低渗透挥发性油藏注烃类气驱室内实验研究

通过注烃类气驱实验研究，了解文留油田低渗透挥发性油藏注气开发的一般机理和开发特点。采用PVT分析方法分析地层流体的物理性质、注入溶剂的组份；通过细管实验研究地层流体同注入溶剂在130℃时的最小混相压力；长岩心驱替实验分析气驱、水驱、水气交替注气的采收率、压力的变化规律。细管实验研究表明，最小混相压力为47．1MPa，长岩心注天然气驱替实验表现出近混相的特征。天然气驱注气压力低，采收率高，适合于文南油田低渗透挥发性油藏。     

沙一下油藏CO2混相驱替提高采收率的研究

以沙一下区块油藏为对象,研究了CO2混相驱技术可行性及提高采收率,通过PVT实验和细管模拟实验,确定了油藏原油的最小混相压力为18.41 MPa,原油采收率达90.01%。实验结果表明,注气驱达到混相压力后,注入压力对驱油效率影响不大,而在混相压力以下的近混相区,注入压力对驱油效率影响非常大。通过长岩心驱替模拟实验,对比了水驱和CO2驱替效率,结果表明CO2混相驱提高采收率达40.8%。     

文南油田文72块沙三段中亚段油藏烃气驱实验

针对文南油田文72块沙三段中亚段低渗透油藏，开展了烃气驱提高采收率可行性研究。研究认为，在目前地层条件下，虽然拟定的注入溶剂与该块油藏原油形成47．10MPa的最小混相压力不能达到完全混相，但驱替效率较高；长岩心驱替特征则表明该体系是一个近混相体系，与相同条件下的氮气驱和水驱相比，采收率分别提高了38．43％和22．08％；影响气驱采收率的主要因素是“混相”程度和气窜问题；水气交替注入可较大幅度提高采收率，但注入压力很高，现场实施困难。     

岩心驱替实验法测定低渗透油藏 CO2近混相最小混相压力

CO_2在驱油过程中能否与原油达到混相,直接影响驱油效果和最终采收率。因此需对CO_2在低渗透油藏中与原油的混相条件及近混相区域中最小混相压力进行系统研究。选取YC油田低渗目标区块,以室内油藏物理模拟为基础,通过均质和非均质长方形岩心实验,在评价影响CO_2驱油效果的渗透率、采收率、驱替速度、气油比和渗透率级差的基础上,建立了测定最小混相压力的岩心驱替实验法。结果表明,该方法重复性好,可模拟低渗超低渗孔隙介质以及油藏非均质等性质,在模拟YC目标区块油藏非均质条件下测得CO_2与原油的最小混相压力为18.5 MPa,与数值模拟软件计算结果相同,比传统细管实验测值17.8 MPa高出0.7 MPa。两种方法所测结果基本一致。用岩心驱替实验法可以探究渗透率及其非均质性和驱替速度等不同因素对最小混相压力的影响规律。该岩心驱替实验方法可用于确定CO_2近混相驱最小混相压力,为深化CO_2近混相驱油机理的认识及矿场应用提供技术基础和理论指导。     

长岩心注二氧化碳驱油物理模拟实验研究

所研制的长岩心驱替实验装置,考虑了相似条件对岩心长度的需要,以及多次接触混相其物理化学过程的阶段性和机理的复杂性。该装置可以在油藏条件下实施多种驱替实验,这些实验包括：水驱或气驱二次采油实验;利用注入溶剂（如氮气、碳氢化合物、二氧化碳等）或注入聚合物、胶态分散凝胶等化学驱油剂开展三次采油动态室内模拟实验研究。该装置岩心长为2m,其工作压力、温度分别为60MPa、150℃。利用该实验装置成功地进行了注二氧化碳驱替实验,得到了文184块油藏流体在水、二氧化碳交替驱油过程中的压力、采收率和相态变化等重要参数。     

