选择性激光烧结尼龙-12/聚苯乙烯复合材料

采用机械共混法制备不同成分的尼龙12(PA12)与聚苯乙烯(PS)复合粉末,对其进行选择性激光烧结制备成形制件,研究了PA12/PS复合粉末的成分对成形件的力学性能、尺寸精度及断口形貌的影响。结果表明:当PS的质量分数超过40%时PA12/PS成形件的力学性能明显降低,而当PS质量分数为20%时复合粉末烧结成形件的拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、弯曲强度以及弯曲模量比PA12烧结的成形件分别提高了7.08%、10.19%、6.51%和8.89%,且各方向尺寸精度同比PA12也均有提高。     

纳米二氧化硅增强尼龙12选择性激光烧结成形件

使用纳米二氧化硅增强尼龙12选择性激光烧结(SLS)成形件,通过溶剂沉淀法制备SLS用纳米二氧化硅/尼龙12复合粉末材料,研究了纳米二氧化硅对SLS成形件力学性能的影响,结果表明:纳米二氧化硅以纳米尺寸均匀分散在尼龙12基体中:复合粉末的粒径比纯尼龙12的粉末小,因而有利于提高烧结速率及成形件精度;复合粉末比尼龙12的粉末具有更高的热稳定性;复合粉末烧结件的拉伸强度、拉伸模量以及冲击强度比纯尼龙12烧结件分别提高了约20.9%、39.4%和9.5%,说明纳米二氧化硅对尼龙12 SLS成形件的增强效果显著.     

Study on the reinforcement of nanosilica on the selective laser sintered nylon–12 parts

使用纳米二氧化硅增强尼龙12选择性激光烧结(SLS)成形件, 通过溶剂沉淀法制备SLS用纳米二氧化硅/尼龙12复合粉末材料, 研究了纳米二氧化硅对SLS成形件力学性能的影响. 结果表明: 纳米二氧化硅以纳米尺寸均匀分散在尼龙12基体中: 复合粉末的粒径比纯尼龙12的粉末小, 因而有利于提高烧结速率及成形件精度; 复合粉末比尼龙12的粉末具有更高的热稳定性; 复合粉末烧结件的拉伸强度、拉伸模量以及冲击强度比纯尼龙12烧结件分别提高了约20.9%、39.4%和9.5%, 说明纳米二氧化硅对尼龙12 SLS成形件的增强效果显著.     

高分子材料在选择性激光烧结中的应用——(Ⅱ)材料特性对成形的影响

结合高分子材料的选择性激光烧结(SLS)机理,研究了材料特性对SLS成形的影响,结果表明,表面张力是决定高分子材料烧结速率的重要因素,但不是造成高分子材料之间烧结速率存在差别的主要因素;粉末粒径越小,烧结速率越大,SLS成形件的表面光洁度、精度越高;粉末粒径分布会影响粉床密度;球形粉末成形件的形状精度、铺粉效果好于不规则粉末;材料黏度越小,烧结速率越大;材料本体强度越大,成形件强度越高;非晶态聚合物成形件的致密度低于晶态聚合物,而尺寸精度高于晶态聚合物。为SLS用高分子材料的选择与制备提供理论依据。     

仿血管聚氨酯基复合材料的激光烧结工艺研究

激光选区烧结(SLS)技术在生物医学领域的应用日渐广泛,但是由于材料的限制,大部分SLS打印的产品都是合成塑料、陶瓷、合金等刚性零件,研究能用于激光选区烧结技术的柔性材料成为当前的迫切需求。本工作采用聚氨酯(TPU)粉末为主料,研究并制备了一种可用于激光选区烧结技术的复合材料,其烧结制件具有较高的强度及成形精度,可用于制作仿血管等柔性医疗模型。首先通过正交试验法对TPU/PS复合粉末进行激光选区烧结实验,并对制件进行测试,获得加工工艺参数对制件强度、成形精度及烧结密度的影响规律。其次对不同配比的TPU/PS复合粉末进行激光选区烧结实验,得到拉伸试件和弯曲试件,通过对制件的尺寸测量、力学强度测试及通过扫描电镜对复合粉末和拉伸试样断口进行显微组织观察,得到了不同组分配比对烧结制件显微组织及拉伸强度、弯曲强度的影响,确定了仿血管柔性材料的理想配比。     

