变速搅拌混沌混合的PIV试验研究

针对搅拌槽内部的流体混合在湍流状态不成问题,但当流体处于层流状态下如何提高混合效率的实际问题,为提高层流状态下搅拌槽内流体的混合效率,采用混沌混合使叶轮以变转速做周期性运动。利用粒子图像测速技术对层流搅拌槽变速混沌混合流场进行试验研究,对所测得的粒子图像采用相应图像处理软件处理,得到了六个不同角度处流体径向速度分布云图,并对比分析变速搅拌与常速搅拌混合流场速度分布曲线的不同。试验结果表明,叶轮变转速运动时,搅拌槽内径向速度范围宽,扰动区域大,说明变转速运动比常转速运动的搅拌混合效果好、搅拌效率高。所做研究对充分认识变速层流搅拌诱发混沌混合的机理,为大型层流混沌混合搅拌槽的设计提供指导性建议,具有重要理论意义及实际应用价值。     

Investigation of wave attenuation mechanism under the downstream backwater effect

Backwater effects on wave propagation are investigated experimentally and theoretically for various initial water depths, by discharging different inflow hydrographs into a rectangular channel. The wave is induced by a constituted inflow tank. Water depths are measured both in the tank and in three sections along the channel by means of a computerized recording system, consisting of conductivity type probes, a simple voltage divider circuit and a data acquisition card. Experiments are realized for five typical inflow hydrographs. Explicit and implicit finite differences approaches are used for numerical analysis to extract the pattern of wave peak variation by time and flow section. In consequences of experimental and theoretical analysis, wave attenuation mechanism is discussed depending on initial water depth and shape of the inflow hydrograph supplied.     

Experimental study on the impulsion port of a trochoidal wheeled pump

All positive displacement pumps produce a pulsating flow. The present paper reports the experimental measurement of steady flow pulsations in the outlet of the internal wheeled pump. In the measured flow, the manufacturing tolerance are responsible of part of the spectra of the whole pulsation. Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry technique has been used for this purpose. The flow pulsation measurement from a direct visualization of the velocity profile was carried out. The flow rate signal is derived from ad-hoc integration algorithm of the radial velocity profile, where the area discretization is a constant parameter that is relevant to minimize PIV errors by velocity gradients regions near the wall. Spectrographic analysis on the experimental data reveled low frequency components related with manufacturing tolerances. Measurements of this non-invasive procedure are compared with detailed CFD numerical results obtained from an improved gerotor model where manufacturing tolerances have been included. To be compared, cross-power spectral density analysis has been applied. The results reported in the paper show a method to provide a fast non-invasive flow pulsation measurement not only for pumps but also could be extended to compare aging effects of other kind of fluid power devices.     

Application of the submerged experimental velocity profiles for the sluice gate's stage-discharge relationship

Sluice gates have been widely used and intensively studied, however their submerged flow conditions still call for in depth attention. A large scale experimental setup equipped with Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry, ADV, and electromagnetic flow-meter was used to thoroughly investigate various aspects of the hydraulics of submerged sluice gate. In this study, new experimental data sets are provided, that help better understand and quantify the flow features for submerged sluice gates. According to the experimental data generic fitting are provided for the velocity profiles from which the velocity correction factors can be obtained. Then, the experimentally obtained submerged head loss coefficient is presented and discussed. The results of this study showed that current classical Energy-Momentum methods (EM) failed to accurately determine the flow rate for the cases of highly submergences, while employing the interaction of the energy correction factors and head loss values in the EM model would result in more accurate head-discharge estimation. The new data set provided in this work can be used effectively for the validation of numerical modeling of submerged sluice gates.     