南海礁灰岩稠油油藏注富气混相驱实验研究北大核心CSCD

南海东部礁灰岩L油田原油黏度高、裂缝发育复杂、非均质性强、采出程度低,为提高采收率,选取附近高气油比油田H油田的伴生富气开展了混相驱室内实验研究。首先为明确注入气的驱油机理,对配置的实验用注入富气与原油进行了PVT相态物性测试;然后开展了地层温度不同压力下注入1.2 PV的细管驱替实验、原始地层压力下高倍数注入体积(最大4.0 PV)的扩展细管驱替实验。结果表明:注入气具有较好的增容、降黏效果,随着注入量的增加,地层原油的膨胀系数增大了1.25倍,原油黏度由50 mPa·s降低至6.7 mPa·s;在原始地层压力12 MPa下,注入体积大于3.0 PV时可以实现多次接触后缘凝析气驱混相;因此原始地层压力下,H油田具备注伴生富气混相驱的条件。本文研究成果可以为下步长岩心物模、混相数模和矿场实施提供依据。     

南海礁灰岩稠油油藏注富气混相驱实验研究

南海东部礁灰岩L油田原油黏度高、裂缝发育复杂、非均质性强、采出程度低,为提高采收率,选取附近高气油比油田H油田的伴生富气开展了混相驱室内实验研究。首先为明确注入气的驱油机理,对配置的实验用注入富气与原油进行了PVT相态物性测试;然后开展了地层温度不同压力下注入1.2 PV的细管驱替实验、原始地层压力下高倍数注入体积(最大4.0 PV)的扩展细管驱替实验。结果表明:注入气具有较好的增容、降黏效果,随着注入量的增加,地层原油的膨胀系数增大了1.25倍,原油黏度由50 mPa·s降低至6.7 mPa·s;在原始地层压力12 MPa下,注入体积大于3.0 PV时可以实现多次接触后缘凝析气驱混相;因此原始地层压力下,H油田具备注伴生富气混相驱的条件。本文研究成果可以为下步长岩心物模、混相数模和矿场实施提供依据。     

水驱废弃油藏注二氧化碳驱室内试验研究

为探讨进一步提高高温、高盐水驱废弃油藏采收率潜力,以河南濮城沙一下亚段油藏为目标,开展了注入CO2流体性质变化、细管驱替、长岩心驱替室内试验。试验验证了注入CO2可改善原油流动性、有效增加地层能量和可动油等驱油机理;油藏原油性质好,混相压力低,目前油藏条件可达到混相;优选CO2/水交替驱为最佳注入方式;优化了注入段塞组合;组分检测分析认为CO2/水交替驱波及到了水波及不到的原油。研究结果为濮城沙一下亚段油藏CO2驱矿场试验提供了技术支持,并对其他特高含水期油藏注CO2进一步提高采收率同样具有借鉴意义。     

高含水油藏注气驱提高采收率技术研究

针对高含水中后期油藏以及注水困难的水敏油藏难以实现高效开发与持续稳产的问题,通过PVT釜高压物性实验与长细管驱替实验进行了注富气与CO_2驱提高采收率室内评价研究。实验对原油进行了PVT高压物性分析,研究了注入不同摩尔分数比例的CO_2和富气时,原油饱和压力、降黏效果和膨胀能力的变化规律,并对比分析采用连续注气与交替注气下,高含水油藏的驱油效果。长细管实验对比分析了注CO_2和富气在原油中的最小混相压力及混相驱替效率,CO_2在原油中的最小混相压力为14.27 MPa,富气在原油中的混相压力为34.74 MPa。对原油物性与驱油效率的分析表明,注富气可以较好地提高轻质油藏原油的采收率。与水驱相比,采用连续注气与交替注入,富气驱均可以提高采收率28%以上,且交替注入的效果更好。     

