T型口模气辅挤出段长度对挤出物截面形状和挤出胀大的影响

采用数值模拟的方法对T型截面口模气辅挤出成型过程中滑移段长度、挤出流量和松弛时间对挤出物的变形和挤出胀大的影响进行了研究。结果表明,气辅挤出段长度的增加可以减小挤出物的变形和挤出胀大,减小挤出流量和松弛时间对变形和挤出胀大的影响,并且当气辅挤出段的长度增加到一定值后,挤出胀大比为1且不受松弛时间和挤出流量的影响,这个值随挤出流量的增加和松弛时间的延长而增加。     

气辅挤出口模中滑移段长度对压力降和第一法向应力差的影响

采用壁面滑移方程和EVSS/SUPG混合有限元方法,使用PTT流变学基本方程,对粘弹性高分子熔体在不同气体辅助挤出口模内的流动进行了数值模拟研究。考察了口模滑移段长度对压力降和第一法向应力差的影响。研究表明,气辅挤出可以有效减小压力降,并将应力集中的位置由口模出口处转移到气体的注入点。且随着滑移段长度增大,压力降和应力集中的程度得到减小;熔体在100%完全滑移段口模中流动时无流动阻力、压力降和应力集中现象,是一种理想流动状态。     

聚合物气辅共挤成型中挤出胀大的数值模拟

以一矩形截面共挤型材为例,采用Giesekus本构方程和Navier滑移模型建立数值模型,使用EVSS、SU等有限元方法对气辅共挤和传统共挤时两种聚合物熔体在口模内外的等温粘弹流动做了三维数值模拟,得到了气辅共挤和传统共挤时的挤出胀大率、速度场、应力场及剪切速率分布。对模拟结果进行了分析和对比,结果表明,气辅共挤能消除挤出胀大和模外熔体偏转流动现象;气辅共挤时两相熔体的速度场均匀一致,熔体流动稳定,呈柱塞状挤出;熔体表面的切向和法向应力为零,因而可有效提高挤出速率,并防止制品表面鲨鱼皮现象的出现。     

非等温气辅共挤出胀大的三维粘弹数值模拟

采用PTT本构方程和Arrhenius黏度对温度依赖方程,运用有限元方法,对低密聚乙烯(LDPE)/高密聚乙烯(HDPE)熔体的共挤过程进行了三维非等温粘弹数值模拟,对比分析了两熔体在传统和气辅共挤过程中的速度场、剪切速率分布和层间界面形貌。研究表明,气辅共挤成型在口模出口处不存在二次流动,且在挤出方向流速均匀,剪切速率分布均匀且数值比传统共挤小得多,说明气辅共挤能有效消除传统共挤过程中的挤出胀大和界面偏移现象。     

L型异型材气辅共挤胀大及变形的数值模拟和实验验证

以L型双层共挤异型材为研究对象,采用Phan-Thien and Tanner(PTT)本构方程对该模型进行了三维等温数值模拟,并使用聚丙烯(PP)对该模型进行了实验研究,对比分析了数值模拟结果与实验结果。研究表明,气体以及重力的影响将使气辅共挤异型材制品截面积偏小;数值模拟和实验结果均表明气辅技术能有效减小异型材共挤过程中的挤出胀大和变形,提高共挤异型材制品的质量以及简化异型材共挤口模的设计。     

L型异型材气辅共挤胀大的三维等温数值模拟EI北大核心CSCD

应用有限元分析方法,采用Giesekus本构方程,对L型双层共挤模型进行了三维粘弹等温共挤出数值模拟,分析了2种不同进料方案下传统共挤和气辅共挤口模出口面的速度场、剪切速率场以及挤出胀大和变形情况。研究表明,异型材传统共挤的挤出胀大和变形受进料方案的影响,而气辅共挤则不受其影响。异型材传统共挤在口模出口面速度的非均匀分布是导致挤出胀大和变形的主要原因;气辅共挤口模出口面速度分布均匀,无胀大和变形,说明气辅共挤能消除异型材传统共挤中的挤出胀大和变形。     

