The impact of zoning regulations on thermal comfort in non-conditioned housing in hot,humid climates: findings from Dhaka,Bangladesh

In parts of the developing world where densities are high but the availability of air conditioning is limited, building massing and height regulations can influence interior comfort levels. Dhaka, Bangladesh, is characterized by high population densities, a lack of open spaces, and high poverty levels, combining to produce living conditions which are not only uncomfortable, but may lead to the spread of disease. A recent change in zoning regulations provides an opportunity to assess the success of building heights and setbacks in improving indoor thermal comfort conditions. We assess the impact on thermal comfort within Dhaka’s non-conditioned apartment buildings of four zoning schemes which differ in their specifications for setbacks, maximum buildable area, and building heights; but that maintains the current density. Computer simulation techniques model the buildings to test solar, daylight, and ventilation inside the central building to calculate resultant indoor temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Comparison between these values helps to determine which zoning schemes produce the most favorable thermal conditions. Findings suggest that zoning schemes that provide better solar protection and better natural ventilation are able to reduce indoor temperature and increase indoor air velocity over that provided by current zoning regulations. Recommendations for revising current zoning regulations are given along with general recommendations for how buildings in hot, humid climates can maximize passive cooling, encouraging energy savings and environmental sustainability.     

地形高差与建筑高度的判定标准

当地形出现高差时，建筑高度的判定特别是对高层建筑的定性度相应标准的执行，不能仅以认定一个“室外地面”即判定类别，室外地面的确定在这种情况下不是唯一关键的，高层建筑防火设计应按照最不利原则，立足于自防自救，全面考虑建筑的实际使用情况，对高层建筑的判定标准提出修改建议，以建筑层数指标来控制，再配以建筑高度参数来调整。     

Daylight as a zoning device for midtown

Since 1960, New York City's Midtown district has experienced an office building boom with the construction of seventy million square feet (650 300 m²) of new office space in one hundred eleven buildings. During this period it became increasingly clear that this new generation of superscale office towers, such as AT & T and IBM, were overpowering their context by dramatically diminishing the daylighting available to the public streets, parks, plazas, and neighboring buildings.The prime cause of this environmental dilemma was the permissive and subjective manner in which the City Planning Commission reviewed Midtown buildings. The waiving of the rigid as-of-right or automatic height and setback regulations for a negotiated review, conceived to encourage good architecture, resulted in daylighting conditions which were measurably worse than those that, in part, led to the call for zoning to protect public access to “light and air” in 1916. The as-of-right zoning regulations which were enacted to guarantee an adequate level of solar access had been superceded by negotiated or discretionary zoning and in the process one of the original goals of zoning was lost.Responding to the defined need for procedural certainty, public accountability, and design and development flexibility, the consultants proposed a performance system of as-of-right zoning based on objective criteria and measurement techniques. The centerpiece of the new building bulk regulations is a modified Waldram Diagram on which the daylighting performance of a building is evaluated against a threshold and standard. The threshold and standard were systematically derived from an analysis of the sixty-year historical expectation for daylight in Midtown. The performance system as adopted by the City is presently being programmed for computer evaluation.     

蓝色公寓

该住宅位于纽约市下东城区（Lower EastSide）。设计之初建筑师面临巨大挑战——怎样才能同时满足纽约市住宅与商业的分区规定和开发商的商业需求。因此,我们将楼底设置为住宅区,而其上方再挑出一块空间用于商业用途。大楼向街道略微倾斜的墙体和后面的院子正好横跨商业区和住宅区的界限,巧妙地回避了规范的限定,大楼的倾斜顶部同时满足地区分区中两项对露天平面的要求。大楼南部悬在商业区上空的部分由下而上呈一定倾斜角度,既扩大了上部楼层的空间,也为曼哈顿河域创造绝佳对景。此外,这种设计还有效扩大了住宅部分的平面面积。     

An approach for simulating the street spatial patterns

The form of the urban fabric plays an important role in urban morphology which not only expresses the city’s overall morphological features, but also describes the relationships between buildings and plots, which are called patterns. The majority of morphological studies have focused on the street network pattern, the plot pattern and the building pattern or typology. In the other hand, the form of the urban fabric also reflects the city’s space character, such as street spatial outline, visual variety, and spatial typologies, which are directly related to the quality of urban space. Although these characters influence the urban design decision-taking, the current research has not reached an effective level. With a special focus on potentials for urban design, this paper proposes an account of how building position affects the street spatial pattern. Based on the viewshed analysis in GIS, the variance between the form of the urban fabric and the street viewshed pattern could be measured. The study samples were 600 meters square samples of urban fabric image selected from different cities of Europe, America, and China. This paper proposes a new kind of pattern: street spatial related line (SSRL) pattern. Through viewshed simulating it shows that there is a strong relationship between SSRL pattern and street spatial configuration, and that visual statistical diagrams could indicate the street spatial characters.     

