热处理对金枪鱼蛋白乳液稳定性的影响

热处理是影响蛋白乳液稳定性的重要因素,本文研究了不同热处理温度（30、50、70、80、90℃,30 min）对金枪鱼蛋白乳液理化性能的影响。结果表明,与未进行热处理的样品相比,经过热处理的蛋白乳液乳化性能发生显著变化（P<0.05）。随着热处理温度的上升,金枪鱼蛋白乳液的表面疏水性、黏度、Zeta电位、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均呈现先增大再减小的趋势。加热温度在30～70℃范围内,蛋白二级结构展开,疏水性基团暴露,乳液黏度增大,液滴粒径减小,乳液稳定性增加;加热温度超过70℃后,蛋白分子重新聚集,与油滴结合的氨基酸残基重新进入蛋白质内部,液滴出现絮凝现象,乳液也变得不稳定。SDS-PAGE图谱显示70℃热处理30 min能够提升油-水界面蛋白质吸附量,液滴分布均匀,粒径达到最小值102.6 nm,黏度达到最大为43.87 Pa·s,贮藏28 d后没有出现乳析现象,乳液状态最稳定。综上,适当的热处理能提升金枪鱼蛋白乳液的稳定性。     

高强度超声辅助乳化对金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液性质的影响

为提升金鲳鱼蛋白乳液的稳定性,改善金鲳鱼蛋白的功能特性,以金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合物为乳化剂、大豆油为油相,采用高强度超声(HIUS)辅助乳化制备金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液,测定超声处理前后不同乳化剂与油相比例的金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液的乳化性、粒径分布、Zeta-电位、流变性、微观形态及贮藏稳定性。结果表明：与未超声处理金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液相比,超声处理后乳液的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数总体增高,粒径减小,Zeta-电位的绝对值增加,流动指数升高,黏度系数降低,乳液液滴分布更均匀,乳液液滴更小,贮藏稳定性较好。综上,HIUS处理有助于改善金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷的乳化性能。     

乳清分离蛋白-南极磷虾油乳液理化稳定性和流变特性

比较分析不同质量分数（0%、1.5%、3%、6%）乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）对水包油型南极磷虾油（Antarctic krill oil,AKO）(30%,m/m)乳液理化特性、物理稳定性、流变学特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明,不添加WPI的AKO乳液平均粒径和Zeta电位值分别为516.67 nm和-14.03 mV;随着WPI质量分数从0%增加到6%,乳液平均粒径显著降低了42.28%(P<0.05),而Zeta电位绝对值显著增加了18.05%(P<0.05),乳液物理稳定性明显提高。剪切流变学测试显示,随着WPI质量分数的增加,乳液表观黏度逐渐增大。微流变学测试显示,乳液体系中WPI引入使脂滴运动速率减慢、弹性行为增加,而流动性降低。微观结构观察发现,WPI添加能够使乳液网络结构趋于完整且均一,进而束缚更多脂滴以维持乳液体系稳定;WPI质量分数达到6%时,过多的蛋白会使乳液发生絮凝,进而削弱乳液体系稳定性。因此,适量WPI添加能够减小乳液粒径、增加脂滴电斥力、提高乳液黏弹性、增强蛋白网络结构束缚等,从而有效改善AKO乳液的稳定性。...     

大豆分离蛋白颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering乳液的制备及其性能表征

以鲢鱼鱼糜加工副产物鲢鱼油为油相,大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）热聚集颗粒为稳定剂,构建SPI颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液体系,研究SPI 颗粒浓度（1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%）、油相体积分数（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5）、离子强度（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mol/L）对Pickering 乳液的粒径、微观结构、流变特性、乳化特性、冻融稳定性等性能的影响。结果显示,SPI-鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液粒径呈多峰分布,当SPI 颗粒浓度增加,液滴粒径逐渐减小,乳化活性（emulsifying activity,EAI）逐渐降低;当SPI 颗粒浓度为2.5%时,乳化稳定性（emulsifying stability,ESI）最高,乳析指数（creaming index,CI）最低。当油相体积分数增高,液滴粒径变大,EAI 逐渐升高,ESI 逐渐降低;油相体积分数为0.3～0.5 时,冻融后的乳液CI 升高且伴有液态油析出。体系中加入氯化钠后,液滴粒径减小,粒度分布更加集中,液滴絮凝度升高,乳液稳定性增强;氯化钠浓度升高,粒径变大、EAI 先降低后升高,ESI 无明显差异。流变学特性分析表明,乳液的弹性模量大于黏性模量,乳液是以弹性为主的体系。结果表明,当SPI 颗粒浓度2.5%、鲢鱼油体积分数0.2及离子强度0.4 mol/L 时,SPI 颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液体系分布更加均匀,冻融稳定性更高。     