储层矿物类型对致密油藏CO2驱替效果的影响

为明确致密砂岩储层中石英、伊利石和绿泥石对CO₂驱油效率及孔隙动用特征的影响,分别选取以石英、伊利石、绿泥石为主要矿物类型的3种岩心,开展核磁共振扫描分析下的CO₂驱替实验,定量评价每种类型岩心在不同CO₂注入压力下小孔隙、大孔隙的原油采出程度,并分析了产出水中离子质量浓度变化。结果表明：目标储层以石英型和黏土矿物型为主,其中黏土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主;石英型岩心的CO₂驱替过程中,当CO₂注入压力小于等于最小混相压力时,大孔隙的原油动用程度大于小孔隙,当CO₂注入压力大于最小混相压力时,小孔隙的原油动用程度增加,而大孔隙的原油动用程度下降;伊利石型岩心大、小孔隙的原油采出程度最大,驱油效果最好,绿泥石型岩心大孔隙的原油采出程度很高,小孔隙的原油采出程度非常低,整体驱油效果最差;随着CO₂注入压力的增加,石英型岩心产出水中金属离子质量浓度大幅增加,伊利石型、绿泥石型岩心溶蚀后的钙、镁等离子产生沉淀,且绿泥石型岩心沉淀量最大,最易堵塞...     

Asphaltene Deposition under CO2 Injection: An Experimental Study of the Bangestan Reservoir of Ahwaz Oilfield,SW Iran

Abstract

It is essential that precipitation of asphaltenes is recognized early in the planning stage of any CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project so that appropriate testing can be performed to evaluate whether there will be a negative impact on reservoir performance. This article presents detailed evaluations of slim tube data that were obtained during CO₂ injection using a medium-gravity Iranian crude oil.

A crude oil from Bangestan reservoir of Ahwaz oilfield containing 18.2% asphaltenes with ~31.5 °API gravity was flooded by purified CO₂ (>96% CO₂) in a slim tube apparatus under 2,700 psi at 110°C. We were going to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of the sample oil under injection of CO₂ flood, but when a CO₂ slim tube test was performed for this oil at 2,700 psi, less than half of the saturated oil in the tube was recovered, which implied that the displacement process was immiscible. At this pressure, the asphaltene deposition in the slim tube apparatus was so severe that even a pressure gradient of 6,200 lb/in² was not able to displace any fluid through the capillary tube. Therefore, we abandoned MMP determination with this sample and investigated the problem.

Due to the high percentage of asphaltenes in the sample, using the slim tube MMP as an apparatus for determining minimum miscibility pressure of CO₂ and sample oil can be misleading.     

低渗油藏CO_2驱油混相条件的探讨

CO2与地层油能否达到混相状态对CO2驱油技术的应用效果有重要影响,界面张力法和细管实验法测量的最小混相压力(MMP)存在较大差异。岩心孔隙结构对原油相对体积及CO2密度的影响实验均说明,多孔介质的孔隙特征对流体物性参数产生较大影响,用细管实验MMP值作为油藏条件下CO2-原油体系MMP值的做法也需要理论完善。对影响CO2驱油混相条件的主要因素进行分析,认为岩石孔隙特征、地层压力以及注入流量对多孔介质中CO2-原油体系MMP有明显影响。渗透率下降,测量的MMP值也不同程度地降低;相对而言,平均地层压力较低的油藏,测量的MMP值也较低;对注入流量的研究认为优化流量可获得较低的MMP值。综合分析以上3个因素,初步建立计算多孔介质中CO2-原油体系MMP的方程。该研究将压力分布曲线进一步细化,补充了对不同压力间流体状态的描述。图7表1参11     

A New Squeeze Scale Inhibitor for a Sandstone Reservoir with a Stimulation Effect