尼龙12/铜复合粉末材料及其选择性激光烧结成形

通过溶剂沉淀法制备了尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末材料，并制备了机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对两种粉末材料的微观形貌进行了观察，对两种粉末的选择性激光烧结（SLS）成形件的强度及翘曲变形行为进行了对比研究。结果表明：尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末材料中尼龙12包覆均匀，无裸露Cu粉存在，而机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末材料中尼龙12颗粒是零散地非均匀性分散在Cu粉颗粒中。在尼龙12含量及烧结工艺参数相同的条件下，尼龙12覆膜铜复合粉末SLS成形件的拉伸强度及弯曲强度是机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉末SLS成形件的两倍以上，翘曲变形也明显小于机械混合尼龙12／铜复合粉的SLS成形件。     

粒径可控3D打印用PA6/12粉末制备及热性能研究

以己内酰胺(CL)、十二内酰胺(LL)和聚苯乙烯(PS)为主要原料,通过内酰胺单体阴离子开环聚合制得聚酰胺6/12/PS(PA6/12/PS)合金,通过溶去PS相得到PA6/12粉末。利用FT-IR、SEM、DSC、白度仪等手段对合金体系和PA6/12粉末的微观形貌、热性能等进行研究。结果表明:当PS用量为20%(wt,质量分数),CL∶LL=70∶30时,PA6/12粉末平均粒径达到32μm,性能与市场上的PA12(EOS)粉末接近。     

尼龙12覆膜铝粉激光烧结成形件的性能研究

常用的机械混合法很难将尼龙12和金属粉末材料混合均匀,容易出现偏聚,因而会造成选择性激光烧结(SLS)成形件中存在局部强度弱点、翘曲等缺陷.为此,提出了通过溶液沉淀法制备SLS成形用尼龙12覆膜铝粉,利用扫描电镜观察了尼龙12覆膜铝粉及烧结件断口的微观形貌,研究了铝粉含量及粒径对SLS成形件性能的影响.结果表明:尼龙12均匀地包覆在铝粉表面,无裸露铝粉颗粒存在,表明成功制备得到了尼龙12覆膜铝粉材料;当铝粉含量从0增大到50%时,烧结件的热变形温度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量及硬度比纯尼龙烧结件分别提高了87℃、10.4%、62.1%、122.3%及70.4%;烧结件的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率及冲击强度均随着铝粉平均粒径的减小而增大.     

选择性激光烧结铝/尼龙复合粉末材料

制备了不同铝粉含量的尼龙12覆膜复合粉末,利用扫描电镜(SEM),能谱分析(EDX),差示扫描量热分析(DSC),热失重分析(TG)对粉末材料的形貌以及热性能进行了表征。对复合粉末进行激光烧结成形,并研究了不同铝粉含量对烧结件尺寸精度以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:尼龙与铝粉表面粘结良好,烧结过程中尼龙熔融,铝粉均匀分布在尼龙基体中;随着铝粉含量的增多,烧结件的弯曲强度和模量显著提高,冲击强度逐渐降低;铝粉质量分数为50 wt%时,烧结试样的弯曲强度和模量与纯尼龙烧结试样相比分别提高了62. 1%和122.3%;铝粉含量的增多能够有效抑制尼龙基体的收缩,提高烧结件的精度。      

尼龙6/MBS反应共混物的形态结构与性能

用双螺杆挤出机制备了(甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丁二烯/苯乙烯)共聚物(MBS树脂)与尼龙6(PA6)的共混物。使用扫描电镜(SEM)、熔体流动速率(MFR)和力学性能测试等分析方法,研究了马来酸酐(MAH)熔融接枝MBS(MBS-g-MAH)对PA6/MBS共混物的形态结构和力学性能等的影响。结果表明,MBS-g-MAH中的酸酐基团与PA6末端的氨基发生化学反应,原位形成的MBS-PA6共聚物,能有效地改善PA6与MBS的相容性,可以使MBS均匀地分散在PA6基体中,相区尺寸明显减小。PA6/MBS-g-MAH(70/30)体系冲击强度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度分别比PA6/MBS(70/30)提高了319%、54%、35%,从而得到综合性能优良的共混合金。     

