SiO2气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料的常压制备及性能表征

SiO₂气凝胶的力学性能较差,隔热性能较强,为了使其成为良好的隔热材料,本文提出一种SiO₂气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料的制备方法。以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,玻璃纤维和陶瓷纤维为增强体,硅烷偶联剂KH550和KH570为纤维处理剂,在常压条件下制备SiO₂气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料,并对材料性能进行表征。结果表明:前驱体中十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)含量越高,复合材料中SiO₂气凝胶导热系数越低,低至0.028 W/(m·K);使用硅烷偶联剂KH550时,基体和纤维之间结合的紧密程度更高;纤维的加入使SiO₂气凝胶的力学性能达到很高水平;当前驱体中TEOS与CTAB摩尔比为1∶0.022时,经KH550处理的玻璃纤维/SiO₂气凝胶复合材料导热系数为0.054 W/(m·K),力学性能良好,隔热性能最优。     

硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的制备与性能

分别以硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维为骨架材料,采用溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥制得纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料,并对材料进行了结构和性能的测试分析。结果表明,二氧化硅气凝胶附着于纤维表面,提高了材料力学强度。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的隔音性能优于玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料。两种纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料耐高温、燃烧性能均达到A级。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的产烟毒性分别为AQ₁级和AQ₂级,导热系数分别为0.034 W/（m·K）和0.033 W/（m·K）。     

SiO2气凝胶提高岩棉和玻璃棉性能的实验研究

以无水乙醇为溶剂,SiO₂气凝胶为溶质,制取SiO₂气凝胶改性溶液。采用浸润及常压干燥的方法制备岩棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板和玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板,研究不同质量分数的SiO₂气凝胶对复合板的短期吸水量、热导率及抗压强度的影响,并分析SiO₂气凝胶质量分数为8%时制备的岩棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板和玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板的改性效果,进而采用扫描电镜对复合板的微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明,SiO₂气凝胶均匀附着于无机纤维上,形成了较为稳定的复合体系;随着SiO₂气凝胶质量分数的不断增加,岩棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板和玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板的短期吸水量和热导率都逐渐减小,其抗压强度有一定的提升。比较改性后的岩棉和玻璃棉,后者的防水性能和抗压强度改善更明显。当SiO₂气凝胶质量分数达到8%时,岩棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板和玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板的短期吸水量较改性前分别下降了35.0%和36.2%,热导率分别下降了26.7%和18.3%,抗压强度分别提升了6.5%和102.9%。     

Synthesis of monolithic SiC aerogels with high mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity

The monolithic silicon carbide (SiC) aerogels were converted from catechol-formaldehyde/silicon composite (CF/SiO₂) aerogels through carbothermal reduction and calcination. In the process of preparing the CF/SiO₂ aerogel, a new method was proposed to produce more silicon carbide and enhanced the mechanical properties of the SiC aerogel. This method was realized by adding an alkaline silica sol as supplemental silicon source. The principle process of CF/SiO₂ aerogels converting to SiC aerogels was discussed based on experiment and results analysis, while the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the prepared SiC aerogels were investigated. The results show that the as-synthesized SiC aerogels consist of β-SiC and a small amount of α-SiC nanocrystalline. It possessed a mesoporous structure and a low thermal conductivity 0.049 W/(m∙K), a relatively high compressive strength 1.32 MPa, and a relatively high specific surface area 162 m²/g. Due to their outstanding thermal and mechanical properties, the prepared SiC aerogels present potential applications in thermal insulation field, such as space shuttles and aerospace carrier thermal protection materials.     

新型纳米颗粒/SiO2复合气凝胶制备及吸附催化应用进展

SiO₂气凝胶作为一种新型多孔网络结构材料,具有高比表面积、低热导率及低折射率等优异性能,在多领域具有广泛的应用前景,但是纯SiO₂气凝胶存在力学强度低、质脆易裂等缺陷,严重制约了其规模化应用。因此,如何提升气凝胶的力学性能成为突破其产业化瓶颈的重点。目前,通过引入功能性增强相是改善SiO₂气凝胶多孔骨架强度和柔韧性的最有效途径之一。本综述首先介绍了SiO₂气凝胶制备及复合改性方法;然后对功能纳米颗粒/SiO₂复合气凝胶合成进行探讨,分析了不同维度纳米材料如0D金属氧化物颗粒、1D纳米管/纳米纤维、2D氧化石墨烯纳米片（GO）以及3D金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）对气凝胶孔道结构和表面物化特性的影响,最后,论述了SiO₂复合气凝胶在环境吸附催化领域中的应用潜力。     

