基于有限元弱解式的棒-板长空气间隙先导放电空间电场仿真研究

对棒-板长空气间隙先导放电过程的空间电场分布以及带电离子浓度等特征参数进行仿真计算研究。建立棒-板长空气间隙放电的二维模型,导出流注-先导放电的二阶偏微分方程,通过有限元弱解形式(weak form)数值计算方法求解先导放电过程中产生的电子、正、负离子浓度与空间电场的大小。仿真结果显示：气体放电所产生的空间电荷对空间电场分布影响显著;间隙距离1.5 m的棒-板长空气间隙下,外加500 kV、250/2 500 ms正极性操作电压时的先导放电起始条件为,流注头部带电离子浓度达到4′1013 cm-3数量级,空间电场最低达到10 kV/cm;先导放电形成后,先导通道内电场约为1~2 kV/cm,先导起始时间在400 ms左右且以3′104 m/s速度传播;有限元弱解形式能有效消除计算离子流中的数值振荡,使偏微分方程求解迅速收敛。     

重复短脉冲下相对湿度对变频电机绝缘局部放电及耐电晕寿命影响研究

在上升时间为10 ns、电压幅值为3.5 kV、频率为5 kHz的重复单极性短脉冲下,实验研究了相对湿度分别为30%、50%、70%、90%时变频电机匝间绝缘的局部放电及耐电晕特性。结果表明:随着相对湿度的增加,试样的耐电晕寿命逐渐缩短,局部放电幅值先减小至某临界值后明显增大。这是由于随着相对湿度增加,电荷驻留效应减弱导致局部放电幅值减小,但当湿度超过某临界值后,微水聚集增强了局部电场,局部放电幅值增加。同时,微水的附着使试样的介电常数增加,从而使气隙间电场强度增大,这可能是其耐电晕寿命缩短的原因。     

A model for long air gap discharge using an equivalent electricalnetwork

In this paper, an attempt of the whole discharge model is proposed. This model is based on an equivalent electrical network, the parameters of which are determined from electromagnetic field and gas discharge theories. It uses the fact that the discharge channel may be likened to a long conductor and employs a typical LCR representation for a single conductor line. For all phases of the discharge, the same circuit is used in modeling the change of stage with variable resistances and inductances. For a given shape and electrode configuration, the model allows us to determine the currents of the leader and the return stroke, the corresponding charge, the potential drop along the leader channel, the power and energy injected into the gap and the leader propagation velocities. The obtained results are found to be in accordance with the experimental ones obtained for discharges in long air gaps, created in laboratory     

Positive streamer discharges along insulating surfaces

By measuring the currents associated with the streamer discharge along silicone rubber surfaces, parameters of streamer propagation such as the minimum field of streamer crossing, the field of stable streamer propagation, the mean velocity and the streamer charge distribution have been analyzed and compared to the streamer discharge in air alone. Clear differences were observed in the measured currents for the individual surfaces at low background fields (285 kV/m). For higher fields the streamer crosses the gap almost independently of the surface type. The minimum streamer field was found to be slightly increased compared to air. The field of stable streamer propagation also was higher than in air. It is ~ 570 kV/m, larger than that of the streamer discharge in air (~ 500), under the same conditions. The streamer speed was found slightly increased in the presence of the silicone rubber surface and the distinction between the individual surfaces was modest. A discussion on possible mechanisms for the observed differences in the streamer speed and currents with and without the insulator surfaces is presented. The net positive charge of the streamer along an insulating surface seems to be distributed along the streamer channel rather than localized in the front part of the channel as the case for the streamer in air     

长空气间隙放电过程的试验观测技术

长空气间隙放电物理过程的试验观测研究是揭示长间隙放电机制和建立放电分析模型的基础。在高速光学观测技术、放电电流测量技术、空间瞬态电场测量技术和同步观测技术4方面开展了研究。通过分析高速摄影仪的成像原理,设计了针对不同放电阶段先导通道光学特性的观测方法;通过合理设计电极结构,研制全数字式光电隔离采集系统,实现了对高电位放电通道电流的全数字式测量;基于Pockels效应,研制出测量幅值上限达800 kV/m的集成光波导瞬态电场仪;基于高速摄影仪曝光时钟信号,提出了各测量设备的数据同步方案。该研究为准确地获取长空气间隙放电关键物理参数,揭示长空气间隙放电发展的物理过程提供了有力支撑。     