固相剪切碾磨制备尼龙12/多壁碳纳米管复合粉体及选择性激光烧结3D打印

采用固相剪切碾磨(S~3M)技术并结合冷冻粉碎制备了适于选择性激光烧结(SLS)的尼龙12(PA12)/多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)复合粉体及相应的烧结制品。采用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、动态力学分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热仪等对所得PA12/CNTs复合粉体和相应SLS制品的结构与性能进行了表征。结果表明,固相剪切碾磨-冷冻粉碎制备的复合粉体颗粒以椭球形为主,平均粒径75μm,SLS加工窗口为10℃左右,满足SLS对被烧结材料的性能要求,通过加入质量分数为0.1%的流动助剂纳米SiO_2能进一步改善复合粉体的SLS加工性能。磨盘碾磨通过其强大的三维剪切力场实现了CNTs的切割及在PA12基体中的良好分散以及CNTs与PA12大分子链的接枝,显著改善了二者之间的界面相容性。此外,通过优化SLS加工参数,成功制备了表面平整、结构复杂、性能良好的PA12/CNTs烧结制品。所得PA12/CNTs烧结样品具有优良的力学性能,拉伸强度达到44.2 MPa,缺口冲击强度达到8.12 k J/m~2。     

PA6/磺化石墨烯功能微球的制备及性能研究

以己内酰胺(CL)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、磺化石墨烯(SG)为主要原料,通过阴离子聚合反应诱导相分离的方法,制备得到了一系列粒径可控的PA6/SG杂化微球。SG在PS的存在下,选择性分散在CL单体中,形成CL/PS/SG悬浮液;再通过CL原位阴离子聚合制备PA6/PS/SG合金,利用甲苯除去PS相后可以获得粒径分布在10~50μm的PA6/SG微球。扫描电镜及粒径测试结果表明,PS及SG含量可以影响PA6微球的形貌及尺寸。通过透射电镜可确定SG选择性分散在了PA6相中,同时SG的加入可有效地改善PA6的热稳定性、结晶性、熔融性能和烧结性能,并且适用于3D打印激光烧结领域。     

Preparation, characterisation and processing of carbon fibre/polyamide-12 composites for selective laser sintering

Aiming at developing carbon fibre/polyamide-12 (CF/PA) composite powders for manufacturing high-performance components by selective laser sintering (SLS), the preparation, characteristics and sintering process of the composite powders and mechanical properties of sintered components were studied. Surfaces of the carbon fibres were treated by the oxidation modification and coated with polyamide-12 through the dissolution-precipitation process to provide good interfacial adhesion and homogenous dispersion within the polyamide-12 matrix. The particle size and micro-morphology analyses show that the CF/PA composite powders with 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt% carbon fibres present the suitable powder sizes and format for SLS. The incorporation of carbon fibres into the polyamide-12 matrix decreases the initial melting temperature and consequently lowers the SLS part bed temperatures, implying lower energy requirement and less thermal degradation in the sintering process. The CF/PA composites also represent higher thermal stability than the pure polyamide-12. The CF/PA sintered components with 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt% carbon fibres exhibit the greatly enhanced flexural strengths by 44.5%, 83.3%, 114%, and the flexural modulus by 93.4%, 129.4%, 243.4%, respectively, as compared with the pure polyamide-12 sintered parts. Fractured surface analysis shows that the carbon fibres are encapsulated and bonded well with the polyamide matrix. The complex SLS parts with the thinnest wall of 0.6 mm, the density of 1.09 ± 0.02 g/cm³ and the relatively density of 94.13 ± 1.72% were manufactured using the CF/PA composite powder with 30 wt% carbon fibres. This study demonstrates that the CF/PA composite powders prepared by the surface treatment and dissolution-precipitation method represent suitable interfacial adhesion, filler dispersion, particle sizes and sintering behaviours for SLS and enable the manufacture of complex components with high performance.     