废纸纤维素/SiO2复合气凝胶的性能

对废纸纤维素进行处理，以甲基三甲氧基硅烷（MTMS）作为硅源，制备纤维素/SiO₂复合水凝胶，经过冷冻干燥得到性能良好的纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、接触角测量仪及热重分析（TGA）等对制得的气凝胶进行了表征测试。结果显示材料由大孔、介孔、微孔组成，最低密度为0.107 g/cm³，具有较好的疏水性能，静态疏水接触角可达148.5°，力学性能良好，可实现50%范围内压缩后100%恢复，材料具备良好的吸附性能，吸附油污可达到本身质量的12.7倍，热稳定性提高。在处理有机废水，尤其是水体油污方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

氧化硅气凝胶绝热材料及其建筑减碳应用

无机氧化硅气凝胶因具有超低导热系数、A级不燃、吸湿率低、轻质等特点,在航天航空、工业及建筑领域的节能减碳方面具有广泛的应用潜力。然而氧化硅气凝胶力学性能差、制备成本高等缺点限制了其发展应用。介绍了氧化硅气凝胶绝热材料制备工艺的研究进展,对氧化硅气凝胶在建筑领域的应用形式（如超轻气凝胶泡沫混凝土、超高性能气凝胶保温隔热板、超低传热系数气凝胶节能玻璃等）进行了综述,并对氧化硅气凝胶在建筑节能领域的发展方向进行了展望。响应碳中和发展目标,随着气凝胶制备技术的发展与成本降低,氧化硅气凝胶绝热材料将在建筑墙体保温隔热方面广泛应用,同时对其性能提出了更多功能性要求,对氧化硅气凝胶材料还需开展更系统的基础研究以及工程应用技术研发,推动建筑领域的节能减碳与可持续发展。     

Phosphorus-doped Ni–Co sulfides connected by carbon nanotubes for flexible hybrid supercapacitor

As promising electrode materials for supercapacitors, nickel-cobalt bimetallic sulfides render the advantages of abundant redox reactions and inherently high conductivity. However, in general, unsatisfactory performance of low specific capacity, low rate capability, and fast capacity loss exist in Ni–Co sulfide electrodes. Herein, we rationally regulate phosphorus-doped nickel–cobalt sulfides (P-NCS) to enhance the electrochemical performance by gas–solid phosphorization. Moreover, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive additives are added to improve the cycle stability and conductivity and form the composite P-NCS/C/CNT. According to density functional theory, more electrons near the Fermi surface of P-NCS are demonstrated notionally than those of simple CoNi₂S₄. Electrochemical results manifest that P-NCS/C/CNT exhibits superior electrochemical performance, e.g., high specific capacity (932.0 C∙g^‒1 at 1 A∙g^‒1), remarkable rate capability (capacity retention ratio of 69.1% at 20 A∙g^‒1), and lower charge transfer resistance. More importantly, the flexible hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled using P-NCS/C/CNT and activated carbon, which renders an energy density of 34.875 W·h∙kg^‒1 at a power density of 375 W∙kg^‒1. These results show that as-prepared P-NCS/C/CNT demonstrates incredible possibility as a battery-type electrode for high-performance supercapacitors.     

玻璃棉/SiO2气凝胶复合板的改性研究

通过选取无水乙醇为溶剂,以SiO₂气凝胶为溶质,制备SiO₂气凝胶改性溶液,并将其应用于改善玻璃棉的保温性能。通过浸润及常压干燥的方法制取玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板,研究SiO₂气凝胶的质量分数和浸润时间对其性能的影响,并与溶胶-凝胶法制备的玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板相比。研究表明SiO₂气凝胶的质量分数和浸润时间对玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板的性能有显著影响。当SiO₂气凝胶质量分数达到8%且浸润时间为20 min时,玻璃棉/SiO₂气凝胶复合板的短期吸水率、热导率分别下降了38.09%、18.32%,抗压强度上升了102.89%。与溶胶-凝胶法相比,本方法具有制备周期短、工艺较为简洁、成本低等优点,更适宜于大规模生产应用。     

疏水纤维素/SiO2复合气凝胶的制备和表征

以微晶纤维素和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了4种再生纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶,并利用十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)对复合气凝胶进行疏水改性,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对4种再生纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶及其疏水改性产物进行表征分析。结果表明:4种再生纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶均为白色固体,密度范围43.6~50.7 mg/cm³;XRD、EDS和FT-IR分析表明4种再生纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶中均含有硅元素,疏水纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶中均含有硅、氯元素;SEM分析表明4种再生纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶及其改性产物均呈现三维网状结构,改性产物的三维网状结构的孔隙变小。疏水纤维素/SiO₂复合气凝胶的接触角测试结果表明,4种样品接触角均大于90°,达到疏水状态,且随着TEOS用量的增加,接触角逐渐增大(最大接触角144.5°),疏水性能提高。     

二氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的高温疏水改性及失效机制

SiO₂气凝胶隔热复合材料已经广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工等隔热保温领域,通过疏水改性可大幅拓展其应用场景。为了使SiO₂气凝胶隔热复合材料在更高温度仍保持良好的疏水性能,采用聚硅氧烷改性硅酸盐涂料对SiO₂气凝胶隔热复合材料进行表面刷涂疏水改性,然后研究了涂层厚度对裂纹扩张的影响以及涂层在高温下疏水性能的失效机制和刷涂改性前后复合材料的耐磨损性能。结果表明,当涂层厚度大约为13 μm时,所制备的涂层表面无裂纹,接触角可达(113±2)°,经450 ℃高温热处理1 800 s后接触角依然可以保持在105°左右,表现出良好的热稳定性,同时涂层显著提高了复合材料的耐磨损性能。     

Rich photoluminescence emission of SnO2–SiO2 composite aerogels prepared with a co-fed precursor sol–gel process

Tin oxide–silica composite aerogels were successfully prepared with a co-fed precursor sol–gel process. The crystallinity of the tin oxide nanoparticles, embedded in the mesoporous SiO₂ network, was improved with increasing the post-reaction thermal treatment temperature. The composite aerogels exhibited a rich photoluminescence (PL) emission contributed by both SnO₂ and SiO₂. The PL peak of 346 nm was from the near band edge emission of the tin oxide nanoparticles, and the ones located at 310 and 476 nm were attributable to the oxygen deficiencies of the silica network. Three more emission peaks, 387, 432, and 522 nm, were observed, with the 387 nm peak contributed by the oxygen vacancies V_O⁺⁺, the 432 nm peak by the Sn interstitials, and the 522 nm peak by the oxygen vacancies V_O⁺, respectively, of the tin oxide nanoparticles. The intensities of these three defect level emissions were found decreased, as compared to that of the near band edge emission, with increasing the post-reaction thermal treatment temperature as the tin oxide crystallinity improved.     

Opacified graphene-doped silica aerogels with controllable thermal conductivity

In this work, we developed a new type of thermal insulation materials by combining the silica aerogel (SiO₂) and graphene (G) followed by aging and supercritical drying. The effects of different G/SiO₂ mass ratios on the microstructures and properties of opacified G/SiO₂-x composite aerogels were investigated. The results showed that the graphene was well-distributed in the SiO₂ matrix. Meanwhile, the opacified composite aerogels showed high-specific surface area (~?1000 m²/g). Due to the unique bandgap feature and conjugated large π bond of graphene, the thermal insulation property of G/SiO₂-x composite aerogels was enhanced in contrast with the pure SiO₂ aerogel. Moreover, a possible mechanism of heat transfer was discussed to interpret the result.     

Nanofibers reinforced silica aerogel composites having flexibility and ultra-low thermal conductivity

For the sake of enhancing the performance of flexible silica aerogel in practical applications, flexible SiO₂/SnO₂ nanofibers (SSNF) reinforced flexible silica aerogel composites (abbreviated as SiO₂-SSNF) were successfully prepared. Firstly, the SiO₂/SnO₂ nanofibers with fine diameter (~320 nm) and excellent flexibility were prepared by electrospinning technology. Then the aerogel composites were synthesized by adding the flexible SSNF to the silica solution and through the sol-gel method and ethanol supercritical drying technology. The effects of different content of the nanofibers on thermal conductivity and Yong's modulus of SiO₂-SSNF aerogel composites were investigated. The SiO₂/SnO₂ nanofibers were randomly dispersed in the flexible silica aerogel and the great integrity of the material result in smaller linear shrinkage, better thermal protection, and mechanical properties compared with those pure SiO₂ aerogels. The final SiO₂-SSNF aerogel composites possess excellent thermal conductivity (0.025-0.029 W/(m∙K)) and higher Yong's modulus (70 kPa), which was twice than that of the pure silica aerogel. This prepared SiO₂-SSNF aerogel composites can be better used in thermal insulation due to its excellent flexible and thermal insulation property.     

Effect of sodium bicarbonate solution on methyltrimethoxysilane-derived silica aerogels dried at ambient pressure

Here we present an economical ambient pressure drying method of preparing monolithic silica aerogels from methyltrimethoxysilane precursor while using sodium bicarbonate solution as the exchanging solvent. We prepared silica aerogels with a density and a specific surface area of 0.053 g∙cm⁻³ and 423 m²∙g⁻¹, respectively. The average pore diameter of silica aerogels is 23 nm as the pore specific volume is 1.11 cm³∙g⁻¹. Further, the contact angle between water droplet and the surface of silica aerogels in specific condition can be as high as 166°, which indicates a super-hydrophobic surface of aerogels.     

