豌豆分离蛋白高水分挤压工艺参数优化及质构特性研究

与低水分挤压蛋白组织化程度低,质地与口感差相比,高水分组织化植物蛋白具有类似动物肌肉的纤维状结构和口感,被誉为新一代素肉制品,是动物蛋白理想的替代品。以豌豆分离蛋白(pea protein isolate, PPI)为研究对象,采用双螺杆挤压技术制备高水分组织化蛋白,探究工艺参数(水分含量、蒸煮温度、喂料速度、螺杆转速)对挤出物的宏观与微观结构、质构特性、感官特性的调控作用,同时通过正交试验结合主成分分析优化得到挤出物最接近动物肉的操作参数。研究结果表明:物料水分含量是改善PPI挤出物组织化度和质地的关键因素。水分含量增加提升了PPI挤出物的组织化度、色泽,显著降低产品的硬度、咀嚼性,水分过高(水分质量分数为65%)或者过低(水分质量分数为45%)的样品其纤维化结构较差;蒸煮温度在140~160℃时挤压的产品体现出较高的组织化度和较优的口感、表观和色泽;提高螺杆转速,组织化度先显著降低而后升高;喂料速度增加,挤出物硬度和咀嚼度先显著增加后降低,组织化度先降低后增加。通过正交试验结合主成分分析法,以牛小黄瓜条部位牛肉的质构参数为目标参数得到了优化的操作参数:水分质量分数为55%,蒸煮温度为160℃,螺杆转速为175r/min,喂料速度为7g/min。研究结果旨在为高水分组织化植物蛋白品质调控提供技术支撑。     

海藻酸钠及复合磷酸盐对组织化豌豆蛋白品质的影响

为改善豌豆蛋白模拟肉制品的品质,以豌豆蛋白(PPI)为原料,添加海藻酸钠(SA)、复合磷酸盐(CP),使用带有冷却模具的双螺杆挤压机,在不同温度下制备高湿组织化豌豆蛋白(EPPI),探究组织化产品的复水性、持油性、氮溶解指数、质构特性、色差、感官、微观结构等指标,评价其品质。结果表明,加入0.1% SA的组织化产品的复水性提高了44.15%,加入0.3% SA的挤出物样品的NSI(5.10)、组织化度(1.793)及感官评分(7.85)达到最大值。SA和CP的加入,使豌豆蛋白产品色泽加深。CP使得组织化蛋白产品复水率下降21.86%,且对弹性影响不显著。蛋白质在挤压机筒内发生变性,分子链展开的同时,疏水基团暴露,增强了蛋白质与油之间的相互作用,导致持油性增加19.39%。加入0.3%的CP后蛋白产品的组织化度达到最大值1.806,扫描电镜观察发现产品具有较明显的纤维结构。结论:添加适当含量的海藻酸钠(0.3%)及复合磷酸盐(0.3%),可改善组织化豌豆蛋白的品质特性。     

高水分组织化复合蛋白的挤压制备及品质特性研究

以大豆分离蛋白、谷朊粉和豌豆蛋白为原料,采用高水分挤压技术制备组织化蛋白产品,研究了挤压参数对产品品质特性的影响,分别优化出以大豆分离蛋白和豌豆蛋白为主料的两种产品的配方及挤压参数。结果表明,水分添加量对产品品质特性影响显著;螺杆转速在280r/min,挤压温度在160℃时制备的产品具有较好的质构特性和拉丝效果;当大豆分离蛋白添加量40%,谷朊粉添加量35%,豌豆蛋白添加量25%,水分添加量14.0kg/h时,制得的组织化蛋白产品表面光滑,成型性好,可作为鸡肉仿肉制品;当豌豆蛋白添加量45%,谷朊粉添加量35%,大豆分离蛋白添加量20%,水分添加量13.5kg/h时,制得的组织化蛋白产品拉丝状态明显,质构特性指标与牛肉相似。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对挤压豌豆蛋白素肉品质的影响

为了提高豌豆蛋白素肉的表观品质,探究挤压过程中多糖与蛋白相互作用对素肉品质的影响,本研究采用高水分挤压法,制作羧甲基纤维素钠（carboxymethylcellulose sodium,CMC）与豌豆蛋白粉混合基素肉,分析CMC添加量（0%、2%、4%、6%、8%）对豌豆蛋白素肉的质构特性、色泽、微观结构和蛋白分子作用力的影响,以及素肉蛋白二级结构、分子作用力与表观结构（质构、色差）的相关性。结果表明,维持豌豆蛋白素肉结构的主要作用力是二硫键。与未添加CMC相比,添加量4%CMC通过促进豌豆蛋白素肉中二硫键的形成,将素肉的硬度提高了95%。同时,观察到豌豆蛋白素肉具有光滑完整的表面和均匀的结构。二级结构中的无规卷曲含量增加,促进明亮度增强,CMC改善了豌豆蛋白素肉的品质。     