气辅共挤出界面位置对挤出胀大的影响

基于聚合物流变学理论,运用有限元方法,建立了半圆形共挤口模成型的理论模型,并对理论模型进行了数值模拟,研究了口模入口端熔体层间界面位置及熔体入口流率对共挤出胀大和熔体层间界面位置的影响。研究表明,气辅共挤过程中,当两熔体流率相等时,使得两熔体入口面积近似相等的r值(共挤口模入口处界面位置)能将熔体的离模膨胀率降为零值,同时保证熔体层间界面位置稳定;当两熔体流率不等时,熔体离模膨胀率随着自身流率的增大而增大,随着另一熔体流率的增大而减小,界面位置则向流率较低的一侧偏移。     

气辅挤出成型中两相流界面的稳定性

使用南昌大学制备的气辅挤出成型设备,研究了气体压力和流量对熔体/气体两相流界面稳定性的影响,通过实验得出,实现气辅挤出的条件是口模内注气点处气体压力大于等于熔体的压力,而pmelt≈pgas是实现稳定气辅挤出的前提条件;实验还表明控制气体流量对实现稳定挤出非常重要,当气体流量为0.4 m3/s时,熔体以稳定层流形式挤出,气体流量增大到2 m3/s时,气体产生紊流并强迫挤出物以波纹状进行抖动挤出。     

聚合物共挤出过程的挤出胀大有限元分析

采用有限元方法模拟了非牛顿流体在共挤出过程中的挤出胀大现象,分析了模具流道收敛角、模具内壁的表面质量以及平直段长度对共挤出聚合物挤出胀大的影响。结果表明:当流道收敛角α在0°~30°区间变化时,角度的大小对两种熔体的挤出胀大率均有一定的影响;当30°≤α≤90°时,角度的变化对熔体挤出胀大率几乎没有影响。模具内壁的表面质量对挤出胀大率影响较大,改善模具壁面质量可以有效地减小挤出胀大率。适当增加流道出口平直段长度可以显著减小挤出胀大率。     

气体流量对管材气辅挤出的影响

将气体简化为广义牛顿流体,并作为单独的内外两层,针对管材型气辅挤出口模,建立了二维有限元模型,并进行了数值模拟,研究了气体流量对口模出口处剪切速率、熔体速度及口模流道中心处熔体压力的影响。研究表明,当气体流入口模流道内,聚合物熔体在口模出口处厚度为-0.85~0.85 mm剪切速率为零,为促使聚合物熔体既满足表面质量不因剪切速率不均引起表面质量缺陷,又满足在厚度方向的尺寸要求(即2 mm),故需将聚合物熔体与气体相汇处的流道沿厚度方向扩大0.3 mm;同时也为了进一步降低因速度梯度大而引起的表面质量缺陷,文中进气体流量为2.512×10-3m/s最佳。因此,当气体作为一种辅助工艺引入到聚合物挤出成型当中,需在两相流相汇处流道沿厚度方向预留足够的空间(本文是预留制品厚度的20%的尺寸)以满足制品的尺寸及表面质量要求。     

聚合物挤出胀大的一个定量模型及应用

基于毛细管内缠结-卷曲分子统计力学的高分子口模胀大理论(适合长毛细管),考虑入口效应和出口胀大演变过程建立了适合长、短毛细管的聚合物挤出胀大统一模型;能分析胀大比受粘弹参数、材料结构、流场特征、入口效应、操作条件和出口介质条件等的影响。模型很好分析了几种塑料、溶液、填充复合材料及橡胶的挤出胀大比数据;首次定量表达了胀大演化的过程,说明模型有一定的合理性。     

Dynamics of Polymeric Fluids 1. The Molecular Theory of Die Swell： A Set of Equation on Swelling Ratio in Extrudates