Experimental and numerical study on a novel thermal mass flowmeter that is insensitive to radial flow velocity distribution

A novel thermal mass flowmeter (TMF) is proposed by improving the composition and structure of the probe in this study. An experimental setup was developed to compare the effects of installation angles on the measurement characteristics of the novel and traditional TMF (flow velocity range of 1.0–8.0 m/s), and three-dimensional numerical models were established to compare the effects of axial positions and insertion depths on the measurement characteristics of novel and traditional TMF (flow velocity range of 0.05–8.0 m/s). The experimental results show that when the installation angle changes from 0° to 90°, the maximum power variation of traditional TMF is 16.5%, while that of the novel TMF is only 0.6%. The simulation results show that when the axial position changes from 9 to 1 m, the maximum power variation of traditional TMF is 11.5%, while that of the novel TMF is only 3.8%. When the insertion depth of the velocity sensor translates from the pipe center to 0.10 m upward, the maximum power variation of traditional TMF is 91.6%. The novel TMF is installed by thread or flange compression, with a fixed and unique insertion depth of D/2, there is no change in the insertion depth during measurement. In conclusion, the effect of the flow velocity distribution on the measurement characteristics is significantly reduced in the novel TMF compared to the traditional TMF, the measurement results are more accurate.     

The effect of air velocity on slugs in a confined channel

The present work focuses on the study of slugs occurring in a two-phase flow of a confined rectangular channel: conditions of appearance and effect on the flow behavior. Three-dimensional numerical simulations have been carried out to examine the effect of superficial air velocity on flow behavior. The Volume Of Fluid model (VOF) is used to track the air-water interface. Validation of the numerical model is obtained by comparing the results of the simulated axial velocity with experimental data determined using the Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) technique. The numerical results revealed that for a fixed water level and superficial water velocity, higher superficial air velocities generate a slug flow that causes channel blockage. The position of these slugs and the timing of their occurrence were correlated in terms of air and water superficial Reynolds numbers.     

Effect of water temperature on air-core generation and disappearance during draining

Understanding the air-core development during the draining of liquid from a cylindrical tank is of particular interest because this phenomenon has multiple engineering applications. In this study, experiments are performed for draining water of different temperatures from a cylindrical tank. Results show that the air-core generation and disappearance during draining depend on the temperature of the water in the tank, in which the total draining time increases with the water temperature. A correlation is proposed to predict the water height with time during draining. A numerical study is then performed for some of the temperature cases. Numerical and correlation results show a good agreement with the experimental data. Findings show that viscosity plays an important role behind the mechanism of air-core generation and disappearance phenomena.     

LDV measurement,flow visualization and numerical analysis of flow distribution in a close-coupled catalytic converter

Results from an experimental study of flow distribution in a close-coupled catalytic converter (CCC) are presented. The experiments were carried out with a flow measurement system specially designed for this study under steady and transient flow conditions. A pitot tube was a tool for measuring flow distribution at the exit of the first monolith. The flow distribution of the CCC was also measured by LDV system and flow visualization. Results from numerical analysis are also presented. Experimental results showed that the flow uniformity index decreases as flow Reynolds number increases. In steady flow conditions, the flow through each exhaust pipe made some flow concentrations on a specific region of the CCC inlet. The transient test results showed that the flow through each exhaust pipe in the engine firing order, interacted with each other to ensure that the flow distribution was uniform. The results of numerical analysis were quali-tatively accepted with experimental results. They supported and helped explain the flow in the entry region of CCC.     

Analysis of turbulent flow through a square-sectioned duct with installed 90-degree elbow

This paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of the flow of air through a square-sectioned duct with installed bend. A special test stand was built which allowed testing two different bends with dimensionless mean radius values 2.01 and 1.5. To measure the volumetric flow rate, a measuring orifice plate was installed for control purposes. Additionally, numerical integration of the continuity equation, equations of motion, and equations of selected turbulence models was carried out using FLUENT. As a result of the numerical calculations, time-averaged velocity fields, pressures, and components of the turbulent stress tensor in a developing hydrodynamic flow through a square-sectioned duct with installed bend were determined. The numerical results obtained were subjected to detailed verification by comparison with experimental results obtained on the constructed test stand and those available in the literature.     