淀粉对高水分挤压组织化小麦蛋白产品特性的影响

研究小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉的添加量对高水分挤压组织化小麦蛋白产品特性的影响。以小麦蛋白为主要原料,采用高扭矩双螺杆挤压装备开发高水分组织化小麦蛋白,并分析了组织化蛋白色泽品质(L~*、a~*、b~*、ΔE)、质构特性(组织化度、硬度、黏着性、弹性、聚结性、咀嚼度)以及感官评价。结果表明:小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉的添加均可显著提高组织化蛋白产品的色泽品质,马铃薯淀粉的添加对组织化蛋白色泽品质影响不显著。淀粉的添加可显著提高组织化蛋白的组织化度。随着淀粉添加量的增加,组织化蛋白质构特性(硬度、弹性、聚结性、咀嚼度)均逐渐降低。添加适量小麦淀粉(5%)、玉米淀粉(5%)均可提高组织化蛋白感官品质,马铃薯淀粉的添加会降低感官品质。综合考虑组织化蛋白色泽品质、组织化度、质构特性和感官品质,添加小麦淀粉(5%)或玉米淀粉(5%)较合适,不仅达到了降低生产成本的目的,而且提高了组织化蛋白色泽品质、组织化度和感官品质。     

不同来源蛋白对谷朊粉挤压组织化产品特性的影响

以谷朊粉为主要原料,研究分别添加花生蛋白、豌豆蛋白、大豆分离蛋白对谷朊粉挤压组织化产品特性的影响。结果表明:花生蛋白、豌豆蛋白、大豆分离蛋白的添加对谷朊粉挤压组织化产品特性均有显著性影响。随着蛋白粉添加量的增大,产品色泽呈现不同程度降低,花生蛋白和豌豆蛋白降幅平缓,大豆分离蛋白下降迅速;添加适量的花生蛋白(10%~20%)可以改善产品感官品质和质构特性(硬度、咀嚼度略有下降);添加适量的豌豆蛋白(20%)、大豆分离蛋白(20%)均可提高产品质构特性。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对无麸质高水分组织蛋白品质的影响

为了提高无麸质高水分组织蛋白的品质特性,本研究将不同梯度含量的谷氨酰胺转氨酶加入大米蛋白与玉米醇溶蛋白混料中进行挤压实验以进行品质改善,并对组织蛋白进行理化特性的测定与分析。高水分组织蛋白中水分的主要存在形式是不易流动水,低场核磁结果表明谷氨酰胺转氨酶的添加可以促进产品中的结合水转换为不易流动水;随着酶添加量增加,储能模量与损耗模量增大,蛋白结构更趋于稳定。组织蛋白的持水性能与持油性能得到改善,硬度及咀嚼性显著增高(P＜0.05),组织化度呈现先增高后降低的趋势,且0.5%酶添加量的产品组织化度达到最大值1.58。总之,谷氨酰胺转氨酶可以显著影响高水分组织蛋白的品质,添加0.2%~0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶能促进产品形成丰富的纤维结构,使产品具有更好的品质。     

挤压处理对豌豆蛋白功能特性及结构的影响

目的:研究挤压处理对豌豆蛋白功能特性及结构的影响,提高豌豆蛋白的功能性质。方法:采用全自动测色色差计对豌豆蛋白挤出物颜色的变化进行分析,用化学分析法对蛋白质的持水性和乳化特性进行测试,用扫描电子显微镜观察豌豆蛋白及其挤出物的微观结构,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析挤出物的二级结构变化。结果:豌豆蛋白经挤压处理后,颜色无显著差异,产品色泽良好,持水性显著下降(P<0.05),乳化性和乳化稳定性显著增加(P<0.05)。挤压处理后微观结构改变明显,产生蛋白聚集体,结构紧密。挤压处理后无新的特征峰出现,但二级结构各组分之间发生转化,β-折叠、α-螺旋结构向β-转角、无规卷曲结构转化,结构稳定性增加。结论:豌豆蛋白经过挤压处理后,保留了原来的产品色泽,乳化特性显著改善,结构致密,稳定性得到了提高。     

