聚丙烯酰胺及其多孔材料吸湿性功能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,亚硫酸钠-过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)吸湿材料。系统研究了单体浓度、交联剂用量和水解度等聚合条件对其吸湿性能的影响。吸湿实验表明,PAM的吸湿性能优于传统的无机吸湿材料硅胶和分子筛。采用聚乙二醇(PEG)、碳酸钙(CaCO3)两种致孔剂合成多孔PAM,并与PAM的吸湿性能进行对比。实验结果知PAM/PEG的吸湿速率比PAM提高50%以上,吸湿容量也显著提高;而PAM/CaCO3的吸湿效果并不理想。热失重分析TGA得出PAM/PEG比PAM的热稳定性稍稍降低,而PAM/CaCO3的热稳定性则稍稍提高。     

聚丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺P(AA-MA-AM)三元共聚物的合成及其吸湿性能研究

以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸为单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂制备P(AA-AM-MA)高分子吸湿材料。系统研究单体浓度、单体配比等因素对其吸湿性能影响。根据正交实验,P(AA-AM-MA)最高吸湿率达0.95g/g。应用Sigma Stat 3.5进行多元线性回归分析得各因素与吸湿率的数学关联式,吸湿量直观分析表明,六因素影响吸湿性的主次顺序:脲含量>中和度>单体浓度>单体配比>交联剂浓度>引发剂浓度。     

丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物的合成和吸湿性能

采用甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯酸(AA)为聚合单体,以亚硫酸氢钠-过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸P(AA-MAA).系统地研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度等各项聚合条件对聚合物吸湿性能的影响.在T=20℃、RH=90%条件下,与传统的硅胶、分子筛等吸湿材料的吸湿性能进行了对比.结果表明,硅胶和分子筛在10h内已经逼近吸湿平衡点,而P(AA-MAA)的吸湿率明显＞80%且仍未达到其最大吸湿容量.在吸湿性能测试的各个阶段,P(AA-MAA)的吸湿率是它们的5倍以上,明显优于传统的硅胶和分子筛.红外光谱分析证实了P(AA-MAA)共聚物的生成.     

丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺共聚合的竞聚率测定及其共聚物的吸湿性能研究

水溶液聚合法合成了聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺P(AA-AM)。系统研究不同单体配比、单体总浓度等条件对P(AA-AM)吸湿性能的影响。正交实验确定最佳反应条件,其最高吸湿率达1.05g/g。吸湿实验结果发现P(AA-AM)共聚物的吸湿性能优于其相应的均聚物和传统的无机吸湿材料硅胶和分子筛。采用红外光谱法确定共聚物组成,再由Fineman-Ross方程计算单体竞聚率。得知丙烯酸的竞聚率大于丙烯酰胺的竞聚率且均1,表明聚合物有共聚趋势。SEM照片显示加脲后,共聚物生成孔洞结构,其有效吸湿比表面积增加。TGA分析进一步证明P(AA-AM)共聚物的生成。     

有机高分子吸湿材料的吸附模型与机理

选聚丙烯酸钠(PAA)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物P(AA-MA)、丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物P(AA-AM)、丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物P(AA-AM-MA),系统研究其吸湿过程和机理。吸湿性能的测试结果表明,硅胶和分子筛10 h内便饱和,有机高分子吸湿材料仍能持久吸湿,其饱和吸湿容量比硅胶提高至少6%以上,比分子筛提高至少50%以上,吸湿速率快于硅胶和分子筛。吸附动力学实验表明,有机高分子吸湿材料的吸湿主要遵循准二级动力学模型,吸湿率受湿度和高分子树脂自身的吸附性能影响。Freundlich吸附等温模型证实有机高分子吸湿材料吸湿并非单层吸附,而是物理吸附和化学吸附同时发生,且多以化学吸附为主。热力学分析得该吸湿过程为吸热反应且可自发进行。     

