含氮功能炭材料CCPEI的合成及其对重金属离子吸附

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为原料,通过环氧氯丙烷(ECH)化学交联改性的方法制备了网络状交联聚乙烯亚胺(CPEI),然后在氮气氛围中,经一定条件炭化制得了含有丰富含氮功能基团的新型吸附材料(CCPEI)。通过氮吸附等温线分析了样品的孔结构,通过FT-IR表征比较PEI、CPEI以及CCPEI的官能团,并通过SEM观察CCPEI的表面形貌。结果表明,CCPEI保留了大量的胺基活性基团,并经过炭化形成一部分表面微孔结构。初步探索了CCPEI对不同金属离子的吸附性能,结果表明,CCPEI对Cu2+、Pd2+、Al 3+、Ce3+、La3+均具有较大的吸附容量,分别达到63.776,83.007,20.7113,37.506和14.148mg/g;采用静态法研究了CCPEI对Cu2+的结合特性以及温度、pH值等对吸附的影响。     

聚乙烯亚胺改性交联壳聚糖微球对甲基橙的吸附性能EI北大核心CSCD

以丙烯酰氯为桥连剂,采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对交联壳聚糖微球(GCS)进行表面接枝改性,制备了聚乙烯亚胺改性交联壳聚糖微球(PEI-GCS)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱对PEI-GCS的结构、扫描电子显微镜对PEI-GCS的形貌进行了表征,并系统考察了PEI-GCS对甲基橙(MO)的吸附性能。结果表明,PEI成功引入到GCS中,制备的PEI-GCS的外观形貌为均匀的球形。在p H为3. 00时,PEI-GCS对MO具有最佳的吸附性能,吸附容量为622. 27 mg/g,吸附动力学符合二级动力学,等温吸附模型均可采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型来描述。     

锂硫电池正极富氮粘结剂的制备与性能研究

理想的锂硫电池正极用聚合物粘结剂不仅应具有良好的粘附性能,还应有丰富的极性基团以吸附多硫化物,抑制穿梭效应。通过壳聚糖(CS)与含大量氨基的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)通过氢键作用结合,合成了一种富氮粘结剂(CS&PEI)。结果表明,与未改性的CS粘结剂相比,CS&PEI粘结剂具有更好的粘结性能和对多硫化物的吸附性能。使用CS&PEI粘结剂组装的锂硫电池具有更加优异的倍率性能和长循环稳定性。在0.2 C循环150次后,锂硫电池的比容量仍然保持为814 mAh/g。     

聚乙烯亚胺改性交联壳聚糖微球对甲基橙的吸附性能

以丙烯酰氯为桥连剂,采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对交联壳聚糖微球(GCS)进行表面接枝改性,制备了聚乙烯亚胺改性交联壳聚糖微球(PEI-GCS)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱对PEI-GCS的结构、扫描电子显微镜对PEI-GCS的形貌进行了表征,并系统考察了PEI-GCS对甲基橙(MO)的吸附性能。结果表明,PEI成功引入到GCS中,制备的PEI-GCS的外观形貌为均匀的球形。在p H为3. 00时,PEI-GCS对MO具有最佳的吸附性能,吸附容量为622. 27 mg/g,吸附动力学符合二级动力学,等温吸附模型均可采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型来描述。     

Cu~(2+)-IIP印迹材料的制备及性能研究

以Cu2+为模板,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,羧基碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)为载体,采用"Grafting onto"方法在羧基碳纳米管表面键连大分子链聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),制备了功能单体MWNTs-CO/PEI,获得铜离子印迹材料。利用FTIR、TEM对产物进行了表征,探讨了模板离子的初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附时间对吸附容量的影响,以及印迹材料的吸附选择性和重复使用率。结果表明,PEI中的N-H键断裂,H原子被烷基取代,环氧氯丙烷发生开环反应,键连到PEI的N原子上;羧基碳纳米管表面包覆了一层厚度约为20nm的印迹层,呈蜂窝状;在Cu2+初始质量浓度为100mg/L、pH=6、吸附时间为1h时,Cu2+-IIP印迹材料和非印迹材料的最大吸附容量分别为43.68mg/g和21.85mg/g;在同时存在Cu2+、Zn2+的溶液中,印迹材料的选择性能较好;重复使用时,吸附性能稳定。     

聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素的合成及对金属离子的吸附性能

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为基质,用戊二醛(GA)做交联剂,将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)交联到羧甲基纤维素上制得聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素吸附剂(PEI-CMC)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱对PEI-CMC的结构进行了表征,测定了其对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附性能,并研究了pH值、时间、金属离子的初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,当CMC、PEI和GA的反应比为1 g∶5 mL∶20 mL,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为3 h时,合成的PEI-CMC的含氮量为13.23%。当CMC和PEI的反应比为1 g∶5 mL时,随着戊二醛(质量分数2.5%)的加入量增加,PEI-CMC的产率先增大后降低。在pH值1~14的范围内,溶液酸碱度的变化对PEI-CMC的交联度没有影响。PEI-CMC吸附剂对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量在实验范围内随pH升高而增加。PEI-CMC对Pb2+和Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附在90 min和180 min后分别达到平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学模型。随着Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+初始浓度的增加,PEI-CMC对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量开始时快速增加,而后达到饱和,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附容量分别为Cu2+250.0mg/g、Pb2+635.9 mg/g、Cd2+142.8 mg/g。     