豌豆蛋白对鸡肉糜热诱导凝胶品质特性与微观结构的影响

为改善鸡肉糜的凝胶性能,向其添加豌豆蛋白,研究豌豆蛋白对鸡肉糜凝胶色泽、蒸煮得率、保水性、质构、动态流变特性、微观结构、水分分布与迁移等特性的影响。结果表明,随豌豆蛋白添加量的增加,凝胶L*值、a*值下降,b*值上升;蒸煮得率呈上升趋势,但添加量为8%与12%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加豌豆蛋白显著提高了不易流动水T₂₁的相对百分比,降低了其弛豫时间(P<0.05),提高了凝胶的保水性;硬度、咀嚼性均持续上升;弹性与恢复性则先升高后下降;储能模量G’的初始值和终值随豌豆蛋白添加量的增加而升高,且均高于对照(P<0.05)。豌豆蛋白最适添加量为8%,此时保水性达到最大,为96.63%;弹性与恢复性最大,分别为0.892、0.288;形成的凝胶网络结构致密均匀、高度有序,品质最好。     

海藻酸钠添加对大豆浓缩蛋白植物肉特性的影响

以大豆浓缩蛋白为原料，添加不同比例海藻酸钠并改变模头温度，利用双螺杆高水分挤压技术制备植物肉。通过组织化度、咀嚼度、颜色、扫描电子显微镜等指标表征植物肉的宏观结构和微观结构。通过比机械能、蒸煮特性、吸水率评价植物肉的结构性能。结果表明，海藻酸钠的添加可以提高植物肉的组织化度，增强咀嚼性。并且在模头温度为150 ℃时，所有挤压样品具有较好的组织化特性。比机械能和吸水率表明，海藻酸钠增强了蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-水之间的相互作用，得到的植物肉持水性升高。扫描电子显微镜表明，过量的海藻酸钠会使产品形成致密的层状而非纤维状结构。因此，海藻酸钠添加量为6%时，通过高水分挤压技术可制备组织化程度高，蒸煮效果较好的大豆浓缩蛋白挤压植物肉产品。     

Use of sesame oil cake (Sesamum indicum L.) on corn expanded extrudates

In the production of oil from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds, a coproduct is obtained which is rich in protein and fiber contents. Mixtures of semi-defatted sesame cake (SDSC) (0–20%) and corn grits were processed in a single screw extruder at screw speed ranging from 324 to 387 rpm to improve the nutritional value of corn expanded extrudates. Chemical composition of raw and extruded materials, sectional expansion index (SEI), texture properties, color, paste viscosity, microstructure and sensory analysis of the extrudates were performed. The addition of SDSC increased protein, fat and ash content of corn extrudates, whereas carbohydrate content was reduced. The addition of SDSC reduced the sectional expansion of the corn extrudates and increased puncture force. SDSC–corn extrudates were darker than non-SDSC–corn extrudates. Increasing SDSC increased the number of cells similar to those of commercial corn extrudates with small cells. Sensory analysis showed 20% SDSC-corn extrudates to be acceptable and nutritional balanced. The use of SDSC on corn extrudates up to 20% is an alternative to improve nutritional value keeping good sensory characteristics.     

Immunofluorescence detection of pea protein in meat products

In this study we developed an immunofluorescence method to detect pea protein in meat products. Pea protein has a high nutritional value but in sensitive individuals it may be responsible for causing allergic reactions. We produced model meat products with various additions of pea protein and flour; the detection limit (LOD) of the method for pea flour was 0.5% addition, and for pea protein it was 0.001% addition. The repeatabilities and reproducibilities for samples both positive and negative for pea protein were all 100%. In a blind test with model products and commercial samples, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the declared concentrations of pea protein and flour and the immunofluorescence method results. Sensitivity was 1.06 and specificity was 1.00. These results show that the immunofluorescence method is suitable for the detection of pea protein in meat products.     

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN EXTRUSION-TEXTURIZED PEANUT PROTEIN

A commercial defatted peanut flour was analyzed for texturization properties in a Wenger X-25 extruder. Extrusion of the flour with addition of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate resulted in a steady state operation and uniform texturized products. Functional properties of the extrudates such as water retention, hardness, and product integrity upon retorting: were similar to those of textured soy protein. Organoleptic properties of prepared patties (30:70 hydrated textured protein to meat ratio) were not different from the all-meat control for the analyzed sample; cooking losses and shrinkage were lower. Flavor was the most limiting factor for higher levels of incorporation and acceptance. A scanning electron microscopy study showed correlation between microstructure and the properties of the extrudates.     

