电容的测量方法。通过在实验室建立的产生DBD的实验装置，研究了放电过程中外加电压幅值、气隙距离、阻挡介质的厚度和介电常数等因素对Cd和Cg的影响，并对实验结果作了分析。结果表明，Cd随着外加电压的幅值和介质的介电常数增加而增加，随着气隙距离和介质厚度的增加而减小。Cg随着气隙距离和外加电压幅值的增大而减小，而受介质厚度、介质的介电常数的影响不大。     

板板式介质阻挡放电等离子体直接合成过氧化氢研究

本文采用自行设计的板板式介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器,在常温常压条件下转化氢氧混合气体直接合成过氧化氢.系统考察了介质种类,介质厚度及气隙间距对氧气转化率、过氧化氢选择性、收率及能量效率的影响.发现石英是合成过氧化氢反应器的适宜介质,介质厚度及气隙间距对舍成过氧化氢的收率及能量效率有显著影响.当介质厚度与气隙间距均为2.0 mm,注入功率为9.1W时,过氧化氢收率及能量效率分别达到20.6%和5.5gH2O2/kWh.     

Influence of insulating barrier on the creepage discharge intransformer oil

The propagation aspects of a creepage discharge in transformer oil are observed simultaneously and in detail under a positive impulse voltage condition, by means of a high-speed Schlieren optical system, an LED current measurement system and a charge measurement system using a capacitor. In the present paper, the influence of the material type and the thickness of insulating barriers on the propagation of the impulse creepage discharge are discussed for a point to plane electrode geometry. In addition, the influence of a barrier surface to the electric field direction on the propagation of the impulse creepage discharge is discussed for a parallel plane electrode gap with a protruding point     

Partial discharge measurements in air and argon at low pressures with and without a dielectric barrier

Partial discharge (PD) characteristics in air and argon under low pressures down to 13.3 Pa (0,1 Torr) and 60 Hz AC energization are studied in an energized needle-plane electrode arrangement. The electrode configuration, vacuum chamber, facilities, and electrical connections for the experimental setup are described. Two cases are studied for each of two gases, air and argon, with 20 mm spacing between the two electrodes: (1) with and (2) without a Teflon/spl reg/ cap (dielectric barrier). Results for the four series of experiments and analysis of the discharge current pulse waveforms are presented. Topics discussed are the typical waveforms of the discharge current pulses at different pressures, and discharge current pulse rise time vs. pressure relationships.     

A novel technique for partial discharge and breakdown investigation based on current pulse waveform analysis

A novel technique for partial discharge (PD) measurement and analysis (PD-CPWA; PD current pulse waveform analysis) is developed and introduced in this paper. PD-CPWA is expected to be utilized to discuss PD mechanisms and physics in electrical insulating materials, focusing on the PD current pulse waveform and its time transition from PD inception to breakdown (BD). In this paper, the concept and principle of PD-CPWA are described, and the applications of PD-CPWA to (1) epoxy spacer samples under thermal and electric combined stresses in GIS, (2) creepage PD on epoxy spacers in SF/sub 6/ gas and (3) liquid nitrogen/polypropylene laminated paper composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting cables are introduced and discussed.     

多针-平板介质阻挡放电提高玻璃表面憎水性的研究

用大气压空气中多针-平板电极结构的DBD对玻璃表面进行憎水性改性。通过测量水接触角、表面电阻和湿闪电压等研究了这两种形式DBD产生的等离子体处理前后玻璃的表面特性以及处理电压和处理时间对改性效果的影响。结果表明：在玻璃表面涂一层二甲基硅油并经等离子体处理后，能在玻璃表面生成一层长效、致密的憎水膜。随处理电压和处理时间的不同，改性效果不同，当处理电压10kV、处理时间8min时提高憎水性效果最明显。     