Facile preparation for gelatin/hydroxyethyl cellulose-SiO2 composite aerogel with good mechanical strength,heat insulation,and water resistance

The advanced thermal insulation materials with low cost and high mechanical properties play an important role in transport packaging and thermal protection fields. An inorganic/organic composite aerogel was prepared through hydrogen bonds and chemical crosslinking among silica aerogel particles, gelatin (GA), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The as-prepared GA/HEC-SiO₂ composite aerogels were characterized by compression tests, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analyzer, and contact angle tests to investigate the chemical composition and physical structure. The GA/HEC-SiO₂ composite aerogels exhibited a strong mechanical strength (0.53–4.01 MPa), a high compression modulus (1.33–11.52 MPa), a lower volume density (0.035–0.081 g/cm³), thermal conductivity as low as 0.035 W/[m K]), a porosity of more than 93%, and hydrophobic angle as high as 150.01° after hydrophobic modification. These results indicate that biopolymer composite aerogels embedded with SiO₂ aerogel particles display a bright future in thermal insulation.     

酚醛气凝胶/碳纤维复合材料的结构调控及性能研究

以酚醛树脂为前体、碳纤维针刺预制体为增强体,采用溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥方法制备得到纳米孔酚醛气凝胶/碳纤维复合材料。在不改变材料密度的条件下,通过调节固化剂的用量来调控酚醛气凝胶的纳米颗粒尺寸及孔隙结构,改变气凝胶颗粒在碳纤维针刺预制体中的填充状态,制备出不同微观结构的复合材料。研究表明：随着固化剂用量的减少,气凝胶的颗粒粒径逐渐变小,平均孔径在230 nm~5μm范围内可调;与碳纤维复合后,随着气凝胶颗粒的减小,复合材料的力学性能逐渐提升、热导率逐渐降低、烧蚀性能明显提高。优化后的PAC复合材料具有极低的密度（0.27 g·cm^-3）、高弯曲强度（8.9 MPa）、较低的热导率（0.065 W·m^-1·K^-1）;在2000℃、30 s的中等热流烧蚀条件下,质量烧蚀率为0.0081 g·s^-1、线烧蚀率为0.0204 mm·s^-1。通过调控材料的纳米结构,能够有效地提升材料的力学、隔热以及烧蚀性能,满足高性能热防护应用需求。     

硅酸钠模数对SiO2气凝胶结构和表面改性机制的影响

以粉煤灰为原料制备五种不同浓度的硅酸钠溶液,采用溶胶-凝胶法对硅酸钠溶液进行处理,在常压干燥条件下获得了疏水性SiO₂气凝胶。通过测试气凝胶的密度、比表面积和接触角,研究了硅酸钠溶液模数m对气凝胶结构的影响,阐述了气凝胶表面疏水改性的亲核取代S_N1化学反应机制。研究结果表明,气凝胶的疏水性能与其表面连接的硅甲基—Si—(CH₃)₃数目有直接关系,当硅酸钠模数m=2.50时,气凝胶的疏水性能最佳。气凝胶的密度和比表面积均随硅酸钠模数的增大而增大,当硅酸钠模数m=0.75时,气凝胶的密度和比表面积最小,其值分别为0.073 9 g/cm³和588.5 m²/g。     

纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料研究现状及发展趋势

阐述了纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料的绝热机理及绝热性能,分别总结了溶胶-凝胶法和气相法制备纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料的研究现状,并就两种方法制备纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料的过程中存在的问题作了分析。详细介绍了一些功能性添加材料,包括红外遮光剂、增强材料和高温收缩抑制剂,这些材料对纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料的性能具有重要的影响。最后展望了纳米二氧化硅复合绝热材料的发展趋势。     

硫酸钠/氧化硅复合定形相变材料的溶胶凝胶法制备和表征简

A sodium sulfate （NaeSO4）/silica （SiO2） composite was prepared as a shape-stabilized solid-liquid phase change material by a sol-gel procedure using Na2SiO3 as the silica source. Na2SO4 in the composite acts as a latent heat storage substance for solid-liquid phase change, while SiO2 acts as a support material to provide structural strength and prevent leakage of melted NazSO4. The microstructure and composition of the prepared composite were characterized by the N2 adsorption, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the prepared Na2SOJSiO2 composite is a nanostructured hybrid of NazSO4 and SiO2 without new substances produced during the phase change. The macroscopic shape of the NazSO4/SiO2 composite after the melting and freezing cycles does not change and there is no leakage of Na2SO4. Determined by differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） analysis, the values of phase change latent heat of melting and freezing of the prepared NazSO4/SiO2 （50%, by mass） composite are 82.3 kJ.kg i and 83.7 kJ.kg-1, and temperatures of melting and freezing are 886.0 ℃ and 880.6 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the Na2SOJSiO2 composite maintains good thermal energy storage and release ability even after 100 cycles of melting and freezing. The satisfactory thermal storage performance renders this composite a versatile tool for high-temperature thermal energy storage.