Risk perception and communication: Lessons for the Food and Food Packaging Industry

Health risks are front-page news. Be it bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE), surface ozone, or radiation from transmitter stations or mobile phones, the popular press puts out a constant stream of risk warnings and sensational reports about potential health threats. This paper examines how the general public perceives and assesses such information when it comes to food and food packaging risks. In the first part, the basic components of food risks are discussed and then compared with the perceptions of these risks. The main emphasis is on the risks from food packaging. The term 'perception' as used in cognitive psychology applies to the mental processes through which a person takes in, deals with and assesses information from the environment (physical and communicative) via the senses. The last part of the paper deals with the consequences of risk assessment and risk perception for risk management and risk communication.     

对位聚芳酰胺纸热压工艺研究

聚芳酰胺纸湿纸页成形后,需要经过热压光作用来提升其各项性能,如机械强度、绝缘性能、平滑度等。本实验通过正交实验研究聚芳酰胺纸的热压工艺,并利用扫描电镜研究了不同热压条件下纸页微观形态,最终确定了聚芳酰胺纸的优化热压条件:热压温度260℃,压力16MPa;预热温度100℃;辊速1.5m/min;次数1次。     

Media advocacy and newspaper coverage of tobacco issues: a comparative analysis of 1 year's print news in the United States and Australia.

Tobacco control advocates now recognize the value of influencing news coverage of tobacco; news coverage influences attitudes and behavior as well as policy progression. It is, however, difficult to assess the progress of such efforts within a single national and temporal context. Our data represent the first systematic international comparison of press coverage of tobacco issues. Tobacco articles from major daily newspapers in Australia (12 newspapers; 1,188 articles) and the United States (30 newspapers; 1,317 articles) were collected over 1 year (2001). The analysis shows that coverage in the two countries was similarly apportioned between hard news (>70%) and opinion pieces. Similarly, stories in both countries were most likely to recount positive events. The substantive focus of coverage, however, differed, as did the expression of hostile opinion toward tobacco control efforts (United States, 4%; Australia, 7.1%). Although secondhand smoke and education, cessation, and prevention efforts were covered widely in both settings, these topics dominated coverage in Australia (29.2%) more than in the United States (17.6%), where a more diffuse set of tobacco topics gained relative prominence. The difference in policy conditions seems to offer contrasting opportunities for advocates in the two countries to use newspapers to promote helpful tobacco control messages for both behavior and policy change.     

Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed

Demand for oil extracted by cold press, such as rapeseed oil, is increasing, but oil extraction yield, and nutraceuticals content are lower for cold pressed oil, compared with oil extracted by solvent. In this study, rapeseed was treated with microwaves, to investigate the possibility of enhancing oil extraction yield, oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content. Rapeseed was pretreated with microwaves for two different times (2 min and 4 min) and oil was then extracted with a press. To compare the results, oil was also extracted from untreated rapeseed by solvent and press. Results showed that solvent-extracted oil had the highest phytosterol content. Microwave pretreatment of rapeseed can increase the oil extraction yield (by 10%), phytosterols (by 15%) and tocopherols (by 55%) of the oil extracted by press. Oil extracted from untreated rapeseed by press had the lowest oxidative stability (1 h); this was increased to 8 h by pretreatment of rapeseed with microwaves. Therefore, from the obtained results, it is advisable to treat rapeseed with microwaves before extraction by oil press, because it gives a relatively good recovery of oil, with a high amount of nutraceuticals, and can produce oil with a longer shelf life and enhanced value.     

现代纸机压榨部振动及减振方法的研究

研究造纸机械振动的最理想目标是能采用有效方法对其进行控制。压榨部作为造纸机关键部件之一,对其减振显得尤为重要。文章针对当前国内外高速纸机普遍仅停留于振动监测、故障诊断及采用预知维修方案阶段的现状,在了解压榨部结构特征的基础上,分析其产生振动的原因,提出了相应的减振方法,如降低激励力力幅、隔振、阻振、调谐等被动减振方法和主动减振方法,并从振动理论的角度加以分析。理论研究表明,被动减振方法简单、易行;主动减振方法具有较好的减振效果,且较被动减振方法具有更强的适用性。     

棉织物耐久压烫整理的昨天与今天（二）

3．1．2 释放甲醛的测定及降低途径目前,染整行业使用以甲醛为基础的整理剂(或交联剂),生产出符合生态要求的纺织品,这是化学整理工艺技术研究和不断开发低甲醛整理剂的综合结果所致。其中已工业化应用降低释放甲醛的有效途径,可归纳如下:(1)选用合适的N-羟甲基化合物(或交联剂);     

棉织物耐久压烫整理的昨天与今天（一）

本文介绍了棉织物耐久压烫整理的发展过程,包括当今流行的“不皱”或“形态稳定”形状记忆”整理,其中特别对整理中的生态学要求,即整理织物上释放甲醛的限量、降低织物上释放甲醛途径和测定,以及新整理剂品种的开发、织物后焙烘法、服装整理等作了详细的论述。     

Press coverage of public expenditure of Master Settlement Agreement funds: how are non-tobacco control related expenditures represented?