热泵热水器蓄热水箱的数值模拟与结构优化

利用ANSYS数值模拟软件中的ICEM和FLUENT模块对静态加热式热泵热水器蓄热水箱内温度场和速度场进行了模拟计算,研究分析了不同的盘管直径及位置对水箱内部速度场与温度场的变化的影响,在此基础上提出了一个有关于冷凝盘管结构改进的优化方案。     

Large-eddy simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a mixing tee junction

The temperature fluctuation caused by thermal striping phenomena of hot and cold fluids mixing results in cyclical thermal stress fatigue failure of the pipe wall. Mean temperature difference between hot and cold fluids was often used as thermal load in previous analysis of thermal fatigue failure, thereby the influences of the amplitude and frequency of temperature fluctuation on thermal fatigue failure were neglected. Based on the mechanism of flow and heat transfer which induces thermal fatigue, the turbulent mixing of hot and cold water in a tee junction is simulated with FLUENT platform by using the Large-eddy simulation(LES) turbulent flow model with the sub-grid scale(SGS) model of Smagorinsky-Lilly(SL) to capture the amplitude and frequency of temperature fluctuation. In a simulation case, hot water with temperature of 343.48 K and velocity of 0.15 m/s enters the horizontal main duct with the side length of 100 mm, while cold water with temperature of 296.78 K and velocity of 0.3 m/s enters the vertical branch duct with the side length of 50 mm. The numerical results show that the mean and fluctuating temperatures are in good agreement with the previous experimental data, which describes numerical simulation with high reliability and accuracy; the power spectrum density(PSD) on top wall is higher than that on bottom wall(as the frequency less than 1 Hz), while the PSD on bottom wall is relatively higher than that on top wall (as the frequency of 1-10Hz). The temperature fluctuations in full mixing region of the tee junction can be accurately captured by LES and can provide the theoretical basis for the thermal stress and thermal fatigue analyses.     

The effect of channel flow pattern on internal properties distribution of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for cathode starvation conditions

The effect of channel flow pattern on the internal properties distribution of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for cathode starvation conditions in a unit cell was investigated through numerical studies and experiments. The polarization curves of a lab-scale mixed serpentine PEMFC were measured with increasing current loads for different cell temperatures (40, 50, and 60°C) at a relative humidity of 100%. To study the local temperature on the membrane, the water content in the MEA, and the gas velocity in terms of the channel type of the PEMFC with operating characteristics, numerical studies using the es-pemfc module of STAR-CD, which have been matched to the experimental data, were conducted in detail. The water content and velocity at the cathode channel bend of the mixed serpentine channel were relatively higher than those at the single and double channels. Conversely, the local temperature and mean temperature on the membrane of a single serpentine channel were the highest among all channels. These results can be used to design the PEMFC system, the channel flow field, and the cooling device.     

Numerical simulation of fully developed flow and heat transfer characteristics in a curved tube with pulsating pressure gradient

Characteristics of fluid flow and convective heat transfer of a pulsating flow in a curved tube have been investigated numerically. The tube wall is assumed to be maintained at a uniform temperature peripherally in a fully developed pulsating flow region. The temperature and flow distributions over a cross-section of a curved tube with the associated velocity field need to be studied in detail. This problem is of particular interest in the design of Stirling engine heat exchangers and in understanding the blood flow in the aorta. The time-dependent, elliptic governing equations are solved, employing finite volume technique. The periodic steady state results are obtained for various governing dimensionless parameters, such as Womersley number, pulsation amplitude ration, curvature ratio and Reynolds number. The numerical results indicate that the phase difference between the pressure gradient and averaged axial velocity increases gradually up to π/2 as Womersley number increases. However, this phase difference is almost independent of the amplitude ratio of pulsation. It is also found that the secondary flow patterns are strongly affected by the curvature ratio and Reynolds number. These, in turn, give a strong influence on the convective heat transfer from the pipe wall to the pulsating flow. The results obtained lead to a better understanding of the underlying physical process and also provide input that may be used to design the relevant system. The numerical approach is discussed in detail, and the aspects that must be included for an accurate simulation are discussed.     

