单晶硅超精密切削的刀具磨损试验研究

针对单晶硅超精密切削过程中金刚石刀具磨损问题,对单晶硅进行超精密车削试验。通过观察金刚石刀具磨损演变过程,分析刀具的磨损过程对表面加工质量的影响,得到刀具磨损机理。结果表明,在超精密切削单晶硅过程中,随着切削距离的增加,刀具磨损面积逐渐增加,加工过程中产生的碳化硅及类似金刚石碳颗粒与刀具后刀面发生划擦造成磨粒磨损;同时,由于交变载荷作用导致的应力疲劳现象,进而伴有解理断裂产生。当切削路程小于4km时,加工表面的粗糙度Ra值在200nm以内,切削路程大于8km时,表面粗糙度Ra值在350nm~400nm之间。     

金刚石涂层刀具铣削氧化锆义齿性能研究

氧化锆陶瓷义齿不论从材料的切削加工性,还是从义齿的结构特点上,对刀具的切削性能及寿命都有极高的要求。本文先对立铣刀加工预烧结氧化锆义齿的特点进行分析,得出义齿在加工中的失效主要是由切削冲击、过切和欠切引起的,然后通过刀具的寿命试验和磨损试验对金刚石涂层刀具和TiAlN涂层刀具进行了寿命、磨损的对比分析。在试验分析的过程中通过超景深显微镜对后刀面磨损带宽度和铣削距离进行记录,通过扫描电镜等仪器分析了两种不同涂层材料刀具加工后的前、后刀面磨损形貌和刀具的磨损机理。最终得出在磨钝标准:VB为0.1 mm的情况下,金刚石涂层刀具的寿命约是TiAlN涂层刀具的6.5倍,在切削过程中发生的主要磨损为磨粒磨损、化学磨损和冲蚀磨损。     

利用切削加工的刀具磨损精细加工金刚石单晶

金刚石单晶(SCD)具有优越的特性，其硬度极高，作为切削刀具对其精密加工是必不可少的。SCD金刚石作为产品在实际中使用时，必须加工成要求的形状。为了获得SCD的块状模型，通常广泛采用金刚石粉末加以抛光，但这种方法既不经济又太费时。为了使微切削加工用SCD获得要求的形状，本研究则利用切削过程中的刀具磨损，通过实验探讨以铁基材料精密加工SCD。研究发现，铁基材料可去除和抛光SCD，尽管SCD的硬度远远高于铁基材料。对去除率进行了测定，所加工的金刚石表面粗糙度相当于工业加工金刚石，而且比激光加工表面粗糙度要好得多。     

PCD和CVD金刚石刀具切削性能对比及失效机理初探

通过切削实验,观察切削前后刀具的表面和刃口形貌、金刚石刀片组成成分、以及被加工工件表面粗糙度,比较两种刀具的切削性能,探讨其失效机理。结果表明:在同等条件下,CVD金刚石刀具的切削性能要明显优于PCD刀具。在车削过程中,PCD刀具的失效机理主要是结合剂与被加工材料中化学成分发生化学反应使结合剂流失,导致刀具结构疏松,从而导致磨粒团脱落。CVD刀具的失效机理为产生变质层磨损。切削过程中随着加工时间的进一步延长,切削区温度不断升高,当达到热化学反应温度时,就会在刀具表面形成变质层,从而带来切削过程中刀具的磨损;同时高温状态下CVD金刚石的晶界疲劳破坏,也可能会造成CVD金刚石刀具的磨损失效。     

CFRP切削加工中刀具磨损研究进展

从不同类基体材料的未涂层、涂层刀具2个方面,综述了CFRP切削加工用刀具的磨损部位及形式。现有研究均以宏、微观实验观测为主,宏观上,磨损位置以后刀面磨损及切削刃钝化最为常见;微观上表现为纤维硬质点与刀具间摩擦所致的磨粒磨损,随着切削温度、速度的提高,同时伴有粘着、氧化磨损。整体来说,金刚石类刀具耐磨性表现最佳,尤其适用于连续切削加工的场合。高强、高硬纤维高频刮擦作用下的磨粒、疲劳磨损仍是该类刀具磨损的主要威胁。当前所采用的辅助工艺(冷却气体、微量润滑、超声振动等)、涂层材料改性、微结构等方法,在一定程度上改善了摩擦条件,抑制了刀具磨损,但仍难以满足CFRP连续高质高效加工需求。可见,如何从微纳观多尺度方向深入研究金刚石类刀具的磨损机理及抑制策略,是CFRP高质高效加工的亟需。     