Objective: To examine newspaper reports of Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) allocation decisions outside of tobacco control, focusing on the arguments being put forth in favour of competing claims on MSA funds. The major aims were to identify newsworthy non-tobacco control areas for which MSA funds have been applied and to examine how non-tobacco control spending has been presented through the US press.

Design: A qualitative textual analysis was performed on 94 articles taken from a sample of 322 newspapers over a 12 month period (October 2000 through September 2001) that related to the allocation of MSA funds to non-tobacco control causes. Articles were coded for general content areas of MSA allocation as well as for rhetorical and framing devices employed to explain and justify allocation decisions.

Main outcome measures: (1) Areas of non-tobacco control allocation; (2) rhetorical devices and framing techniques employed in the articles to discuss the allocation.

Results: The analysis identified a wide variety of issues for which MSA funds were being appropriated. Three main frames emerged in relation to justifying or appealing for particular spending decisions: (1) funds should be allocated to the needy and/or the deserving; (2) funds should be spent on state development; (3) funds should be put towards helping the state weather a crisis. Claims for each such issue were made using strategies such as presenting the MSA funds as a "windfall", focusing coverage on the merits of the cause rather than the issue of resource allocation, and stressing links between the particular claim and the stated objectives of the MSA.

Conclusions: Press coverage of MSA non-tobacco control spending suggests that the funds have been quickly formulated as fodder for state spending, rather than to support tobacco control efforts. Thus, caution is required in pursuing settlements with the industry where the objective is better funding for tobacco control efforts, particularly in light of the possibility that press coverage of MSA allocation may actually serve as positive publicity for the tobacco industry.

     

大学出版社体制改革的难点与思路

大学出版社作为中国出版业的重要组成部分,在体制改革中具有典型性和特殊性。从总体上看,大学出版社的改革起步较晚,但改革步伐已经迈开且发展势头强劲。目前,业界对大学出版走产业化道路基本给予认同,笔者针对大学出版社改革过程中的难点,如管理体制改革、人员过渡等,提出三点思路。     

新闻纸厂胶粘物组分的分离与分析

对新闻纸厂网前筛筛板上的沉积胶粘物进行了分离与分析.结果表明,以聚醋酸乙烯酯和聚丙烯酸酯为代表的人工合成聚合物以及机械浆中的木材树脂是产生胶粘物的根本来源,但它们在胶粘物沉积中的含量只有约5%.胶粘物沉积中大部是无粘性的碳酸钙和细小纤维,说明碳酸钙等物质会与具有粘性的树脂类物质粘附在一起形成大量的沉积物.     

纸浆模塑制品生产工艺及其自动生产设备

介绍纸浆模塑制品生产工艺及其自动生产设备。纸浆模塑制品自动生产设备采用吸浆成型和导热油加热定型，用PLC可编程控制器实现了顺序动作循环。设备不仅适合于生产纸浆模塑餐具，还可以适合于生产工业包装制品。     

Utilization of Dried Apple Pomace as a Press Aid to Improve the Quality of Strawberry, Raspberry, and Blueberry Juices

ABSTRACT: We analyzed the effects of press aids on strawberry, raspberry, and blueberry juice quality and evaluated the effectiveness of dried apple pomace as an alternative press aid. Juice yields with apple pomace were similar to the yields from using rice hulls and paper. Triangle difference tests showed that there were differences between the berry juices pressed with conventional press aid to the berry juices pressed with apple pomace press aid, and paired comparison preference tests showed that the berry juices pressed with apple pomace were preferred. Flavor analysis using gas chromatography-olfactometry indicated possible off-flavors being extracted from rice hulls, such as indole and 4-vinylguaical, and from paper, such as (Z)-2-octenal and 2-nonenal, into the berry juices.     