海藻酸钠/聚乙烯亚胺凝胶球的合成及对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能和机制

海藻酸钠(SA)是一种生物质材料,具有来源广泛、价格低廉的特性,被众多科研人员用于实验室研究,制备成吸附剂去除水溶液中的金属离子。但目前制备的大多数SA基吸附材料是实心水凝胶状,具有比表面积较低、吸附速率慢、吸附容量小的缺点。本研究以SA为基体,向其中添加碳酸钙和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),以戊二醛为交联剂,经冷冻干燥后制备出多孔的SA/PEI凝胶球,探究其对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。通过改变实验条件,研究pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附温度、吸附时间等对SA/PEI凝胶球吸附性能的影响;引入吸附动力学和热力学模型对吸附过程进行分析;采用FTIR、Zeta电位、SEM、XPS对SA/PEI凝胶球合成及吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机制进行综合分析。结果表明,SA/PEI凝胶球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率与初始浓度呈负相关;该吸附过程符合拟二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型,且该吸附反应是自发的吸热过程,在温度为318.15 K、pH值为2时,Langmuir等温吸附拟合所得最大吸附量为262.83 mg/g。SA/PEI凝胶球对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要为静电作用导致的物理吸附。      

浓乳液模板法制备多孔二氧化碳吸附材料

首先通过浓乳液模板法制备了多孔二氧化硅基体,然后采用物理浸渍法将聚乙烯亚胺引入到二氧化硅基体内,制备出一种氨基功能化的多孔二氧化硅材料。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜以及比表面积测试(BET)对材料的结构与形貌进行了表征,分析了浓乳液分散相体积分数对二氧化硅多孔结构的影响。最后研究了固载聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)的二氧化硅多孔材料的二氧化碳吸附性能。结果表明,随着浓乳液分散相体积分数的增加,聚苯乙烯模板材料的泡孔直径减小,由此制得的多孔二氧化硅的平均孔径减小,负载PEI后此种材料的比表面积、孔隙率和孔径均变小,最终所制备的多孔结构固体二氧化碳吸附材料具有吸附容量大与吸附可再生性好的特点,75℃最大吸附容量为3.28 mmol/g。     

Fe_3O_4-羧甲基纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺微球的制备及对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

利用静电自组装的方法,将羧甲基纤维素(CMC)组装到Fe3O4上得到Fe3O4-羧甲基纤维素(Fe3O4-CMC),再用戊二醛将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)交联到Fe3O4-CMC上,制备出Fe3O4-羧甲基纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺(Fe3O4-CMC-PEI)微球。用透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和震动样品磁强计对Fe3O4-CMC-PEI微球进行了表征,用原子吸收分光光度计测定了其对Cd2+离子的吸附性能。结果表明,CMC组装到Fe3O4表面,Fe3O4-CMC和PEI在戊二醛的作用下发生交联得到Fe3O4-CMC-PEI微球。Fe3O4-CMC-PEI微球的粒径为10~30nm,饱和磁化强度为55.20A·m2/kg。Fe3O4在微球中的结构没有发生改变,仍为纯单一相的反尖晶石型结构。Fe3O4-CMC-PEI微球对Cd2+离子表现出了良好的吸附性能,饱和吸附容量为69.44mg/g,吸附等温数据符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合拟二级反应动力学模型。     

磁性羟乙基纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺的制备及对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

以羟乙基纤维素(HEC)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为原料,在水介质中,通过戊二醛进行交联,并包埋磁性Fe3O4,制备了磁性羟乙基纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺(Fe3O4-HEC-PEI)吸附材料。用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和震动样品磁强计(VSM)对Fe3O4-HEC-PEI吸附材料进行了表征,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了其对Pb(Ⅱ)离子的吸附性能。表征结果说明,HEC和PEI成功交联,并对Fe3O4颗粒进行了包埋,Fe3O4-HEC-PEI的饱和磁化强度为52.59 A·m2/kg,其中的Fe3O4仍为单一相的反尖晶石型结构。吸附测试结果表明,Fe3O4-HEC-PEI对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附在120 min达到平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温数据更好的符合Freundlich模型。Fe3O4-HEC-PEI吸附Pb(Ⅱ)离子的Gibbs自由能变ΔG00,焓变ΔH0=-8.83 k J/mol,熵变ΔS0=-18.29 J/(mol·K),说明Fe3O4-HEC-PEI对Pb(Ⅱ)离子的吸附是一个放热和熵减少的自发过程。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...