大豆分离蛋白与大豆磷脂比例对超声乳化亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响

适宜的乳化剂组成对于乳液的特性及稳定性有重要的影响。为超声乳化制备稳定的亚麻籽油乳液,以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）和大豆磷脂（SLT）为乳化剂,亚麻籽油为油相制备O/W乳液,研究SPI与SLT比例对亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响,从乳液的微观结构、水合平均粒径、多分散指数、ζ-电位、分层稳定性、表观黏度及低场核磁共振弛豫特性等方面进行了比较。结果表明,随着SPI与SLT比例从3∶ 1减小至1∶ 3,乳液的水合平均粒径增大,多分散指数先减小后增大,ζ-电位绝对值、乳层析指数及表观黏度总体增大,且T2弛豫图谱右移,体系中氢质子所受的束缚力减小。当SPI与SLT比例为1∶ 1时,乳液的多分散指数最低（0.07±0.07）且粒径呈单峰分布,ζ-电位绝对值较高,乳层析指数较低,同时体系中氢质子所受的束缚力较大,表观黏度较大,说明所形成的亚麻籽油乳液体系更为均匀、稳定。     

超声均质法制备以乳清蛋白-OSA变性淀粉为乳化剂的纳米乳液

乳清蛋白乳液易在乳清蛋白等电点(pI≈4. 5)发生液滴聚集,限制了其在食品工业中的广泛使用。为探索乳清蛋白和辛烯基琥珀酸酯变性淀粉(octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch,OSA变性淀粉)组合改善纳米乳液物理稳定性的可行性,以超声波均质法分别制备乳清蛋白和乳清蛋白-OSA变性淀粉(质量比为7∶3)稳定的纳米乳液,研究pH、离子强度和热处理对纳米乳液稳定性的影响。当pH=4时,乳清蛋白纳米乳液的粒径显著增大至2 100 nm,而乳清蛋白-OSA变性淀粉纳米乳液粒径仅为280 nm,说明添加OSA变性淀粉能有效减弱乳清蛋白纳米乳液的液滴聚集。乳清蛋白-OSA变性淀粉纳米乳液的粒径在Na~+浓度0. 6 mol/L和40～80℃下无显著变化。研究表明添加OSA变性淀粉有望扩大乳清蛋白纳米乳液在酸性食品中的应用。     

重质碳酸钙稳定的O/W型Pickering乳液及其粒度效应研究

以重质碳酸钙作为颗粒稳定剂制备O/W型Pickering乳液,利用球磨法获得不同尺寸的碳酸钙,研究碳酸钙颗粒粒度、颗粒浓度、油相比例对乳液类型、稳定性、微观形貌及流变学特性的影响。结果表明:球磨后不同粒度的碳酸钙均能稳定Pickering乳液,且该乳液具有一定的储存稳定性,固体颗粒粒径对乳液性质有一定的影响,乳液粒径随固体颗粒粒径的增大而增大;随固体颗粒浓度的增大,乳液的乳析指数、乳液粒径以及乳液黏度均减小,但当固体颗粒浓度达到9g/100 mL以上时,增加颗粒浓度对乳液粒径影响不大;增大油相比例会使乳析指数减小、乳液粒径和黏度增大。     

pH条件对肌原纤维蛋白乳液微凝胶性质的影响

肌原纤维蛋白乳液微凝胶是在加热肌原纤维蛋白乳状液过程中同时施加剪切,导致变性蛋白质聚集在乳状液滴上所形成的离散球形颗粒。通过测定不同pH条件下制备的肌原纤维蛋白乳液微凝胶流变行为及微观结构,研究pH对其流变性质的影响。结果表明：在强酸性条件及接近其等电点时,乳液微凝胶的粒径大于其他pH范围。不同pH条件下的乳液微凝胶均为非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特征,pH的变化不会改变其流体类型。其黏度随pH的升高呈现先减小后增大的趋势,pH为6时,在低频率扫描时呈现最高的黏弹性,触变性也最好。剪切恢复力测试中,微凝胶颗粒的结构受到一定程度的破坏,其中pH为5时恢复性最好。     