CN1751848高效低廉的高精度金刚石刀具机械刃磨加工方法

高效低廉的高精度金刚石刀具机械刃磨加工方法，它属于超精密切削加工技术领域。为解决金刚石刀具的制备比较困难的问题，本发明按照下述步骤进行：调节金刚石刀具机械刃磨机床平衡；研磨盘工作表面经过精车成形后进行精细抛光，然后涂覆金刚石磨粒；对研磨机床主轴系统进行精细动平衡；装卡金刚石刀具，刀体卡具调水平；打开气源，开启金刚石刀具刃磨机床电源，调节机床主轴转速；调整前刀面刃磨方向为易磨方向，并调节刀具前角；在主轴工作转速为1800—2500r／min、研磨压力为金刚石刀具装卡系统自重的条件下刃磨刀具。本发明具有刃磨工艺简单、     

聚晶金刚石刀具磨损研究综述

研究刀具的磨损机理及磨损规律，对于改善切削加工的工艺参数，提高刀具的耐用度和加工生产率，研制新型的刀具材料以及合理地选择刀具材料，提高被加工工件的表面质量，具有一定的理论与实际意义，本文在国内外关于聚晶金刚石刀具磨损机理研究的基础上，详细阐述了聚晶金刚石刀具的磨损形态，磨损成因以及磨损规律，同时提出了该研究领域目前仍然存在急待解决的问题。     

金刚石涂层刀具加工石墨的切削性能

为充分对比不同类型金刚石涂层刀具的切削性能,定制几种不同类型金刚石涂层刀具进行等静压石墨切削加工,并与WC硬质合金刀具和TiAlN涂层刀具的切削情况对比,分析不同类型金刚石涂层刀具的涂层形貌、切削寿命、加工后的表面质量以及切削力。结果表明:制备的金刚石涂层刀具的涂层形貌主要为纳米晶和微晶,其寿命是硬质合金和TiAlN涂层刀具的10倍以上,且几种不同类型的金刚石涂层刀具寿命差异较小;金刚石涂层表面的晶粒细化可以降低加工表面的粗糙度和切削力,涂层脱落是金刚石刀具的主要磨损形式。      

切削难加工材料的解决方案——PCD和CBN刀具

聚晶金刚石（PCD）刀具和立方氮化硼（CBN）刀具为难加工材料的切削难题提供了解决方案。对切削刀具材料中这两种先进概念刀具的加工挑战已尽人皆知。不同设计的CBN刀具被用于对淬硬黑色金属进行连续或断续切削,以及切削加工焊接金属和复合金属。而PCD刀具被广泛应用于铣削有色金属、复合材料、塑料以及极其难加工的超级合金。     

加工光电零件模具用超精金刚石刀具

采用超精金刚石刀具的超精加工是一种能实现纳米级尺寸精度及表面粗糙度的加工技术。最近，超精加工技术已在光电、生物领域用精密模具的加工中得到了应用。超精金刚石刀具是实现模具超精加工的关键要素之一。     

Using PCD for machining CGI with a CO2 coolant system

Polycrystalline diamond is widely used as a economic cutting material for machining non-ferrous materials such as aluminum. It is perceived that diamond cannot be used for cutting ferrous materials due to the high affinity of carbon to iron. Nevertheless, under certain conditions it is possible to use diamond materials for cutting ferrous metals. In order to avoid graphitization of the diamond matrix, it is necessary to keep the cutting temperature below the critical level of diamond graphitization. This paper presents the influence of a cryogenic CO₂ coolant strategy on the cutting process using PCD tools for cutting high strength compacted graphite iron (CGI). Investigations show, that tool wear behavior strongly correlates with the cutting speed, the cutting forces, cutting temperatures, and surface roughness of the workpiece. The test results show, that the tool life of PCD for cutting cast iron is dependent on the diamond grain size, the binder material, and the cutting parameters.     