激光烧结尼龙12/ 累托石复合材料的结构与性能

将尼龙12 与有机累托石的混合粉末进行激光烧结成型, 利用X 射线衍射(XRD) 、差示扫描量热分析(DSC) 、扫描电镜(SEM) 等手段对烧结试样的材料结构进行了表征, 并对其力学性能及热性能进行了研究。结果表明: 尼龙12 在激光烧结过程中插入到累托石层间, 形成了尼龙12/ 累托石纳米复合材料。复合材料的力学性能及热稳定性能同尼龙12 烧结试样相比均有不同程度的提高, 有机累托石质量分数为10 %时, 复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别提高了10.7 %、15.9 %和38.7 % , 热分解温度提高了27 ℃。      

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing,microstructure, and properties

Manufacturing businesses aiming to deliver their new customised products more quickly and gain more consumer markets for their products will increasingly employ selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) for fabricating high quality, low cost, repeatable, and reliable aluminium alloy powdered parts for automotive, aerospace, and aircraft applications. However, aluminium powder is known to be uniquely bedevilled with the tenacious surface oxide film which is difficult to avoid during SLS/SLM processing. The tenacity of the surface oxide film inhibits metallurgical bonding across the layers during SLS/SLM processing and this consequently leads to initiation of spheroidisation by Marangoni convection. Due to the paucity of publications on SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders, we review the current state of research and progress from different perspectives of the SLS/SLM, powder metallurgy (P/M) sintering, and pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) of ferrous, non-ferrous alloys, and composite powders as well as laser welding of aluminium alloys in order to provide a basis for follow-on-research that leads to the development of high productivity, SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders. Moreover, both P/M sintering and PECS of aluminium alloys are evaluated and related to the SLS process with a view to gaining useful insights especially in the aspects of liquid phase sintering (LPS) of aluminium alloys; application of LPS to SLS process; alloying effect in disrupting the surface oxide film of aluminium alloys; and designing of aluminium alloy suitable for the SLS/SLM process. Thereafter, SLS/SLM parameters, powder properties, and different types of lasers with their effects on the processing and densification of aluminium alloys are considered. The microstructure and metallurgical defects associated with SLS/SLM processed parts are also elucidated by highlighting the mechanism of their formation, the main influencing factors, and the remedial measures. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile, and fatigue strength of SLS/SLM processed parts are reported. The final part of this paper summarises findings from this review and outlines the trend for future research in the SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders.     

EMG作增容剂的PPS/PA1010合金的力学性能及增容机理

将用4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(M D I)化学处理过的PPS(简称CPPS)与PA 1010及高分子量的乙烯、马来酸酐、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物(简称EM G)共混,制备了一系列不同配比的CPPS/PA 1010/EM G共混物,并对这些共混物的力学性能进行了测试。结果表明,当M D I含量在2.0份~2.5份之间时,材料的综合力学性能较好。而随着EM G含量的增加,材料的冲击强度显著提高,且其它的力学性能基本保持不变。并推测了增容机理。     

Tailoring material properties in layered manufacturing

This article presents a novel approach for tailoring material properties in parts fabricated using layered manufacturing (LM). Solid model of the part is subdivided into various subparts based on stress analysis. All subdivided solid models are fabricated together by using selective laser sintering (SLS) process with parameters assigned as per their stress values. As mechanical properties are varying with process parameters and hence fabricated part will have customized mechanical properties for different regions. Various issues in implementation have been discussed and a case study of crane hook part is presented to demonstrate implementation procedure. Fabricated crane hook parts have been validated for dimensional accuracy using Reverse Engineering.     

激光选区烧结高分子纳米复合材料研究进展

激光选区烧结(SLS)是一种增材制造技术,它利用激光逐层烧结粉末并叠加的原理来成形复杂制件,具有材料广泛,无需支撑以及成形精度高等优点。然而,其成形过程中无外力驱动的特点,造成制件中不可避免地存在一定孔隙,使制件性能通常低于传统模塑件。因此,国内外学者提出利用各种纳米填料来增强SLS制件的性能,并取得了良好的效果,已成为本领域研究热点。文中重点介绍了各种用于SLS技术的高分子纳米复合材料,对其研究现状进行综述,并提出今后该领域的发展方向。