胶印机输墨系统的动态性能研究

采用计算机仿真的方法对胶印机输墨系统的动态性能进行了研究.通过对输墨系统的离散化处理,实现了连续输墨系统的计算机仿真计算,建立了求解响应时间和稳定时间的数学模型,并深入研究了系统的稳定时间与图文覆盖率的关系.计算结果表明,输墨系统的响应时间相对于系统是固定的,与印版上的图文分布无关,系统的稳定时间随着图文覆盖率的减小而明显增长.     

Rapid method for determining water-holding capacity in meat using video image analysis and simple formulae

To accelerate measurement of the water-holding capacity (WHC) of meat by the press method, video image analysis (VIA) and formulae were investigated. The areas of meat and meat liquid on filter paper were little affected by changes in the operating conditions of the VIA system. VIA is associated with greater repeatability, less variation due to operators and was less time consuming than planimetry. When VIA was applied to a variety of fresh meats (beef, pork, chicken and duck meat), it was possible to measure the areas of meat and liquid on filter paper under a translucent plastic plate, immediately after pressing, without drawing an outline of the meat area. VIA was also able to measure cooked meat. Drying on filter paper decreased the areas of meat and liquid slightly but hardly changed the meat/liquid area ratio. The meat/liquid area ratio was correlated (P < 0.01, r = 0.92) with the WHC measurements obtained by conventional formulae including sample moisture. VIA combined with mmeat/liquid ratio is a rapid stable and efficient technique for measuring WHC by the press method.     

Comparing the impact of high pressure,pulsed electric field and thermal pasteurization on quality attributes of cloudy apple juice using targeted and untargeted analyses

The impact of low-oxygen spiral-filter press technology combined with thermal pasteurization (TP), pulsed electric field (PEF) and high pressure processing (HPP) on cloudy apple juice quality was investigated immediately after the treatments and after 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Based on equivalent levels of microbial safety and desired shelf-life, low and high processing intensities were selected: TP (72 °C/15 s; 85 °C/30 s), PEF (12.5 kV/cm, 76.4 kJ/L; 12.3 kV/cm, 132.5 kJ/L), and HPP (400 MPa/3 min; 600 MPa/3 min). High intensity thermal treatment resulted in a bright, yellowish color which was maintained during storage. PPO and POD activities were largely reduced by high intensity PEF and TP yet showed high resistance to HPP. The highest vitamin C content was provided by fresh juice followed by PEF-treated juices. Due to oxidative degradation reactions, vitamin C of all treated samples significantly decreased during storage. Immediately after processing, high cloud stability values were obtained in all samples; however, cloud stability decreased during storage particularly for HPP juices with high residual PME. No significant changes were observed in pH, titratable acidity, organic acid and sugar content which also corresponded to sweet and sour taste. Results from untargeted volatile profiles showed that esters increased after PEF and were better retained after HPP. Contrary to TP treatment where ester degradation reactions occurred together with the formation of off-flavors. Most of the volatiles decreased during storage which could be linked to oxidation and ester hydrolysis reactions.Industrial relevanceBeing one of the most popular fruit juices consumed worldwide, cloudy apple juice can still undergo quality changes such as color degradation, cloud loss (fast sedimentation) and flavor changes during processing and storage. This study evaluates the potential of low-oxygen spiral-filter press in combination with different preservation technologies to obtain a maximal quality of cloudy apple juice. Results showed that high intensity thermal pasteurization can effectively inactivate quality-degrading enzymes, therefore it is useful to obtain an optimal cloudy apple juice product in terms of color and cloud stability. Although HPP has minimal impact on aroma of the juice, shelf-life of the juice may be limited due to incomplete enzyme inactivation. In the case of PEF treatment, thermal effects may contribute to maintain apple juice quality.     

新纸机压榨部采用靴型压榨--LWC改造项目国际新技术消化吸收

本文叙述了几家外商推荐的靴型压榨结构和多种设计方案，比较了它和辊式压榨在脱水性能和对产品质量所产生影响的区别，以及比较了四辊或五辊三压区的第三压区采用靴型压榨的方案和直通式二道或一道靴型压榨方案。采用什么方案，要从品种、车速、机台整体水平、对产品质量的要求，做一全面衡量来选择。     