PCBN刀具切削性能和磨损机理研究综述

聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀具是继聚晶金刚石刀具之后的又一种超硬刀具,以其独特的“以车代磨”、“硬态加工”、“干式切削”等方式被誉为21世纪的绿色环保刀具。PCBN刀具在金属切削方面具有广泛的应用,主要用来加工各种淬硬钢、耐磨铸铁等铁基材料。本文介绍了PCBN刀具成分、几何形状、切削参数等对其切削性能的影响,在此基础上分析了不同材料加工时刀具的主要磨损机理,还简单对比了硬质合金和PCBN刀具切削性能上的差异。      

Tool wear mechanisms and tool life enhancement in ultra-precision machining of titanium

Titanium and its alloys are generally considered as difficult-to-machine materials due to their poor thermal conductivity and high strength, which is maintained at elevated temperatures. This paper examines the tool wear mechanisms involved in ultra-precision machining of titanium. In this study single-crystal diamond tools were used to machine commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Industrial expectations for surface quality and tool life based on optical grade applications are presented. Results obtained from the characterization of the tool, chip and workpiece led to the identification of graphitization as the mechanism that initiates tool wear. As the cutting edge rounds-off due to graphitization the rate of adhesion of the workpiece material onto the tool increased, which caused the quality of the surface finish to deteriorate. To reduce this wear mechanism a protective barrier made of Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) polymer, was explored. Tribometer studies with PFPE coated diamond tools and titanium pins showed a reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF). Subsequent machining tests using PFPE coated diamond tools showed promising results in extending the tool life and enhancing the surface quality to a point where Ti can now be considered as a viable option for applications involving optical grade surfaces.     

A study of the diamond tool wear suppression mechanism in vibration-assisted machining of steel

Inability of machining steel strongly inhibits the application of diamond machining in manufacturing industry, especially in the fields of ultra-precision and micro machining. In recent years, vibration-assisted machining (VAM) has been proved to be capable of efficiently suppressing the diamond tool wear in cutting steel. Currently, the prevailing speculation claimed by most researchers for such suppression is that the tool–workpiece flash temperature was reduced in VAM, which would slow the chemical reaction between iron on steel and carbon on diamond. However, the correctness of this speculation has not been proved by any experimental or theoretical research. In this paper, in order to understand the true wear suppression mechanism of diamond tools in VAM of steel, a study is conducted by measuring the workpiece temperatures and modeling the cutting energy consumption in both VAM and conventional cutting (CC). Based on the comparison results, it is concluded that the cutting temperature and energy consumption in VAM are not smaller than in CC, and hence the reduced diamond tool wear in VAM should not be caused by the claimed reduced temperature, especially when the material removal rate is very small. Finally, based on the EDS analysis and the comparison of experimental results under different air pressure, two probable reasons are proposed for the significantly reduced diamond tool wear in VAM of steel: (i) increase of gas pressure at the tool–workpiece interface and (ii) generation of an oxide layer on the freshly machined surface.     

Development of monitoring system on the diamond tool wear

Recently, ultra-precision machining using a single crystal diamond tool has been developing very rapidly, especially in the fields of production processes for optical or magnetic parts such as magnetic discs, laser mirrors, polygon mirrors and copier drums. As a result, it has been successfully extended to machine various soft materials, generating mirror-like surfaces to sub-micron geometric accuracy with the ultra-precision CNC machine and the single crystal diamond tool. With the real cutting operation, the geometric accuracy and the surface finish attainable in machined surfaces are mainly determined by both of the sharpness of a cutting tool and stability of the machine vibration. In this study, for monitoring the progress of machining state for assuring the machining accuracy and the surface quality, a new monitoring method of machining states in face-cutting with diamond tool is proposed, using the frequency response of multi-sensors signal, which includes wear state of tool in terms of the energy within the specific frequency band. A magnetic disc is machined on the ultra-precision lathe.     

Performance evaluation of pure CBN tools for machining of steel

Ultra-precision machining is one of the most important machining technologies for the manufacture of precision dies and molds. Typically, single point diamond cutting tools are used to machine molds which are coated with electroless nickel (NiP) for such applications. The high cost of diamond cutters and electroless nickel plating, coupled with problems of pre-mature failure of the coating in service and long lead time are negative factors in this approach. Hence, there is a strong need for the direct ultra-precision machining of mold steel and to develop relevant technologies to address the problem of tool wear. In the machining of alloy steel, cubic boron nitride (CBN) has long been used as an ideal cutting tool material but recently binderless CBN or pure CBN (PCBN) with superior mechanical properties has been developed by Sumitomo Electric Industries in Japan. The objective of this paper is to explore the feasibility of using PCBN tools for direct ultra-precision machining of Stavax, a type of alloy steel from ASSAB. The performance characteristics in terms of surface roughness and tool wear of PCBN (Sumitomo IZ900) and conventional CBN (Sumitomo BN600) under different machining conditions were studied and their results were compared. Based on the experimental results, PCBN has been found to perform better in terms of wear resistance compared to conventional CBN tool. It is also able to achieve near mirror finish of less than 30 nm R_a, and hence it appears to be a promising tool for direct cutting of die and mold materials.     