Experimental and computational studies on flow behavior around counter rotating blades in a double-spindle deck

Experimental and computational studies were performed to determine the effects of different blade designs on a flow pattern inside a double-spindle counter rotating mower deck. In the experimental study, two different blade models were tested by measuring air velocities using a forward-scatter LDV system. The velocity measurements were taken at several different azimuth and axial sections inside the deck. The measured velocity distributions clarified the air flow pattern caused by the rotating blades and demonstrated the effects of deck and blade designs. A high-speed video camera and a sound level meter were used for flow visualization and noise level measurement. In the computational works, two-dimensional blade shapes at several arbitrary radial sections have been selected for flow computations around the blade model. For three-dimensional computation applied a non-inertia coordinate system, a flow field around the entire three-dimensional blade shape is used to evaluate flow patterns in order to take radial flow interactions into account. The computational results were compared with the experimental results.     

A study of signal noise reduction of the mass air flow sensor using the flow conditioner on the air induction system of heavy-duty truck

The mass air flow meter is a critical sensor that works based on thermal hot wire technology, used to determine the fuel to be injected into the cylinder and calculate the fuel-air ratio. In order to measure the airflow rate accurately, the flow should be uniform and smooth upstream of the sensor. The flow disturbance with a short straight length upstream of the flow meter results in the noise of the sensor signal. This noise causes unstable mass flow measurement on the system. Flow conditioners can be used to smooth the velocity profile of the flow. In this study, experimental and numerical methods were used to characterize the performance and operating accuracy of the mass flow meter used in heavy-duty truck applications. The flow conditioners were implemented to smooth the velocity profile around the mass flow meter that was disrupted by bends. The flow structures with and without flow conditioner were examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to measure the time-averaged velocity. As well as the validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model provides data to understand the flow uniformity effect of the conditioner on the mass airflow (MAF) sensor. The optimization study was performed using a full factorial design of experiment (DOE) for flow conditioner design. A robust methodology was developed for the flow conditioner characteristics and mass airflow sensor implementation on the air induction system.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of velocity distribution in a compound meandering channel with double layered rigid vegetated flood plains

Vegetation is one of the major topographic features that is encountered along and across the margins and flood plains of many rivers systems. This vegetation creates a most complex flow mechanism in the compound river bed channels; therefore, a detailed analysis is required to observe the flow and vegetation interactions to understand the hydrodynamic aspects in the river systems. This paper studies the effect of double-layered rigid vegetation in a meandering channel on the flow characteristics at two relative depth conditions, of 0.34, 0.45 which creates an alternate emergent and submerged flow situation. The three-dimensional velocity distribution was captured using micro-ADV. The concept of two relative depth conditions allowed us to capture record and classify the velocity zones between the short and tall vegetation. Compared to the flow in the main channel, flood plains registered relatively lower velocity values due to the resistance offered by the vegetation along the flood plains, which consequently led to the increase in main channel flow velocities. Velocities compared to the non-vegetated meandering channels; the highest velocity readings were recorded at the centerline of the main channel. Numerical analysis was also conducted using the CFD codes in fluent. The vegetation geometry is modelled as cylindrical dowels of diameter 10 mm and two-variable heights of 7.5 cm and 15 cm at two relative depth flow conditions. The experimental results were numerically compared using the k-ϵ model along with grid sensitivity tests. The final simulated numerical results were found to be close and in good agreement with experimental values.     