低气压下染污覆冰表面和冰凌间隙的直流电弧特性

低气压下染污覆冰表面沿面电弧和冰凌空气间隙电弧伏安特性是研究高海拔、污秽、覆冰综合环境中绝缘子放电机理和放电模型的基础,为此,利用三角平板玻璃先染污后覆冰和冰凌间隙模型在低温低气压实验室分别试验研究了低气压下覆冰沿面电弧和冰凌间隙电弧直流伏安特性。结果表明:染污覆冰表面沿面电弧和冰凌间隙电弧的伏安特性E-I关系呈负幂函数,相同条件下,正极性沿面电弧电压高于负极性,而空气间隙电弧伏安特性受极性影响很小;沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧直流伏安特性均随着气压降低而下降,且空气间隙电弧受气压影响较沿面电弧大。研究结果为建立低气压下染污覆冰绝缘子串直流放电模型提供了基础。     

丝网电极放电对涤纶纤维表面改性的效果分析

为了在介质阻挡放电进行等离子体表面改性处理时得到好的处理效果,实验研究了工频电压下大气压空气中丝网电极介质阻挡放电的放电特性及其对涤纶纤维表面改性的效果。实验中采用结构为电极-丝网-薄膜的丝网电极,在大气中产生均匀放电,研究其放电图像和电气特性及对涤纶布的表面改性效果(可以显著地提高织物的吸水性能)。通过对涤纶布吸水性衰退效应的研究表明,经大气压空气等离子体处理后的涤棉吸水性经一段时间的下降后趋于稳定,与普通电极相比,效果好而且节能,适宜于在纺织前处理中的应用。     

冰棒—冰板间隙负极性电晕起始放电特性

国内外研究结果表明,绝缘子覆冰过程的一个显著现象是:在带电情况下,其表面冰凌并未完全桥接,而是在伞裙间形成一定的冰棱空气间隙。为研究这种空气间隙对放电发展的影响,利用冰棒-冰板空气间隙放电模型在人工气候室内进行了负极性直流电晕放电试验,并分析了不同间隙距离、不同大气压、不同覆冰类型(包括冰的表面状态以及覆冰水电导率)情况下的电晕起始放电特性。研究结果表明:随着空气间隙长度的减小和气压的降低,负极性电晕起始电压也明显下降;湿冰时的电晕起始电压高于干冰时的电晕起始电压。这些研究结果为进一步深入开展覆冰电极系统的电晕放电机理和覆冰绝缘子闪络研究打下了基础。     

Effect of dielectric surfaces on the nature of partial discharges

A mathematical model for a short gap breakdown in air was employed to examine the nature of the initiating discharge on the dielectric surface of a dielectric/metallic electrode gap of 0.500 mm separation in a uniform electric field at atmospheric pressure. The calculations demonstrate that in the absence of field enhancing surface asperities, the incipient discharge, occurring on a dielectric surface, exhibits the pronounced breakdown channel expansion characteristic of pulseless glow discharges     

Gas Heating and Formation of Single Linear Discharge Channel on Repetitive Branched Streamer Corona

Under a nonuniform field in an atmospheric short gap, a branched pulse streamer corona changes to a single filamentary discharge (SFD) for a split second just before sparkover occurs. This SFD is a pretransitional phenomenon of sparkover. Therefore, it is very important to study SFD for an understanding of the sparkover mechanism. In this work, the SFD was recreated well by applying a highly repetitive impulse voltage to a needle‐plane gap in synthetic air with dilute CO₂. The characteristics of the SFD, including the channel temperature, the propagation of the streamer head, and the formation process, were investigated by means of an intensified charge coupled‐device (ICCD) camera and a spectroscopic measurement system. It was found that the transition to SFD progresses with localized gas heating along the discharge channel. Furthermore, it was revealed that the SFD is a nonbranched positive streamer.     