励磁电流脉动对电枢绕组空载电压波形的影响

为了不影响齿谐波励磁的混合励磁永磁同步发电机的运行性能,需要正确处理好齿谐波磁场的利用与电枢绕组电压波形畸变两者之间的关系,此为利用齿谐波实现混合励磁的关键问题。应用电机理论定性分析了齿谐波励磁系统输出的励磁电流产生脉动的原因,以及该脉动电流产生的附加磁场在电枢绕组中感应谐波电动势的特点。采用在齿谐波励磁系统直流侧并联电容的方法,可以减小励磁电流的脉动,从而削弱其在电枢绕组中引起的谐波电动势。对一台齿谐波励磁的混合励磁永磁同步发电机进行了计算和实验,计算结果和实验结果的比较验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Inactivation property of microorganisms in water irradiated by atmospheric‐pressure plasma using dielectric barrier discharge

Microorganisms in water were inactivated by irradiating with an atmospheric‐pressure plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge. To understand the inactivation mechanism of microorganisms, the actions due to irradiation with plasma discharge, heating, and chemical reaction are studied. We compare the buffer gases helium and argon in generating the atmospheric‐pressure plasma. The results indicate that the inactivation with the helium as buffer gas is higher than with argon. It is found that the inactivation ratio at different reactor volumes depends on the density of microorganisms in water. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

母线保护中电流互感器的深度饱和辅助判据

通过比较电流互感器未饱和及深度饱和时二次电流波形特点,分析了通过谐波比确定电流互感器饱和的不足之处．提出一种新的波形鉴别判据,作为谐波制动的辅助判据。该方法是将采样波形取绝对值。定义数据窗长度为半个周期。在每个数据窗内找到一个极大值Ymax,设假想门槛Yα,使Yα＝Ymax。用数据窗内每个采样点的值与假想门槛作比较,当采样点大于假想门槛,则计数器加1．仿真与动模实验的结果表明了辅助判据的可行性．从而解决了单纯依靠差流波形的谐波比来确定电流互感器饱和．在电流互感器发生深度饱和时可能出现的误开放问题。     

Influence of molecular structure on propagation of positive streamer discharge in dielectric liquids

In this paper, streamer discharges in dielectric liquids which have various molecular structures, such as a double bond or a triple bond in the molecular formula, are observed in detail for positive point polarity under the application of an impulse voltage to the point electrode. As test liquids, four straight‐chain hydrocarbon liquids—n‐hexane, n‐heptane, n‐octane, and n‐decane—are selected and in addition the influence of a double or triple bond included in their molecular formula on the propagation of positive streamers is investigated in detail by simultaneously using a high‐speed schlieren method and an LED current measurement system. Some differences in the mean propagation velocity and the propagation shape of positive streamers are evident. Their shape is mainly filamentary in test liquids including a double or triple bond. Also, positive streamer propagation is promoted in these liquids. It is thought that this is due to the effect of π bonds which have smaller bond energies than σ bonds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 15–21, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10366     

Effects of secondary electron emission coefficients on Townsend's second ionization coefficient in argon dielectric barrier discharges

One‐dimensional fluid model simulations are performed to investigate how the secondary electron emission arising from ions (γ_i), metastable atoms (γ_m), and photons (γ_p) affect Townsend's second ionization coefficient (γ′) in argon dielectric barrier discharges. Since Townsend's breakdown criterion determines the value of γ′, it is naturally affected by the discharge condition such as the reduced electric field (E/p) as well as the combination of γ_i, γ_m, and γ_p. It also depends on the other contributions from the indirect ionization processes such as cumulative ionizations or metastable–metastable collision ionizations. When the nonionic electron‐yielding processes such as the effects of γ_m, γ_p, and the indirect ionizations are considered, the calculated γ′ increases largely under the higher pd (pressure times distance) branch of the Paschen curve. Since the experimental characteristics of γ′, which decreases with E/p, can hardly be explained without such nonionic processes, the contributions of those processes can be quite important in Townsend discharges especially under high pd conditions. These processes tend not to appear and γ′ tends to converge to γ_i under the lower pd branch of the Paschen curve. The value of γ_i can possibly be estimated by using γ′ under the lower pd condition. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

雷电流特性及其波形分析

通过对雷电流特性的分析,阐述主放电通道的波阻抗、雷电流波形,及幅值概率分布和雷电流极性等特点。根据其特点,建立了雷电流波形的三种主要数学等值模型,即双指数函数模型,霍德勒模型和脉冲函数模型。并应用Matlab软件对其进行仿真,得出不同模型间的特性差别及其适用范围。