谷物发酵食品中的天然酵母应用研究进展

本文主要对天然酵母在谷物食品中的应用、天然酵母菌种分离纯化鉴定、即用型活性发酵剂制备方法的国内外研究现状进行总结,以便对天然酵母发酵产品开发提供理论参考。同时,分析讨论了天然酵母发酵产品生产过程中的主要不足,并推测了天然酵母谷物食品的发展趋势。     

蛋白组学及其在食品科学研究中的应用

后基因组时代的主要研究任务之一即是蛋白组学研究,蛋白组学技术发展迅速,目前已有望成为用来解决生命科学领域中诸多问题包括食品品质与安全等食品科学问题的有力工具。蛋白组学为食品科学相关研究提供了新的思路和技术,在食品科学研究中已有广泛的应用。介绍了蛋白质组学研究的核心技术,即蛋白质组分分离、蛋白质组分鉴定、利用蛋白质组信息学进行结构和功能预测,综述了蛋白组学技术在食品科学研究中的进展,并展望了其应用前景。     

全国食品酶学与蛋白质化学论坛通知(第一轮)

21世纪是生命科学的世纪,蛋白质是生命的物质基础,没有蛋白质就没有生命。生命科学领域中,蛋白质科学的研究一直是热点和前沿,而蛋白质化学正是蛋白质科学研究的前提和基础。现代生物技术的迅猛发展,正在引发一场全球范围内新技术革命的浪潮。食品工业一直是生物技术应用的重要领域,特别是被称为食品"魔术师"的酶技术作为一种全新的食品加工方式与途径,以其独特的催化功能,成为食品科学应用研究领域的重要研究内容,对食品的加工保藏、食品营养以及食品分析等多方面都起到了重要作用。因此,食品生物技术产业已逐渐成为食品工业     

DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的应用

近年来,国内外不断出现有关食品掺假造假等食品安全问题的报道。产品与标签不符,肉类掺假,以次充好等商业欺诈问题影响着人们的利益与健康。食品掺假造假问题越来越受到重视,而传统的检测方法已不能满足食品鉴定的需要。DNA条形码技术是从分子水平上对食品进行鉴定,弥补了传统鉴定方法的不足,其准确、高效、简单的特点为食品鉴定领域带来了新的革命。本文在简要介绍DNA条形码研究现状的基础上,主要总结目前国内外关于DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的应用情况,包括在渔类产品、肉类产品、可食用植物、加工食品鉴定中的应用,最后讨论DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的优缺点以及发展趋势。     

超高压加工技术在食品工业中应用的研究进展

食品超高压处理是一种非热加工技术,通过对整个食品的快速、均匀加压达到对食品杀菌、保藏、改性等目的。与其他处理方式相比,超高压处理具有加工过程污染低、营养物质损失少、风味保持度好等优点。本文通过研究国内外相关文献,主要从超高压加工技术的机理及在食品工业中的应用,包括杀菌、蛋白质改性、贝类脱壳、物质提取等方面综述了食品超高压处理近年来的研究进展。对超高压加工技术在食品工业中的应用进行了归纳分析,总结了该技术在食品工业中存在的问题,并指出了该领域今后的发展方向。     

过热蒸汽技术在食品加工中的应用研究进展

从熟制到杀菌，热处理贯穿食品加工的整个过程，过热蒸汽技术则作为一种新兴、高效、安全、环保的热处理技术走进人们视野，虽然其已发展百年有余，但直到近些年才成为一种可行的食品加工技术，并逐渐应用于食品加工各个领域。该文综述了近年来过热蒸汽技术在食品加工中的应用研究，主要包括干燥、烘焙、杀菌、稳定化处理、淀粉及蛋白质改性等多个食品加工应用领域，分析了其在各领域的应用效果及影响因素，探讨了其对产品品质的影响，讨论了其优势及存在的问题，展望了其在食品加工领域的未来研究方向，以期为进一步拓宽和深入研究过热蒸汽技术在食品加工中的应用提供参考。     

代谢组学在食品科学中的应用进展

代谢组学分析主要集中于对小分子代谢物综合分析,是对代谢靶标分析、代谢轮廓分析以及代谢指纹分析的进一步深化和融合。传统的食品分析主要分析蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等,通过代谢组学技术,可在一种食品中检测到成百上千种不同的化学成分,从而为食品的鉴别、安全、加工、营养研究等提供更强大的数据支撑。文章综述了代谢组学的分析技术、样品制备、数据分析方法,并介绍了代谢组学技术在食品营养、食品质量鉴别和食品风味研究方面的应用,旨在为食品代谢组学研究及应用提供参考。     

代谢组学在食品品质研究中的应用进展

随着经济的快速发展和生活水平的不断提高,食品的营养价值、品质安全受到人们的广泛关注。代谢组学是继基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学后的一门新兴组学,日益成为食品科学研究中一种重要的分析技术。代谢处于生命活动调控的末端,相较于其他组学,代谢组学更接近表型。作为一种新型研究手段,代谢组学从整体水平上研究生命体代谢活动和状态,对生物体系中的小分子化合物进行定性定量研究,具有高通量、高灵敏性和高准确性等特点,可以有效克服传统方法的局限性。本文概述了代谢组学的概念、研究方法、分析技术,并介绍了近年来国内外对代谢组学在食品营养、食品安全、食品加工、食品溯源及转基因食品等方面的应用与研究进展,为后续研究提供参考。     