The structural model of the multiple-transient networks and the mechanism of the multiple-reptation entangled chains due to the dynamic reorganization in the entangled sites were extensively applied on the die swell of polymeric liquids in the steady simple shear flow. The total (recoverable and unrecoverable) viscoelastic free energy of deformation and flow, the constitutive equation and the expression of the simple shear (tanψ)were deduced from the conformational probability distribution function of the entangled polymer chains. It found that: (1) the magnitudes of simple shear (tanψ) depended not only on the free recoil (or recoverable strain) but also on the viscous heating (or unrecoverable strain); (2) the total recoil may be resolved into the instantaneous and delayed recoil. Based on these facts, the functions of the partition and two experiential fractions of the recoverable (1(-W)γ) and the unrecoverable ((-W)γ) conformations for the recoil and viscous heating of polymeric liquids were defined correspondingly. Then the correlation of the instantaneously and ultimately (or total) recoverable strains to the (N1/τ12)w and the fraction of trans-form conformation was obtained. After introducing the condition of uniform two-dimensional extension (αx=αy=α, αz=α-2) and the swell ratio (B=α), two sets of equations on the instantaneous and ultimate swelling ratios (BE, BEVT) were obtained, and a method to determine the fraction of the recoverable transform conformation were proposed.The equations of BE and BE5 were verified by the experimental data of HDPE (high denisity polyethylene)at two different high temperatures. It shows that the molecular theory of die swell can be used to predict the correlation of the swelling to the (N1/τ12)w and the fraction of trans-form conformation.     

Dynamics of Polymeric Fluids: Part II The Molecular Theory of Die Swell: Correlation of Ultimate Die Swelling Effect to the Molecular Parameters and the Operational Variables

A general expression for the correlation of the simple shear (tan(?)) to the molecular parameters and the shear rate (γ) was deduced. It shows that the simple shear (tan(?)) may be resolved into free recoil (recoverable strain) and viscous heating (unrecoverable strain). The magnitudes of the simple shears for recoil (tan(?)E) and (tan(?)V) for viscous heating not only depended on the molecular parameters and the operational variables, but also on the exponential fractions of the recoverable (1-Wγ) and unrecoverable (W-γ) conformations for recoil and viscous heating. Therefore the magnitudes of the simple shears (tan(?)E) for recoil and (tan(?)V) for viscous heating are, respectively, expressed as the partition function to the (1-Wγ)th power and the partition function to the (Wγ)th power. Thus correlations of the total recoil and the ultimately recoverable strains to the molecular parameters [n', a,η0, GN0 and (1-Wγ)] and the operational variables (γ, (L/D) and tr) were deduced respectively, which show that at very different shear rates (0≤γ≤∞) the polymeric liquids may exhibit a very different viscoelastic behaviors. After introducing the uniform two-dimensional extension, the definition of swelling ratio and the ratio of L to D [De=(L/D)], two expressions for the ultimate die swelling effect and the ultimate extrudate swelling ratio BEVT5 to the molecular parameters [n', a,η0, GN0 and (1-Wγ)] and the operational variables (γ, (L/D) and tr) were obtained. The two correlation expressions were verified by the experimental data of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which shows that the two correlation expressions can be used to predict the correlations of the ultimate extrudate swelling behaviors of polymeric liquids to the molecular parameters and the operational variables.     

Dynamics of Polymeric Fluids：Part Ⅱ The Molecular Theory of Die Swell： Correlation of Ultimate Die Swelling Effect to the Molecular Parameters and the Operational Variables

A general expression for the correlation of the simple shear (tan ) to the molecular parameters and the shear rate ( ) was deduced. It shows that the simple shear (tan ) may be resolved into free recoil (recoverable strain) and viscous heating (unrecoverable strain). The magnitudes of the simple shears for recoil (tan E) and (tan V) for viscous heating not only depended on the molecular parameters and the operational variables, but also on the exponential fractions of the recoverable (1- ) and unrecoverable ( ) conformations for recoil and viscous heating. Therefore the magnitudes of the simple shears (tan E) for recoil and (tan V) for viscous heating are, respectively, expressed as the partition function to the (1- )th power and the partition function to the ( )th power. Thus correlations of the total recoil and the ultimately recoverable strains to the molecular parameters [ , a, η0, GN0 and (1- )] and the operational variables ( ), (L=D) and tr) were deduced respectively, which show that at very different shear rates ( ) the polymeric liquids may exhibit a very different viscoelastic behaviors. After introducing the uniform two-dimensional extension, the definition of swelling ratio and the ratio of L to D [De=(L/D)], two expressions for the ultimate die swelling effect and the ultimate extrudate swelling ratio BEVT5 to the molecular parameters [ , a, η0, GN0 and (1- )] and the operational variables ( , (L/D) and tr) were obtained. The two correlation expressions were verified by the experimental data of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which shows that the two correlation expressions can be used to predict the correlations of the ultimate extrudate swelling behaviors of polymeric liquids to the molecular parameters and the operational variables.     