零售-办公大楼，莫斯科，俄罗斯

沿莫斯科市区一条繁华商业街的两个地块占地2000m2。街区边界转角的两栋商业大楼将被拆除,重建一座7层的建筑,包括两层的大型零售商店和办公空间。各层建筑面积合计1.9万m2。建筑与毗邻的建筑平行,转角处弯曲的立面特别引人注目。建筑进深使两排办公室之间的内部空间足够用作会议室、交流场所或图书馆。主入口通过中厅与上层贯通。功效、经济和灵活性是设计的依据。玻璃立面提供了自然采光和通风,有助于节约能源。□AlongabusyshoppingstreetinDowntownMoscowtherearetwositesthatcover2000m2.Twocommecialbuildingsonthecornerofaperimet…     

Enhancing Building Fire Safety Performance by Reducing Miscommunication and Misconceptions

Building fire safety is driven by regulations and technical building codes, at least as a minimum requirement. As fire protection engineers (FPEs) design fire safety measures based on requirements in the regulations, they are often viewed as the primary agents in ensuring the fire safety of buildings. However, their mission often starts with given building design features, such as interior spatial layout, exterior shape, site plan, and so forth, which are mostly determined by architects. The only exception is where the FPE is invited to assist in the project planning, feasibility and early concept design stages of a project. Regardless, architects also can influence building fire safety performance, whether or not they explicitly acknowledge or understand this. Although architects design buildings within the boundaries of the regulatory requirements, the architect’s focus is often related to the visual and spatial aesthetics of buildings linked to building form and functionality, which are not subject to the regulations. These aesthetics can sometimes compete with fire safety objectives. As such, buildings can be unsafe in certain situations due to unintended effects of building design features on actual fire safety performance. This research describes the relationship between architecturally conceived building design features, design expectations for fire safety systems, and the actual or conceivable fire safety performance of the building. Steps are proposed that FPEs can take to identify and address potentially competing objectives and deliver increased fire safety performance.     

Influence of urban planning regulations on the microclimate in a hot dry climate: The example of Damascus, Syria

Urban planning regulations influence not only the urban form; they also have a great impact on the microclimate in urban areas. This paper deals with the relationship between the urban planning regulations and microclimate in the hot dry city of Damascus. The main purpose is to highlight the shortcomings of the existing urban planning regulations. The microclimatic parameters necessary for the thermal comfort assessment of pedestrians were determined through simulations with the software ENVI-met. It is shown that the street design—as regards aspect ratio, orientation and the presence of trees—has a great influence on ground surface temperatures and thermal comfort. Moreover, the type of buildings—whether detached or attached (street canyons)—has an impact. For deep canyons there is an interactive relationship between aspect ratio, orientation and vegetation. However, for streets with detached buildings, there is only a weak influence of street orientation and aspect ratio but a strong influence of vegetation on surface temperatures and outdoor thermal comfort. The study shows the importance of modifying the planning regulations in Damascus for new areas by allowing smaller setbacks, narrower streets, higher buildings, etc.     

健康街道设计的理论、方法与实践

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19,以下简称"新冠肺炎")疫情的大暴发引发了全国对城市公共健康的高度关注,解决城市健康问题需要城市空间策略的积极应对。街道是城市中最重要的公共空间,从促进居民健康的视角研究街道设计的概念内涵、方法流程、评估监测等内容,对当下的中国乃至全球都具有积极意义。在研究梳理健康街道相关概念的基础上,提出广义和狭义健康街道的内涵以及健康街道设计的定义,总结健康街道核心要素及其对公众健康的影响、对应的设计策略和相关政策要点。选取加拿大、英国、美国等国的健康街道设计报告作为研究对象,归纳出开展大量基础研究、构建多层次目标体系、制定设计指引而非强制性标准、多元化设计方法及多维度统筹协同等可借鉴经验,并将其应用于我国团体标准《街道设计指南》中,希望为推动健康街道设计发挥积极作用。     