代谢组学技术在植物源性食品研究中的应用研究进展

代谢组学以生物系统中的细胞在特定条件下所有小分子代谢物为研究对象,定性并定量描述生物内源性代谢物及其对内因和外因变化的应答规律。近年来代谢组学技术成为食品科学研究中不可或缺的工具,尤其是在以植物为原材料进行加工或直接食用的植物源性食品中,代谢组学技术广泛用于检测不易挥发性化合物。本文简要介绍代谢组学主要技术平台、研究流程和统计方法,着重论述代谢组学在植物源性食品的品质鉴定、安全性及防伪评估、原料动态监控以及食品分类中的应用现状及发展趋势。     

超微粉碎技术对蛋白质理化及功能性质影响的研究进展

作为复杂的生物大分子物质,蛋白质在生命物质活动中起着至关重要的作用。近年来,基于蛋白质为原辅料的各类食品层出不穷,蛋白质本身的性质对于食品的品质特性,乃至食品的生产加工或者储存条件和方式等也都有着很大的影响。通过对蛋白质的改性,可以改善其功能及应用特性。目前,超微粉碎由于其独特的加工特性被广泛应用在食品的生产加工,相比于一般粉碎技术,超微粉碎加工技术能将物料粉碎至10μm,甚至1μm。具有生产效率高、粒径细、产品营养损耗小、分布均匀和污染少的特点。本文主要介绍了多种超微粉碎处理技术对食品蛋白质的物理化学性质及功能性质的影响,为采用超微粉碎处理方式以获得具有特定性状的蛋白质产品相关技术的开发提供了一定的思路。     

Mass spectrometry based proteomics as foodomics tool in research and assurance of food quality and safety

BackgroundAs a comprehensive discipline that studies food and nutrition, foodomics requires reliable qualitative and quantitative information about the food proteome component in order to extract new integrative information from the complex multivariable space of omics. This new information is necessary to achieve a higher level of understanding of processes in food science and technology, consequently new functions of food and improved markers of food quality and safety and completely transform concept of food safety.Scope and approachWe are making an effort to present mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomic approaches that are being utilized in different proteomic studies, not necessarily in the field of foodomics, which are important and have the potential to advance this field. Current analytical capabilities of MS-based proteomics together with sample preparation procedures and quantification strategies, and recent technical developments were presented.Key findings and conclusionsMS-based proteomics enables the analysis of different aspects of proteins and provides a variety of approaches for reliable quantification of individual proteins and/or food proteome. This is a complex field and its successful implementation requires a dedicated analyst, a thorough design of sample preparation procedure, the selection of an MS technique and approach, an adequate type of mass spectrometer, a thorough data analysis and validation. Improvements in the technology of mass spectrometers are continuously expanding capabilities of MS-based proteomics.     

Proteomics Methods for Probing Molecular Mechanisms in Signal Transduction

mRNA splicing and various posttranslational modifications to proteins result in a larger number of proteins than genes. Assessing the dynamic nature of this proteome is the challenge of modern proteomics. Recent advances in high throughput methods greatly facilitate the analysis of proteins involved in signal transduction, their production, posttranslational modifications and interactions. Highly reproducible two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) methods, coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) allow rapid separation and identification of proteins. These methods, alone or in conjunction with other techniques such as immunoprecipitation, allow identification of various critical posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation. High throughput identification of important protein-protein interactions is accomplished by yeast two hybrid approaches. In vitro and in vivo pulldown assays, coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS, provide an important alternative to two hybrid approaches. Emerging advances in production of protein-based arrays promise to further increase throughput of proteomics-based approaches to signal transduction.     

Two-dimensional gel analysis of the proteome of lager brewing yeasts

Modern lager brewing yeasts used in beer production are hybrid strains consisting of at least two different genomes. To obtain information on the identity of the parental strains that gave rise to industrial lager yeasts, we used two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and analysed the proteomes of different Saccharomyces species isolated from breweries. We found that the proteome of lager brewing yeasts and of the type strains of S. carlsbergensis, S. monacensis and S. pastorianus can be interpreted as the superimposition of two elementary patterns. One originates from proteins encoded by a S. cerevisiae-like genome. The other corresponds to a divergent Saccharomyces species whose best representative is a particular S. pastorianus strain, NRRL Y-1551. A map of industrial lager brewing yeasts has been established, with the individual origin of proteins and with identification of protein spots by comparison to known S. cerevisiae proteins. This 2-D map can be accessed on the Lager Brewing Yeast Protein Map server through the World Wide Web. This study provides the first example of the use of proteome analysis for investigating taxonomic relationships between divergent yeast species.     