豌豆蛋白粉馒头加工工艺研究

将豌豆蛋白粉作为营养强化剂加入小麦粉中以改善馒头的口感、风味,丰富馒头的种类,增加食用者对蛋白质的摄入。选取豌豆蛋白粉添加量、加水量、二次发酵时间和馒头坯揉制次数4个因素,设计单因素和L9(34)正交试验。结果表明:豌豆蛋白粉添加量为6%、加水量为54%、二次发酵时间为45 min、馒头坯揉制次数为12次,得到豌豆蛋白粉馒头品质较好。将豌豆蛋白粉馒头与小麦粉馒头比较,蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、赖氨酸的含量高于小麦馒头,添加豌豆蛋白粉明显改善了馒头品质,感官评分检验在5%水平下t=5.582,大于t9(5%)=2.262,两者存在显著差异,豌豆蛋白粉馒头感官性状、营养价值均优于小麦馒头。     

Influence of enzymatic treatment on the nutritional and functional properties of pea flour

The effect of enzymatic treatment on the nutritional value and functional properties of pea flour was investigated. Pea flour was hydrolyzed with acid protease from Aspergillus saitoi, to give two different hydrolyzed pea flours. This enzymatic treatment led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in crude and true protein and to an increase of free amino acids and non-protein nitrogen. The nutritional value decreased, but an increase in the avilability of protein was expected as result of lower trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content in hydrolyzed pea flours. The amino acid profile of unhydrolyzed pea flour was slightly modified after enzymatic hydrolysis, increasing (significantly) the isoleucine, leucine, lysine, cystine, phenylalanine, threonine, alanine, arginine and aspartic acid contents as a result of the added enzyme. In addition, enzymatic treatment released hydrophobic amino acids, which significantly improved the protein solubility at acid pH, the oil absorption capacity and the emulsification capacity of pea flours. Protein solubility, foaming capacity, foam stability, water absorption capacity, gelation capacity and green colour decreased. It was thus confirmed that treatment with acid protease improves some functional properties of pea flour, but the effect on nutritional properties was unclear.     

Extrusion of pea starch containing lysozyme and determination of antimicrobial activity

ABSTRACT:  Pea starch, which has inherently good gel strength, was used as the source material for manufacturing a biodegradable and bioactive packaging material. Extrudates containing 99% pea starch and 1% lysozyme were produced under various extrusion conditions (high and low shear screw configurations, 30% to 40% moisture contents, 70 to 150 °C die temperatures). The physical and mechanical properties of the extrudates were determined through various expansion indices, piece and cell wall solid density, compression, and 3-point bending tests. The expansion of extrudates increased with an increase in die temperature, whereas increasing moisture content had the opposite effect. Extrudate densities decreased as extrusion temperature increased, whereas lower moisture content in the extrudate dough decreased extrudate densities. The elastic modulus and fracture strengths were highly correlated in a power-law fashion to relative density, showing that the mechanical properties of extrudates were dependent on solid density and foam structure. Up to 48% of the initial lysozyme activity was recovered from the extruded pea starch matrix. The lysozyme released from extrudates showed an inhibition zone against Brochotrix thermosphacta B2 . Extruded pea starch matrix containing lysozyme has potential application as an edible and biodegradable packaging material with antimicrobial activity.     

Texturized mung bean protein as a sustainable food source: Effects of extrusion on its physical,textural and protein quality

Despite being inexpensive and a sustainable source of plant protein, mung bean remains underutilized due to its hard-to-cook characteristics. The aim of this study is to produce texturized mung bean protein (TMBP) with desirable physical properties, through optimization of extrusion parameters determined as follows: 49.33% feed moisture, 80.66 rpm screw speed and 144.57 °C barrel temperature. Under these conditions, all physical properties (expansion ratio, bulk density, rehydration ratio, water absorption capacity and degree of texturization) are desirably altered. Microstructure analysis reveals fibrous structure that is aligned along the shear flow direction in TMBP while SDS-PAGE shows partial protein unfoldment that is crucial for protein fibril formation during texturization. Amino acid profile shows high retention of amino acids after texturization. Current study successfully demonstrates the optimized production of TMBP from mung bean protein with strong potential as meat extender to serve as a healthier option compared to animal proteins.Industrial relevanceCurrent work is conducted on a pilot-scale basis, from initial protein extraction up to final extrusion step. This allows food industry to readily adapt the processing parameters, as detailed in current work, for customized production of texturized mung bean protein.     

人造鸡肉的蛋白质消化特性研究

比较基于大豆蛋白的人造鸡肉、市售鸡肉以及大豆分离蛋白（SPI)的蛋白质消化特性,研究纤维状结构和蛋白质消化特性的相关性。结果表明,人造鸡肉较好地模拟了鸡肉的产品特性,两者质构特性和组织化度接近。微观结果显示人造鸡肉纤维较粗,分布不均匀和松散,间隙较大;而鸡肉纤维较细,分布密集、均匀和规则,间隙较小。消化后食糜粒径结果显示,与SPI和鸡肉相比,人造鸡肉在胃和小肠的消化过程中,粒径变化最大。可溶性氮含量和游离氨基酸总量结果均显示,人造鸡肉的蛋白质消化程度最低,鸡肉次之,SPI最高,在消化结束后得到17种主要氨基酸总量分别为382、397.3、444 mg/10 mL消化液,表明人造鸡肉的纤维结构不利于大豆蛋白的消化。