Influence of insulating barrier on the creepage discharge intransformer oil

The propagation aspects of a creepage discharge in transformer oil are observed simultaneously and in detail under a positive impulse voltage condition, by means of a high-speed Schlieren optical system, an LED current measurement system and a charge measurement system using a capacitor. In the present paper, the influence of the material type and the thickness of insulating barriers on the propagation of the impulse creepage discharge are discussed for a point to plane electrode geometry. In addition, the influence of a barrier surface to the electric field direction on the propagation of the impulse creepage discharge is discussed for a parallel plane electrode gap with a protruding point     

空间电荷对球头棒-板间隙放电击中点的影响

雷电引起的输电线路事故中因绕击导致的故障所占比例很大,一些学者认为空间电荷的影响是导致屏蔽失效的原因之一。为此,通过试验研究了直流电压下球头棒-板间隙的电晕电流,以此来衡量一定电压下球头周围空间电荷的量;并试验研究了正极性操作冲击下球头棒-板间隙放电击中点的分布规律,且与尖头棒试验结果比较。试验结果和仿真结果表明:与尖头棒相比,球头棒更容易吸引放电;球头棒周围电场畸变不严重,没有形成有效屏蔽层,从而使放电点更容易发生在头部。     

棒-板长间隙正极性流注生长概率模型及应用

为研究长空间隙放电分散性和放电路径随机性,建立了结合传统流注放电理论和分形生长理论的正极性流注生长概率模型。首先基于经典的流注起始判据,计算了棒-板间隙流注起始电压;选择空间电位和电子崩形成时间作为流注生长控制变量,结合泊松方程、电荷连续性方程和欧姆定律描述流注通道内部的电荷转移,仿真流注的持续发展过程;当流注到达板电极后,选择放电树枝中电位梯度最大的通道作为最后的主放电通道。分析表明,该模型可描述流注区空间电荷随时间的积累过程,棒-板间隙击穿时间的分散性以及放电路径的随机性;由其计算得的棒-板间隙主放电通道分形维数与试验结果相吻合,同时基于该模型对棒-导线-板间隙放电选择概率分布的计算结果也与试验所得规律一致。     

交流500kV复合绝缘子内部缺陷对轴向电场分布的影响

复合绝缘子的芯棒和护套间的胶接界面贯通于绝缘子两端,是内绝缘的组成部分。一旦芯棒和护套粘接不紧密,在界面形成的间隙将畸变周围电场分布,高场强的长期作用将对芯棒机械性能造成影响。为了研究界面缺陷对电场分布的影响,以南方电网某交流500kV线路复合绝缘子断裂事故为研究对象,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了该断裂复合绝缘子的整体模型和子模型,计算了芯棒表面存在缺陷时的电场分布。结果表明:气隙处电场强度增大,但不足以引发局部放电。水分渗入后,缺陷尺寸足够大时电场强度将会超过空气的击穿场强,导致局部放电,进一步加速界面粘接性的劣化;护套破损后内部芯棒暴露,芯棒蚀损使得机械性能降低,最终将引发断裂掉串。     

Factors affecting corona on twin-point gaps under dc and ac HV

The factors affecting corona formation on twin-point/plane gaps are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical analysis, an electrostatic field computation program based on the charge simulation method was used to get the electric field profile on the plate for different gap lengths and interspacings between the two points. Also, the effect of voltage level, air pressure and gap length on the number of axial streamers occurring across the critical field line was introduced for a constant time duration. The variation of the integral of the ionization coefficient with the axial length from the point was studied. Finally, a study of the effect of air pressure and gap length on both the corona inception voltage and critical length was presented. Corona formation in single and twin-point/plane gaps also was investigated experimentally under both high direct and alternating voltages. There are many factors affecting such corona formation. The investigated factors were the interspacing between the two points, gap length between the point and the plane, ambient temperature, relative humidity, polarity or frequency of the applied voltage, and electrode material. In order to study and explain such phenomena, a photographic investigation together with a simultaneous measurement of both the applied voltage and the corona current were introduced. Curve fitting of the dc corona current vs. gap length and voltage for both single and twin-point/plane gaps gave the conventional relationship, but in case of twin point the power of the gap length varies between 1.2 and 1.3     