Symposium review: Characterization of the bovine milk protein profile using proteomic techniques

Identification and characterization of the comprehensive bovine milk proteome has historically been limited due to the dichotomy of protein abundances within milk. The high abundance of a select few proteins, including caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and serum albumin, has hindered intensive identification and characterization of the vast array of low-abundance proteins in milk due to limitations in separation techniques and protein labeling capacity. In more recent years, the development and advancement of proteomics techniques have yielded valuable tools for characterization of the protein profile in bovine milk. More extensive fractionation and enrichment techniques, including the use of combinations of precipitation techniques, immunosorption, gel electrophoresis, chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and hexapeptide-based binding enrichment, have allowed for better isolation of lower abundance proteins for further downstream liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approaches. The different milk subfractions isolated during these processes can also be analyzed as individual entities to assess the protein profile unique to the different fractions—for instance, investigation of the skim milk-associated proteome versus the milk fat globule membrane-associated proteome. Updates to high-throughput methods, equipment, and software have also allowed for greater interpretation and visualization of the data. For instance, labeling techniques have enabled analysis of multiplexed samples and more accurate comparison of specific protein abundances and quantities across samples, and integration of gene ontology analysis has allowed for a more in-depth and visual representation of potential relationships between identified proteins. Inclusively, these developments in proteomic techniques have allowed for a rapid increase in the number of milk-associated proteins identified and a better grasp of the relationships and potential functionality of the proteins within the milk proteome.     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性.在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素.蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白...     

Expanding the bovine milk proteome through extensive fractionation

Bovine milk is an agricultural product of tremendous value worldwide. It contains proteins, fat, lactose, vitamins, and minerals. It provides nutrition and immunological protection (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract) to the newborn and young calf. It also forms an important part of human nutrition. The repertoire of proteins in milk (i.e., its proteome) is vast and complex. The milk proteome can be described in detail by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, the high concentration of dominating proteins in milk reduces mass spectrometry detection sensitivity and limits detection of low abundant proteins. Further, the general health and udder health of the dairy cows delivering the milk may influence the composition of the milk proteome. To gain a more exhaustive and true picture of the milk proteome, we performed an extensive preanalysis fractionation of raw composite milk collected from documented healthy cows in early lactation. Four simple and industrially applicable techniques exploring the physical and chemical properties of milk, including acidification, filtration, and centrifugation, were used for separation of the proteins. This resulted in 5 different fractions, whose content of proteins were compared with the proteins of nonfractionated milk using 2-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. To validate the proteome analysis, spectral counts and ELISA were performed on 7 proteins using the ELISA for estimation of the detection sensitivity limit of the 2-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Each fractionation technique resulted in identification of a unique subset of proteins. However, high-speed centrifugation of milk to whey was by far the best method to achieve high and repeatable proteome coverage. The total number of milk proteins initially detected in nonfractionated milk and the fractions were 635 in 2 replicates. Removal of dominant proteins and filtering for redundancy across the different fractions reduced the number to 376 unique proteins in 2 replicates. In addition, 366 proteins were detected by this process in 1 replicate. Hence, by applying different fractionation techniques to milk, we expanded the milk proteome. The milk proteome map may serve as a reference for scientists working in the dairy sector.     

蛋白质组学技术在食品微生物安全评估与检测中的应用

食源性微生物导致的食品安全问题在世界范围内一直备受关注。沙门氏菌（Salmonela Spp）、李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、大肠杆菌O157:H7等致病菌容易在食品加工过程中存活,对消费者的生命健康造成危害。在食品快速流通及泛工业化生产的今天,实现食品中的病源微生物以及微生物毒素的快速检测是保障食品安全的基本途径之一。作为21世纪六大热点技术之一,蛋白质组学技术有望弥补目前基于免疫学、基因组学等快速检测方法的不足,为监测食品中微生物种类与含量、保证食品安全提供新思路。本文主要探讨了蛋白质组学在食品微生物安全方面的最新研究进展,内容涵盖了利用质谱鉴定食品微生物,利用多肽指纹图谱识别食品中潜在病源微生物,利用蛋白质组学的方法研究微生物在外界环境变化时蛋白质组上的响应以及与食品安全相关的生物膜的研究进展等。     

色谱-质谱联用的食品组学技术在食品科学研究中的应用

食品组学是近年来新兴的利用基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学及代谢组学等系统生物学的分析思路和方法研究食品科学的一类技术,被广泛用于食品营养、食品安全及食品溯源等研究中。色谱与质谱的联用将色谱对复杂生物体系的高分离能力与质谱的高灵敏度、高分辨率、高选择性等优点相结合,具有分析速度快、定性定量结果准确、样品用量少等特点,是目前食品组学研究中一种强有力的检测技术。本文综述了基于色谱-质谱联用的食品组学技术的分析流程及该技术在食品营养品质、食品加工及贮藏、食品溯源及真伪鉴别、食品中农药残留、食品过敏原五个方面的应用,并提出了该技术的发展趋势及展望,旨在为食品科学与质量安全研究提供理论参考。