Juice extraction from apples and other fruits and vegetables

Presses are the usual and traditional method of removing juice from fruit and vegetable materials. However, recently diffusion extraction, centrifugation, and specialized ultrafiltration techniques have been explored and have been exploited commercially to a limited extent. Yield efficiency diagrams that relate juice yields to mash feed rates provide a mechanism for comparing presses and other processes such as enzyme treatments or decanter centrifuges for efficiency under a stated set of circumstances. Diffusion extraction is capable of removing 90 to 94% of soluble solids from properly prepared apple slices, but the resulting juice is diluted with extraction water and is high in extracted tannins. Concentration is necessary to obtain juice solids equivalency, and the resulting juice has sour/astringent flavors that must be removed with tannin absorbants to provide acceptable flavor. Currently, decanter centifuges are used commercially and have provided an alternative to presses under certain circumstances. When naturally colored and flavored (unoxidized) juices are desired, the decanter provides a useful alternative to presses because it is easily inert gas blanketed. Utilization of a metallic ultrafilter as a press has been patented but has not achieved commercial utilization. The technical literature describing the application of these juice extraction juices, primarily to apples, is reviewed extensively.     

发酵酸菜的研究及其进展

酸菜是我国蔬菜加工产品中产量较多的一种, 主要以各种蔬菜为主要原料, 通过微生物发酵作用制成的一种发酵食品。它不仅保留了蔬菜原有的营养成分如维生素C、氨基酸以及膳食纤维等营养物质, 而且还含有乳酸菌等功能性微生物。微生物发酵对酸菜的质量、风味等有着重要的影响。因此, 探讨酸菜发酵的机制及其发酵过程中微生物的多样性、营养成分、风味物质以及其他化学物质的变化具有重要的意义。根据近些年的研究结果, 本文对酸菜发酵机制、发酵过程中微生物多样性及营养成分研究等现状进行了综述, 并提出发酵酸菜微生物资源发掘及其规模化生产的发展方向。     

Novel approaches to assess the quality of fertility data stored in dairy herd management software

Scientific journals and popular press magazines are littered with articles in which the authors use data from dairy herd management software. Almost none of such papers include data cleaning and data quality assessment in their study design despite this being a very critical step during data mining. This paper presents 2 novel data cleaning methods that permit identification of animals with good and bad data quality. The first method is a deterministic or rule-based data cleaning method. Reproduction and mutation or life-changing events such as birth and death were converted to a symbolic (alphabetical letter) representation and split into triplets (3-letter code). The triplets were manually labeled as physiologically correct, suspicious, or impossible. The deterministic data cleaning method was applied to assess the quality of data stored in dairy herd management from 26 farms enrolled in the herd health management program from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University, Belgium. In total, 150,443 triplets were created, 65.4% were labeled as correct, 17.4% as suspicious, and 17.2% as impossible. The second method, a probabilistic method, uses a machine learning algorithm (random forests) to predict the correctness of fertility and mutation events in an early stage of data cleaning. The prediction accuracy of the random forests algorithm was compared with a classical linear statistical method (penalized logistic regression), outperforming the latter substantially, with a superior receiver operating characteristic curve and a higher accuracy (89 vs. 72%). From those results, we conclude that the triplet method can be used to assess the quality of reproduction data stored in dairy herd management software and that a machine learning technique such as random forests is capable of predicting the correctness of fertility data.     

Comparison of different methods for measuring water holding capacity and juiciness of pork versus on-line screening methods

The extent to which water holding capacity (WHC) techniques: filter paper press method, drip loss and filter paper method, are related to the sensory juiciness appreciation of pork was studied. Additionally four on-line methods: pH1, FOP1 (light scattering), PQM1 (conductivity) and DDLT (Double Density Light Transmission), were evaluated for their ability to predict WHC and juiciness scores. One-hundred and twenty samples of m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum, from animals of different genotypes, were involved in this study. Only WHC results, determined by the filter paper press method, were significantly correlated with juiciness scores (r=−0.24). The results of the filter paper method, either by weighing or visual judging, could not be predicted by the on-line methods. The results of the filter paper press method (F.p.p.-RZ) and drip loss were slightly better correlated with DDLT (respectively, r=0.56 and 0.45) than with PQM1 (r=0.51 and 0.36), FOP1 (r=0.48 and 0.34) and pH1 (r=0.41 and 0.34), although the standard error of estimate of the linear regressions was similar for the four on-line methods. Unfortunately, the on-line techniques incorrectly predicted several WHCs. Juiciness was slightly or not related to the on-line methods. The DDLT technique, which is analogous to the CGM (Capteur Gras/Maigre), an officially accepted carcass grading apparatus in France and Belgium, is as good or better than the classical on-line instruments: pH, FOP and PQM, in predicting WHC.