Analysis of the manufacturing chain of CVD diamond coated shaft type cutting tools

Hypereutectic aluminium silicon alloys, e.g. casted AlSi17Cu4Mg, are commonly used in the automotive and aeronautical industries. These alloys consist of hard, abrasive silicon particles in a soft aluminium matrix and thus place high mechanical loads on the tool during machining processes. Polycrystalline Diamond or CVD (chemical vapour deposition) diamond based cutting tools can be used for the high speed machining of these alloys due to their high hardness and wear resistance. Diamond thin film coatings of different film morphologies are commonly applied on cemented carbide tools using Hot Filament CVD. The distinguishing characteristic to other coatings is utmost hardness resulting in high resistance to abrasion, low tendency to adhesion and low friction coefficient. The manufacturing of CVD diamond coated shaft type cutting tools is challenging due to the complex design of the cutting edges and the demanding stress behaviour during tool application. The influencing parameters of substrate type, chemical and mechanical substrate pre-treatment as well as diamond film modification on the tool cutting performance are discussed. The manufacturing route of CVD diamond coated thread milling drills is analysed with the use of material and tribological tests. The complex thread manufacturing tools are then applied in the machining of AlSi17Cu4Mg, whereby the tool performance is characterised with respect to their wear behaviour, the process forces and temperatures as well as the workpiece quality.     

Temperature of internally-cooled diamond-coated tools for dry-cutting titanium

The role of cutting fluids is well known for the importance of removing heat from the cutting edge, lubricating the sliding chip contact and transporting the metal chips away from the cutting zone. Dry machining leads to increased cutting temperatures and higher wear rates resulting in shorter tool life; this is particularly evident in the cutting of high strength materials. Diamond coated cutting inserts are not usually considered for machining titanium due to rapid oxidation of the coating at the temperatures typical of titanium machining. This paper examines the formation of hot-spots on the rake face during dry and near-dry turning of titanium using conventional cemented carbide inserts. Machining performance is assessed by measurement of tool wear and tool life. Trials with an internally cooled tool with a specially designed, diamond coated insert have shown that the heat from the cutting operation can be rapidly diffused over the entire surface of the insert and thus successfully drawn away from the tool via closed loop recirculation of coolant through the tool holder. This enables wear to be inhibited by management of rake face temperature to keep it below the critical temperatures at which these prominent wear mechanisms operate. Measurements of change in coolant temperature before and after circulation are used to quantify the heat removed from the cutting process. The low friction coefficient and high thermal conductivity of diamond, assisted by the indirect cooling, results in longer tool life whilst maintaining high standards of surface finish.     

Fundamental investigation of ultra-precision ductile machining of tungsten carbide by applying elliptical vibration cutting with single crystal diamond

This paper presents essential investigations on the feasibility of ductile mode machining of sintered tungsten carbide assisted by ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting technology. It lays out the foundations toward efficient application of elliptical vibration cutting technology on tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide is a crucial material for glass molding in the optics manufacturing industry. Its grain size and binder material have significant influence not only on the mechanical and chemical properties but also on the machining performance of tungsten carbide. In order to investigate the influence of material composition on tungsten carbide machining, a series of grooving and planing experiments were conducted utilizing single crystal diamond tools. The experimental results indicated that as compared to ordinary cutting where finished surface deteriorates seriously, ductile mode machining can be attained successfully by applying the elliptical vibration cutting technique. It was also clarified that the binder material, the grain size, cutting/vibration conditions as well as crystal orientation of the diamond tool have significant influence on the tool life and the machined surface quality. Based on these fundamental results, feasibility of micro/nano-scale fabrication on tungsten carbide is investigated. By applying amplitude control sculpturing method, where depth of cut is arbitrary changed by controlling the vibration amplitude while machining, ultra-precision textured grooves and a dimple pattern were successfully sculptured on tungsten carbide in ductile mode.     

石墨烯涂层刀具的研究现状

针对高效干式切削加工中润滑能力不足,将自润滑性能优良的石墨烯粒子原位生长或者以复合材料的形式沉积于硬质合金刀具基体表面,有望弥补传统干切削中刀具使用寿命和加工性能偏低的不足。介绍了石墨烯材料在金属切削刀具领域中的研究和应用的现状,解读使用不同的工艺制备方法获得原生石墨烯涂层或者石墨烯复合超硬材料,并用其进行金属切削加工和摩擦磨损的试验。结果表明：石墨烯涂层刀具具备优良的润滑性能,能有效降低刀具的摩擦因数和磨损率,提高其使用寿命。