聚合物熔体复合挤出胀大过程的数值模拟及可恢复弹性形变分析

建立了两种聚合物熔体流经矩形流道共挤出的三维数值计算模型,采用有限元方法数值模拟了共挤出成型过程及胀大过程,得到了速度场、压力场、应力场,并利用数值计算方法得到了共挤出流动过程的可恢复弹性形变场,分析了挤出胀大率以及可恢复弹性形变的变化过程。结果表明,在共挤出流动的胀大段,共挤出界面的形状和位置发生了改变;经矩形流道共挤出得到的挤出胀大末端截面形状为不对称的鼓形;在共挤出界面附近可恢复弹性形变值存在极值,运用数值方法计算可恢复弹性形变可以对流动过程中可能存在的缺陷进行预测。     

高效液相色谱法测定CO2膨胀前后烟丝中氨基酸

本文研究了用Waters柱前衍生试剂AQC,即6-氨基喹啉基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚氨基酸甲酸来测定CO2膨胀前后烟丝中的氨基酸的组成和含量,流动相由磷酸盐缓冲液、乙腈和纯水构成,梯度洗脱。结果表明:烟丝在CO2膨胀前后样品所测16种游离氨基酸的总量普遍减少。     

SC-CO2及工艺条件对高固含量发射药CA/CaCO3体系挤出停留时间的影响

为了研究挤出过程中超临界二氧化碳（SC-CO₂）对高固含量发射药停留时间分布的影响,采用示踪粒子轨迹跟踪技术研究了醋酸纤维素（CA）/碳酸钙（CaCO₃）/SC-CO₂代料停留时间的影响因素,结合反应器流动模型确定了CA/CaCO₃/SC-CO₂在机筒中的流动情况。数值模拟结果显示,注入体积流量为0.1 mL/min的SC-CO₂后,平均停留时间缩短了35%,Pe减小了196.4;螺杆转速由6 r/min增加到14 r/min时,平均停留时间缩短了54.5%,Pe减小了210.8;当机筒温度从40 ℃升高至60 ℃,平均停留时间减少了19%,Pe减小了75.0。反应器流动模型拟合结果显示,螺杆转速由6 r/min增加到14 r/min时,CA/CaCO₃/SC-CO₂的体积分数从0.65降低到0.62。由此可知,SC-CO₂的加入、螺杆转速的增加以及机筒温度的升高都显著缩短了物料的停留时间,并促进了轴向混合,CA/CaCO₃/SC-CO₂在螺杆内的主要流型为活塞流。     

支链数目和支链长度对梳形支化聚苯乙烯动态粘弹行为的影响

以主链长度相当、支链数目和支链长度依次变化的梳形支化聚苯乙烯为对象,使用平板式旋转流变仪测定其动态粘弹参数的温度谱和频率谱,研究了支链数目和支链长度对梳形支化聚苯乙烯动态粘弹行为的影响。结果表明,梳形支化聚苯乙烯的玻璃化转变温度高于相同相对分子质量范围的线型聚苯乙烯,而且随支链数目增加其玻璃化转变温度持续增大;梳形支化聚苯乙烯的粘流转变温度低于相同相对分子质量范围的线型聚苯乙烯,随支链长度增加,粘流转变温度和橡胶弹性平台区储能模量明显增大。与主链运动相对应的松弛过程发生在低频区,其特征松弛时间随支链数目增加明显延长,在更高频率下会出现与梳形支化聚苯乙烯的支链解缠结相关的支链松弛,随支链长度增加,支链特征松弛时间延长。