Discharge equation of semi-circular side weirs: An experimental study

Side weirs are diverting structures and usually used for diverting and controlling the water flow into the side open channel. The present study deals with an experimental study regarding the hydraulic performance of side weirs with semi-circular vertical sections along the main channel. As flow depth of the main channel increases the top flow width of the semi-circular side weir (SCSW) increases which is an advantage when high discharge enters the main channel and should be immediately diverted for safety reasons. In this study, the flow discharge of semi-circular sharp-crested side weirs and their affecting parameters are investigated. To investigate the hydraulic behavior and geometric characteristics of the SCSWs, a comprehensive laboratory study including 155 tests (for three weir diameters 0.25, 0.30 and 0.40 m) was conducted in a physical model under subcritical flow conditions. Flow discharge of the SCSW was investigated in relation to height, diameter and flow head of side weir, also approach Froude number (Froude number at upstream end of the side weir) and main channel width. Three different discharge models were developed based on; purely dimensional analysis technique, classical weir equation with linear water surface and classical weir equation with horizontal water surface profile (conventional weir theory along with dimensional analysis technique). The presented mathematical discharge models enable estimation of discharge along the SCSW with acceptable accuracy (best model has an average error of 1.87% with a maximum error of 6.31%) compared with the measured data under subcritical flow conditions. Additionally, a relationship was proposed for computing the limiting flow depth at the downstream end of the SCSW. Experimental results confirm that the proposed relationship well explains the behavior of flow over the SCSW regarding the downstream flow conditions.     

Study of aircore phenomenon and influence of water height during liquid draining

Draining of liquids through cylindrical tanks is a very common phenomenon and has many applications. Understanding the aircore formation and its growth during draining has attracted appreciable interest in the literature. In this study, water draining through cylindrical tanks was studied using experimental and numerical techniques. Eight different initial heights of water in the tank between 310 and 450 mm with a 20-mm increment were tested in each experiment. The numerical study shows good agreement with the experimental data and promotes understanding of the generation and disappearance of an aircore during draining. For the different initial water heights, the experiments were performed with and without initial rotation of the tank. It is found that in the experiments without initial tank rotation, the drain time of water increases with increasing initial height. On the other hand, the drain time remains almost the same for all initial heights tested with initial tank rotation. The small variation in the drain time even when the initial water level is reduced is explained by the aircore duration during draining. Also, the mechanism of generation and disappearance of aircore is proposed with the help of numerical results.

     

Measurements of translational slug velocity and slug length using an image processing technique

Slug flow is a common flow regime that occurs in various industries, such as oil, gas, and power generation industries. In this study, the mean slug translational velocity and slug liquid length were measured using Phantom 9.2 software and an image processing analysis technique. The adopted image processing technique involved the analysis of video frames recorded from a high-speed camera (Phantom 9.2) in a horizontal transparent pipe using a combination of the approximate median method and blob analysis, along with an additional morphological process for detecting and segregating individual slugs. The experimental data were obtained from a designed two-phase flow test section, in which sets of superficial water and air velocities were selected to generate numerous slug flows. A good agreement with a maximum deviation of 6.7% between the estimated slug parameters from the adopted technique and the Phantom cine view controller software was achieved. Additionally, the developed technique provided precise results with a high processing speed of 10 frames per second.     

等离子弧焊匙孔对电弧物理特性影响规律的研究

匙孔是等离子弧焊的重要特征。建立等离子弧焊电弧数值模型,对比分析含匙孔和不考虑匙孔的两种情况下,电弧温度场、流场、电磁场等物理特性的差异性,揭示匙孔对等离子弧物理特性的影响规律。采用光谱诊断方法计算电弧温度分布,从而验证模拟结果。数值模拟研究结果表明,匙孔的出现,导致电弧体积增大,弧柱区平均电流密度下降,从而导致电弧最高温度降低约2 400K,等离子体最大流速从437m/s降低到349m/s。匙孔直径沿匙孔深度方向减小,对电弧产生附加的机械压缩作用,使匙孔底部电弧的温度和速度上升。数值模拟与光谱诊断获取的轴线上温度大小及变化规律相接近,证明电弧数值模型的可靠性,也说明建立等离子弧数值模型时,应当考虑匙孔的影响。