碱热改性米渣谷蛋白对W/O/W型双重乳液稳定性的影响

目的：实现米渣谷蛋白在乳浊体系中的应用。方法：选取碱热改性米渣谷蛋白和span80,采用一步乳化法制备W/O/W型双重乳液,并考察蛋白浓度对双重乳液稳定性的影响。结果：当蛋白质量分数从0.5%升高至2.5%时,乳液大粒径峰消失,显微结构中液滴的双重结构增强,表观黏度及黏弹性提高,离心稳定性和贮藏稳定性增强。当蛋白质量分数为2.5%时,离心后乳清析出指数从37.21%降至10.56%,分层时间从6 h延长至96 h。蛋白质与span80形成复合膜共同稳定油水界面,形成中间态液滴,当界面蛋白足以形成刚性界面膜时,液滴从中间态转为稳定的双重结构;当蛋白质量分数为3.0%时,双重乳液发生絮凝使大粒径峰重新出现,稳定性下降,离心后乳清析出指数为16.48%,制备后96 h左右分层,过剩的蛋白质一部分参与内相液滴的构建,另一部分单独形成O/W型液滴吸附于大体积液滴外侧。结论：一步乳化法下,蛋白质量分数为2.5%时,可制得稳定双重乳液。     

热处理和蛋白浓度对肌原纤维蛋白乳液的稳定性和流变特性的影响

为了获得稳定的肌原纤维蛋白乳液,本文以冷冻白鲢鱼糜为原料提取肌原纤维蛋白,研究热处理(85℃10 min)和蛋白浓度(5、10、15、20、25 mg/mL)对肌原纤维蛋白溶液聚集比例、粒径、电位和微观结构等及对大豆油-肌原纤维蛋白乳液结构、表观粘度和色度的影响。结果表明：热处理使肌原纤维蛋白溶液中的蛋白发生聚集,使乳液粒径增大,表观粘度减小,乳液的L^*和b^*增加,疏水性减弱。随蛋白浓度的增加,未热处理组和热处理组的肌原纤维蛋白溶液的表观粘度逐渐增大,电位值波动上升,且分别在蛋白浓度为10和25 mg/mL时平均粒径最小。随蛋白浓度增加,肌原纤维蛋白乳液中参与乳化的油滴数量增多,油滴粒径减小,聚结程度减小。因此,在油相比为0.6,蛋白浓度为10～20 mg/mL时,热处理组的肌原纤维蛋白乳液液滴小而分散,表观粘度低,乳液稳定性高。本研究对开发稳定的肌原纤维蛋白乳液具有重要意义。     

Heat stability of oil-in-water emulsions formed with intact or hydrolysed whey proteins: influence of polysaccharides

The heat stability of emulsions (4 wt% corn oil) formed with whey protein isolate (WPI) or extensively hydrolysed whey protein (WPH) products and containing xanthan gum or guar gum was examined after a retort treatment at 121 °C for 16 min. At neutral pH and low ionic strength, emulsions stabilized with both 0.5 and 4 wt% WPI (intact whey protein) were stable against retorting. The amount of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) at the droplet surface increased during retorting, especially in the emulsion containing 4 wt% protein, whereas the amount of adsorbed α-lactalbumin (α-la) decreased markedly. Addition of xanthan gum or guar gum caused depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets, but this flocculation did not lead to their aggregation during heating. In contrast, the droplet size of emulsions formed with WPH increased during heat treatment, indicating that coalescence had occurred. The coalescence during heating was enhanced considerably with increasing concentration of polysaccharide in the emulsions, up to 0.12% and 0.2% for xanthan gum and guar gum, respectively; whey peptides in the WPH emulsions formed weaker and looser, mobile interfacial structures than those formed with intact whey proteins. Consequently, the lack of electrostatic and steric repulsion resulted in the coalescence of flocculated droplets during retort treatment. At higher levels of xanthan gum or guar gum addition, the extent of coalescence decreased gradually, apparently because of the high viscosity of the aqueous phase.     