聚丙烯酸/活性炭复合凝胶的制备及溶胀行为

采用自由基溶液聚合的方法,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NNMBA)为交联剂,制备了聚丙烯酸(PAA)复合活性炭凝胶(PAA/AC)。考察了凝胶在生理盐水和不同pH值缓冲溶液中的平衡溶胀比及溶胀动力学,结果表明,活性炭能有效提高PAA凝胶的平衡溶胀比。蒸馏水中PAA/AC凝胶的平衡溶胀比可达到303(g/g),约为PAA凝胶平衡溶胀比的2.3倍;生理盐水(0.9%g/mL NaCl水溶液)中PAA/AC凝胶的平衡溶胀比可达到60(g/g),约为PAA凝胶平衡溶胀比的2.4倍;在实验设计的pH范围内PAA/AC凝胶的平衡溶胀比比PAA凝胶更高,具有更好的pH值敏感特性。     

PVA/CTS/P(AA-AMPS)互穿网络结构高吸水树脂耐盐性和防潮性能研究

以过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,丙烯酸(AA)和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,壳聚糖(CTS)为天然聚合物,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为合成聚合物,采用水溶液聚合法合成了互穿网络结构高吸水性树脂[PVA/CTS/P(AA-AMPS)],并对其进行了表征。考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、CTS用量和PVA用量对树脂吸液性能的影响。在最佳反应条件下,PVA/CTS/P(AA-AMPS对蒸馏水和0.9%(wt,质量分数)的氯化钠溶液的吸附量分别为1800g/g和110g/g。暴露在空气中8d条件下的吸湿性低于单层网络的87.5%,在不同阳离子盐溶液中(Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(3+))的吸液性能也明显优于单层网络。     

尼龙无纺布增韧RTM复合材料的湿热老化性能

采用尼龙无纺布(PNF)作为结构化增韧层,利用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了PNF层间增韧改性的碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料(U3160-PNF/3266),研究了U3160-PNF/3266复合材料的吸湿特性及湿热老化对其耐热性能的影响。结果表明:增韧前后复合材料具有相似的吸湿动力学特性,但在吸湿初期,U3160-PNF/3266复合材料具有更大的吸湿速率,达到饱和吸湿后,U3160-PNF/3266复合材料的饱和吸湿率约为0.96%,略大于非增韧复合材料U3160/3266的0.87%。随着湿热老化时间的增加,两种复合材料的玻璃化转变温度均逐渐降低,并随着吸湿率的饱和而趋于平稳,达到饱和吸湿后,U3160-PNF/3266和U3160/3266复合材料的玻璃化转变温度分别下降了约15%和14%。     

聚丙烯酸/聚丙烯磺酸钠/二氧化硅互穿网络复合高吸水树脂制备的研究

以丙烯酸(PAA)、丙烯磺酸钠(PSA)为单体,以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂制备了第一网络树脂,并与二氧化硅(SiO2)水解成的第二网络相互穿插获得了互穿网络复合高吸水树脂(PAA/PSA/SiO2)。研究结果表明,两组分相容性良好,无宏观相分离及裂纹产生。随着硅烷水解液用量增加,PAA/PSA/SiO2复合树脂的吸液倍率呈先增加后减少的趋势,在硅烷水解液用量为12%(wt,质量分数)条件下,制得的PAA/PSA/SiO2复合树脂的吸液性能最好,吸水倍率达到177.1g/g,保水率为91.9%,释水率为3.8%,可以满足工业应用的需要。     

超声辅助法制备风化煤腐植酸-丙烯酸吸水树脂

以风化煤提取的腐植酸(HA)和丙烯酸(AA)为原料,采用超声辅助-水溶液聚合法制备腐植酸-丙烯酸型高吸水性树脂(HA-PAA),通过正交实验确定吸水树脂的最佳聚合条件,并对其在盐溶液、酸碱性溶液、20～80℃环境下的耐性以及树脂的反复吸液性能进行测试,了解其适用性,并用红外光谱和扫描电镜对HA-PAA进行了结构表征。结果表明,超声辅助法制备HA-PAA的最佳条件为:超声辅助合成温度为55℃、m(AA)∶m(HA)=20∶1、pH值=2.0、MBA用量为8×10^-4g。在此条件下聚合的HA-PAA在5次吸水性能测试中仍保持良好,较PAA提高了90%以上;对盐溶液、酸碱性及一定范围内的温度环境表现出较好的耐受性,对纯水最大吸收倍率为771.6 g/g,对盐水最大吸收倍率为122.4 g/g;表征结果表明HA与AA充分发生了聚合反应,添加HA增加了PAA的亲水基团;HA-PAA聚合后生成明显孔洞,比表面积增大;制备出的HA-PAA吸水率提升有利于实际过程中的应用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to