短空气间隙流注放电的实验观测技术综述

流注放电是气体间隙放电的重要阶段,流注放电的机理、仿真及实验研究是高压放电等离子体领域研究的重点之一,其中流注放电的实验研究是流注放电机理及仿真研究的基础。然而流注放电具有多时空尺度、多粒子碰撞、多物理场耦合等复杂特点,这对流注放电的实验观测提出了巨大的挑战。该文针对短空气间隙流注放电的实验观测,分别从短空气间隙流注放电实验设置和短空气间隙流注放电过程观测技术2个方面综述了国内外相关实验方法、平台及取得的研究进展。在此基础上,该文对目前短空气间隙流注放电研究所需要解决的关键问题和未来的发展趋势进行了探讨,认为未来短空气间隙流注放电实验研究进一步发展的关键在于建立更高精度与更高时空分辨率的多物理量同步观测系统,观测并分析单个流注发生发展的完整过程;探索新的实验手段和测量技术,获取电子平均能量等关键特征参数;深入研究数字图像处理技术,挖掘放电光学图像蕴含的更深层次的特征信息,进而完善对流注放电机理的研究。     

正极性雷电冲击电压下空间电荷电场测量研究

很多绝缘问题本质上都与电场相关,电场测量是高电压领域的重要研究手段。空间电荷导致电场畸变是流注理论的基础,因此定量测量空间电荷的泊松电场对于研究空气间隙的放电机制有重要意义。利用光电集成电场传感器测量了1m棒–板间隙未发生放电条件下各点的轴向电场,并与数值仿真结果进行对比,验证了电场传感器进行定量测量的可靠性;对3种电极条件下1m棒–板间隙空间电荷区域外部轴线上各点的电场时域波形进行测量,将空间电荷形成的泊松电场与外加电压形成的拉普拉斯电场分开,定量测量了不同电压幅值下、不同空间位置的泊松电场幅值与变化规律。研究结果为建立并验证空间电荷模型奠定了基础。     

X射线激励下的油间隙放电现象

目前变压器局部放电位广泛采用超声波定位方法。由于变压器局部放电信号同弱以及现场干扰强烈等原因,使这一方法的有效性受到限制。本文实验研究了X射线激励下油间隙局部放电现象。实验发现,在X射线照射下,油／纸绝缘中的某些局部缺陷部位会因此发生局部放电,其效应与X射线光子对金属导体表面产生的光电效应以及油介质状态有关。在封闭型间隙中,导体表面受激产生了大量的电子并注入油间隙中,由于油的流动性受到极大限制,其间聚积的带电粒子可能在油和固体绝缘界面形成空间电荷层,在外加电压作用下,油间隙局部电场明显加强,从而导致油间隙的放电起始电压降低,局部放电加强,利用这一特性有可能为变压器局部放电的检测和定位提供一种新方法。     

Impulse Breakdown Voltages of Air Gaps: a New Approach to Atmospheric Correction Factors Applicable to International Standards

In the design of high-altitude high-voltage transmission systems and in the optimization of the reliability of power sources in aeronautical environments, it is important to have reliable data concerning the effect of air density and humidity on reducing air insulation performance under local conditions. This is helpful also in the modeling of discharges and lightning in mountainous regions. This paper describes a systematic laboratory investigation of the combined effects of humidity and gas density on the breakdown strength of a 0.2 m rod/plane air gap that is subjected to positive-polarity lightning impulses, using a test chamber to reproduce the conditions commonly found in such regions. The results show that there are appreciable deviations between the measured humidity and air density correction factors and those of the 1973 and 1989 I.E.C. Standards when extended to low air density. The paper proposes the adoption of a radically different correction procedure, based upon the influence of density and humidity on streamer propagation field, and including the effect of the high gradient in the anode region.     

高压下非均匀电场中局放机理的建模

Partial discharges in air in non-uniform electric field occur in surroundings made of high curvature elements.The equivalent electrode system,needle-plane refers both to external components of high voltage insulating systems and to micro sharpness in the internal structure of those systems.The ionization zone,accumulation of space charge and formation of corresponding current pulses depend on electrode configuration,voltage level,pressure,temperature and humidity of air.The assessment of pressure influence on discharge mechanism in non-homogenous electric field has been performed on the basis of empirical density distributions of discharge charges at different voltage levels,electrode distance,curvature of high voltage electrode and taking into account solid dielectric barrier in serial configuration.The measurement results obtained at variable voltage level yield the influence of electric field strength in the needle electrode zone.While increasing voltage,a deviation from normal distribution may be observed that reveals other forms of discharge.