Effect of protein oxidation on kinetics of droplets stability probed by microrheology in O/W and W/O emulsions of whey protein concentrate

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was oxidized by peroxyl radicals derived from 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and the kinetics of droplet stability in O/W and W/O emulsions stabilized by oxidized WPC were evaluated by studying the micro-rheology. Degrees of protein oxidation were indicated by carbonyl concentration and emulsion types were distinguished by fluorescence microscopy. Oxidation resulted in free sulfhydryl groups degradation and surface hydrophobicity decrease. Moderate protein oxidation promoted to form diminutive droplets, which aggregated quickly to gel-network structure and decreased the motion rate of droplets, leading to the increased elasticity and viscosity, which led to better stability. Over-oxidation underwent severe droplet aggregation and sediment with increased motion rate, which resulted in instability of emulsions. The W/O emulsions of oxidized WPC were more inclined to block the motion of droplets and form a stable structure with higher viscosity, compared with the O/W emulsions.     

Emulsifying properties of β-lactoglobulin and Quillaja bark saponin mixtures: Effects of number of homogenization passes,pH, and NaCl concentration

The effects of number of homogenization passes, pH, and NaCl concentration on the formation and stability of oil-in-water emulsions comprising a mixture of a biosurfactant (Quillaja bark saponin) and a globular protein (β-lactoglobulin) were investigated. The emulsions were characterized as to visual appearance, droplet size, droplet surface charge, and rheology. The emulsions obtained by different conditions (4, 6, or 8 passes; pH 7, 8, or 9; and 0, 100, or 200 mmol L^?1 of NaCl) were polydisperse, presented relatively small average droplet sizes (z-average < 323 nm) as well as negative droplet charge (between –20 and –79.6 mV) in all evaluated conditions. Regardless of the number of homogenization passes, the emulsions exhibited low apparent viscosity and pseudoplastic behavior with small yield stress. Viscoelastic behavior was also observed, thus the emulsions were characterized as weak gels. Four homogenization passes were enough to obtain small droplets in the evaluated conditions. Droplet size was not significantly affected by NaCl concentration and pH (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the absolute ζ-potential values significantly decreased and increased upon increased NaCl content and pH, respectively. Regardless of the tested conditions, all emulsions had good stability against phase separation and droplet aggregation, since no significant changes in average droplet size were observed throughout storage (p > 0.05). In the presence of NaCl, in which droplet charge significantly decreased, emulsion was also stable. Thus, we can conclude that electrostatic repulsion as well as steric repulsion was responsible for stabilization.     

慢消化椰油乳液系列体系的构建及其微流变特性和体外消化特性对比

本文以椰子油为芯材,乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)为壁材制备单层椰油乳液,再以单层椰油乳液为芯材,分别以羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxmethylcellulo sesodium,CMC)、纤维素纳米晶体(Cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)、壳聚糖(Chitosan,CNI)、微晶纤维素(Microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)为壁材制备四种双层椰油乳液,进而探究各乳液体系的微流变特性和体外消化特性。结果显示,WPI-CNC稳定的椰油乳液体系粘弹性最高(P<0.05),乳液中的粒子不能自由运动,乳液的固液平衡值最低(P<0.05),乳液中粒子运动的速率低;WPI-CNC稳定的椰油乳液有最低的肠释放率,且释放速率最为缓慢;除WPI-CNC稳定的椰油乳液外,各乳液体系经胃相消化后均出现明显聚集,小肠消化后聚集程度增加;WPI、WPI-CNC、WPI-CMC稳定的椰油乳液经过口腔、胃、肠消化后平均粒径依次增加,粒径分布出现多峰现象;肠消化后,各乳液表面负电位增大。综上,椰油乳液的流变学特性显著影响其体外消化率,WPI-CNC稳定的椰油乳液体外消化率最低且消化最慢。     

Modulation of physicochemical properties of emulsified lipids by chitosan addition

Electrostatic interactions between polysaccharides and proteins at oil–water interfaces alter the physicochemical properties and stability of emulsions. In this research, we studied the influence of chitosan addition on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions containing whey protein-coated lipid droplets. Experiments were carried out under conditions where the protein and polysaccharide had similar charges (pH 3.0) or opposite charges (pH 6.5). At pH 3.0, chitosan addition (0–0.025%) had little influence on droplet charge, aggregation, creaming stability or shear viscosity of whey protein emulsions, which was attributed to the fact that the cationic chitosan molecules did not adsorb to the cationic droplet surfaces due to electrostatic repulsion. At pH 6.5, chitosan addition caused a decrease in particle negative charge, an increase in particle size, a decrease in creaming stability, and an increase in viscosity. These effects were attributed to droplet aggregation caused by charge neutralization and bridging resulting from attraction of cationic chitosan molecules to anionic patches on the protein-coated droplet surfaces. Addition of cationic polyelectrolytes to protein-stabilized emulsions may be utilized to control their physicochemical properties, stability and biological fate, which may be useful for developing commercial products with novel or improved functional properties.     