Seismic response of irregular multi-storey buildings with flexible inelastic diaphragms

The effectiveness of rigid floor modelling in the seismic design of multi-storey building structures as well as the influence of some structural parameters are deeply investigated through an extensive parametric study. The nonlinear behaviour of 216 structures has been simulated. The basic structural model consists of a symmetrical two-storey system which is supported by seven lateral load-resisting vertical elements with degrading stiffness properties. Different stiffness and strength distributions in the lateral load resisting system and in the floors are considered. The elastic design analysis is carried out by modelling floors as rigid diaphragms or, alternatively, as flexible beams, while the seismic inelastic analyses take into account the real in-plane stiffness and strength of floors. Diagrams show the behaviour of the most important structural element in detail, while statistical techniques are used to identify the most important structural parameters. The results of this study show that the rigid floor hypothesis generally leads to a conservative design for multi-storey buildings, thus confirming the findings of some previous studies on single-storey building structures. Moreover floors need to be adequately designed for strength when they have re-entrances and the stiffness distributions of the lateral-force resisting system is markedly non-uniform. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国寒冷地区被动式房屋模式初探

本文首先通过比较分析中德居住建筑节能设计规范的发展历程,研究了节能措施及其耗热量指标的差异.而后,根据中国国情,提出了一种现阶段适合于中国寒冷地区的"被动式房屋"模式,并选取大连1栋4单元5层居住建筑的实际供暖设计案例进行了分析,表明壁挂式太阳能空气集热模块(WSAC)住宅较节能65%住宅可节约年供暖能耗58%以上,且技术经济分析结果显示,该模式的节能减排效果极为明显,建筑寿命期内可节约供暖运行费用13万元以上.     

Zoning for Mobile Homes: A Legal||Analysis

With increasing frequency, planners, legislators, and lawyers have been called on to deal with regulations concerning mobile homes. Both courts and legislatures have groped for means to control or regulate this new type of dwelling. Many tools have been utilized-sanitary laws, building codes, and most often zoning laws. Although this is a justifiable use of the zoning power, it has not always been used effectively. This article analyzes how courts have dealt with various legislative enactments; it attempts to indicate how planners can act within the guidelines set down by the courts.     

编制《内蒙古公共建筑节能设计标准》的几个相关问题

在全国大力推行节能减排的形势下,《内蒙古公共建筑节能设计标准》(DBJ 03-27-2007)顺应建筑节能发展需求,经多方论证现已完善成稿并于2007年11月发布。在编制过程中,笔者主要负责建筑与建筑热工设计部分的编制工作,包括内蒙古公共建筑节能设计气候分区、外围护结构的构造设计、建筑外围护结构热工性能的权衡判断与计算以及外墙平均传热系数的简化计算,对这4个主要问题做了较为切合本地区实际情况的具体规定。     

王府井商业街综合景观评价

伴随当前城市建设的迅速发展,商业街作为最富有活力的街道开放空间,已经成为城市景观设计中最基本的构成要素之一.作为城市景观设计的一部分,商业街以它自身特有的功能在城市中发挥着越来越大的作用.商业街的兴起,反映了人们对那种充满生机与活力的街道生活的内心向往.鲜明的视觉形象,良好的绿化环境,足够的活动场所成为景观设计的基本出发点.王府井商业街要遵循设计的基本出发点,呈现场所精神,以创造一个可读性强的商业街,营造公众心中意象的王府井.     

An example to renovation–revitalization works in historical city centres: Kunduracılar Street/Trabzon-Turkey

Trabzon lies in the northeast of Turkey and its past goes as back as to the antique age. It is a multicultural city which hosted many civilizations throughout its history. Kundurac?lar Street is in the centre of the city of Trabzon and is a historical and important commercial axis and pedestrian-shopping centre. The buildings in this street contain a variety of building types which reflect the identity of the city. In a sense, these buildings are a mirror reflecting the multicultural structure that the city has had throughout its history. However, the cultural–historical entirety of this street has been under the effect of urban sprawl and visual pollution in recent years. By the time, the street loses its characteristics. This study is an attempt to solve such problems and aims at protecting the street through renovation–revitalization works, and to bring it back to the city and to the people of the city by improving the present conditions. This study is the first example of its kind in the region with its area along work of 1 km and with the wide participant model that it proposed. A renovation–revitalization work was carried out in the street under such titles as building façades, street ground, lighting, city furniture, green, etc., and the street was put in the use of the city and its people by improving its qualities. This study also planned and realized a new process for the city of Trabzon (a process of participation, sharing, and conscioussness).     