Effect of CaCl2 and KCl on Physiochemical Properties of Model Nutritional Beverages Based on Whey Protein Stabilized Oil-in-Water Emulsions

ABSTRACT: Calcium chloride (0 to 10 mM) and potassium chloride (0 to 600 mM) were added into model nutritional beverage emulsions containing 7% (w/w) soybean oil droplets and 0.35% (w/w) whey protein isolate (pH 6.7). The particle size, surface charge, viscosity, and creaming stability of the emulsions then were measured. The surface charge decreased with increasing mineral ion concentration. The particle size, viscosity, and creaming instability of the emulsions increased appreciably above critical CaCl₂ (3 mM) and KCl (200 mM) concentrations because of droplet flocculation. The origin of this effect was attributed to reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between droplets due to electrostatic screening and ion binding. CaCl₂ promoted emulsion instability more efficiently than KCl because Ca²⁺ ions are more effective at reducing electrostatic repulsion than K⁺ ions.     

Effect of 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride oxidized casein on the microstructure and microrheology properties of emulsions

The impacts of protein oxidation on the droplet size and microrheology properties of casein emulsions with 20% oil content were investigated. The degree of protein oxidation was indicated by carbonyl concentration. The droplets in the emulsions of different-oxidation-degree casein had bimodal distribution, but their size altered due to oxidation. The effects of protein oxidation on the morphology, motion type, viscoelasticity, and stability of droplets were also investigated by microrheology analysis. The droplet motion was blocked by protein oxidation due to mean square displacement slope results. Solid–liquid balance values provided the liquid behavior dominating these emulsions. Oxidation of carbonyl concentration 16.72 raised the primary droplets, increased the elasticity, decreased the viscosity, and promoted the droplet motion rate, resulting in better stability of emulsions. Further oxidation promoted the aggregation of droplets and resulted in poor stability.     

卡拉胶对米糠蛋白稳定水包油乳状液乳化稳定性的影响

本研究将卡拉胶添加到米糠蛋白制备的水包油乳状液中,研究不同浓度的卡拉胶（0%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）对水包油乳状液乳化稳定性的影响。测定了乳状活性、电位、粒径以及分层指数的影响。结果表明,随着卡拉胶浓度的增加,卡拉胶与米糠蛋白共同稳定乳状液的粒径从9.35μm逐渐减小到4.26μm,ζ-电位绝对值从9.45mV显著增大到24.26mV,乳化稳定性从57.79%显著增加到91.54%。卡拉胶使米糠蛋白形成的乳状液的黏度增加6倍,并增强了液滴之间的空间排斥和静电排斥,防止液滴聚集,使乳状液的分层指数明显降低并提高了乳状液的稳定性。可见,卡拉胶具有作为乳状液稳定剂的潜力。     

Physical characteristics of submicron emulsions upon partial displacement of whey protein by a small molecular weight surfactant and pectin addition

O/W emulsions (6 wt.% olive oil) were prepared at pH 3.3 using different WPI:Tween 20 weight ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1) at 1 wt.% total concentration. The emulsion droplet size was found to decrease with an increase in Tween 20. A minimum droplet size of d_3,2 300 nm was found for Tween systems alone, similar to that found (360 nm) for a 1:1 WPI:Tween 20 combination (p < 0.05). This specific composition showed a value for the interfacial tension close to that of Tween 20 alone. However, the emulsions presented low stability regardless of the WPI:Tween 20 ratio. To increase their stability, pectin was added, in various concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 wt.%), using the Layer by Layer technique. In the presence of pectin, the ζ-potential of the oil droplets became negative; indicating that negatively charged pectin was absorbed onto the positively-charged droplet surface forming a secondary layer. The additional layer resulted in a wide range of emulsion stability. For all pectin concentrations, the 1:1 ratio of WPI:Tween 20 showed the highest stability. In most emulsions, extensive aggregation of oil droplets was observed, and their viscosity increased. Insufficient amounts of pectin to form the secondary layers led to bridging flocculation phenomena of oppositely charged pectin and proteins, leading to aggregation of the oil droplets. The higher the concentration of pectin, the greater the stability of the emulsion due to higher viscosity. All in all, the addition of a second layer consisting of pectin can be used to increase the stability of an emulsion containing emulsion droplets in the sub-micron range.