Infrared thermovision technique for the assessment of thermal transmittance value of opaque building elements on site

Due to new regulations in the field of energy saving, international standards concerning energy requirements of buildings have been developed. In this field, during the design phase, one of the most important parameters to be considered is the value of heat losses coefficient through the envelope. Anyway, very often a great difference is experienced between predicted performance of building elements as calculated using the methods prescribed in technical standards, and the one considering as-build conditions, particularly in the field of building renovation where the envelope thermal transmittance value must be measured on site. Till now, the only method accepted by international standards is the heat flowmeter (HFM) that presents some restriction and some uncertainty in the results. In this study a faster and less invasive method is proposed, the infrared thermovision technique (ITT) whose full potentiality has never been investigated yet, in order to acquire quantitative data of real thermal transmittances of the building envelope in a quasi-steady state condition. The theoretic background is presented together with the application in three case studies. The results indicate that, following a specific methodology, it is possible to record significant data useful to perform a proper assessment of energy performance of existing buildings.     

Using Pre-construction Validation to Regulate Urban Skylines

This article describes best practices from contemporary scientific protocols that can be used to perform pre-construction validation of urban design guidelines. Because of the prominence of skylines in the urban landscape, their regulation represents a prime candidate for applying design guidelines. We tested guidelines for three prospective skyline factors: overall skyline shape (convex, concave, or flat), number of turns in the roofline of individual buildings (4, 8, or 12), and level of variance in four attributes of individual buildings: height, width, depth, and setback (low, medium, or high). Level of variance in building attributes had the strongest effect on judged pleasantness. The respondents preferred rugged skylines over simple ones, whatever their overall shape. These findings suggest that regulations for skyline appearance should focus on variances in the four building attributes.     

哈工大动力楼巨型框架增层结构设计与测试

哈尔滨工业大学动力楼原为两层砌体结构房屋 ,建筑面积 3 90 0m2 。根据学校发展要求 ,决定在原建筑上续建 4层。经反复论证 ,决定采用套建预应力混凝土巨型框架增层的结构方案。着重论述了基础设计、上部结构设计、套建施工方案、测试方案与测试结果分析等内容 ,相关思路和方法可供同类房屋的套建增层设计与施工参考。     

某高层住宅楼倾斜原因及纠倾加固技术研究

在正确分析一 30 层高住宅楼倾斜原因的基础上,对该楼纠倾加固工程采取的纠倾加固措施以及控制技术进行了针对性的研究。为确保该倾斜建筑物安全、平稳、线性的回归,本工程通过首次采用“基底掏土为主,锚索加压为辅”的组合纠倾方法,对应力控制、锚索加压调控及变形控制等多重纠倾控制技术进行深入的研究,而后制定科学合理的施工工序,最终保证了该高层建筑物纠倾加固工程的成功实施,大楼倾斜率由纠倾前的 2.66‰ 回归到 0.87‰ ,满足了国家相关规范及正常实用要求,本工程在纠倾高度（ 97 m ）及层数（ 30 层）方面,刷新了国内高层建筑物纠倾纪录,填补了在强风化泥岩、复杂地基、深埋基础中实施双向纠倾的空白,对高层建筑物的纠倾具有很高的借鉴价值。     

探秘古卢戎,梦幻九州岛——南漳县九州岛“梦回卢戎”民俗文化商业街概念规划设计

以实际项目——南漳县九州岛＂梦回卢戎＂民俗文化商业街的规划与设计为例,从项目的文化背景入手,介绍了区位环境及设计构思,以＂文化是魂,建筑是体,商业是心＂为主线,着重对本项目的内在文化结构与商业形态进行解析,并通过分析建筑特征、建筑与街道的组合方式来解析九州岛商业街的建筑形象和空间层次,归纳出民俗文化商业街的空间形态设计特征,以期为城市特色步行街的保护和开发提供参考。