Abstract

Tannic acid, a nontoxic, easily biodegradable compound, is evaluated for scale inhibitor squeeze application in a sandstone reservoir. For this purpose, we designed a new inhibitor squeeze evaluation system, a combined core flood–tube blocking apparatus with appropriate pressure–temperature and data logging arrangement, that can simulate the near-wellbore reservoir as well as downhole locations. Berea sandstone core plugs represented the formation rock and the extended flow tube represented the wellbore. Backflow tests were conducted to measure scale precipitation within the core plug and wellbore flow restriction. A 10 pore volume (PV) tannic acid solution was squeezed through the core plug and after a 14-hr adsorption period, anion and cation brines were squeezed separately through the core plug followed by the tube. The tests were compared with a control and a commonly used phosphonate scale inhibitor. The results showed that a fast rate of permeability reduction due to scale deposition took place in the control experiment starting at the initial brine injection stage and, in the case of the phosphonate scale inhibitor squeeze, there was significant reduction in permeability due to the squeeze itself. There was also progressive reduction of permeability due to less control of scaling phenomena. However, the tannic acid–treated core showed a slight improvement in core permeability and no scale deposition took place up to 250 PV of brine injection. Scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) studies explain the formation stimulating mechanism of this new scale inhibitor.     

CO_2细管模型驱油效果研究

鉴于气驱技术对开发低渗透油藏的良好效果,运用了目前最可靠的测量最小混相压力的细管实验方法,进行了对CO2气体与原油最小混相压力的预测研究.详述了细管实验的实验条件、实验方法、具体步骤与原理.分析结果得到了注采压差、采油速度和采收率随驱替压力的变化规律,并测量了原油与CO2作用的最小混相压力,给出了合理的驱替压力范围,为油藏开采提供了参考依据.     

深层高压低渗油藏CO_2驱室内实验研究——以中原油田胡96块为例

深层高压低渗油藏衰竭开发后存在气液两相流,开展CO2混相驱渗流特征复杂,需要进行深入研究。模拟深层高压低渗油藏环境,应用细管、长岩心实验开展了CO2驱室内实验研究。研究表明,该类油藏衰竭开发后,地层呈现双相流,CO2驱最小混相压力呈下降趋势,CO2驱油效果大幅下降,但注气恢复压力后开发可达到在原始地层条件下连续注CO2的驱油效果。研究成果有效指导了现场应用,中原胡96块深层高压低渗油藏CO2驱先导试验取得良好效果,为有效动用深层高压低渗油藏提供了技术支持。     

濮城油田沙一段油藏CO2/水交替驱提高采收率试验

水驱废弃的高温高盐油藏,化学驱提高采收率的发展受到限制,为了探索进一步提高油藏采收率的新途径,在濮城油田沙一段水驱废弃油藏开展了CO2/水交替驱先导试验。通过细管实验确定了该区CO2驱的最小混相压力,利用长岩心物理模拟开展了完全水驱后CO2/水交替驱替实验。结果表明,该区注CO2的最小混相压力为18.42 MPa,目前油藏条件下,CO2/水交替驱可提高采收率35.89%。现场优选了1个井组开展先导试验,生产动态资料表明,地层压力保持在最小混相压力之上,产出油质变轻,驱替达到了混相,单井最高增油量16 t/d,采出程度提高5.15%。研究表明,CO2/水交替驱可以获得比水驱更高的采收率,试验规模可以进一步扩大。     

N2对非纯CO2驱油效果的影响

N2是驱油用CO2中常见的杂质气体,N2的存在会影响最小混相压力（MMP）和CO2驱的效果.采用延长油田原油和岩心进行了细管实验和岩心驱替实验,注入4种摩尔分数分别为0,5％,10％,15％的N2与CO2混合气体,根据细管实验确定MMP;采用高于纯CO2的MMP 20％的压力和等于MMP 50％的压力进行岩心驱替实验.细管实验结果表明,N2的存在会显著增大MMP,CO2中含摩尔分数5％的N2会使MMP增大29.34％,10％会使MMP增大64.07％;岩心驱替实验表明,N2的混入对CO2驱产生了不利影响.对于CO2混相驱,N2的摩尔分数越高,采收率的提高值越低,N2的摩尔分数对非混相CO2驱的影响较小.     

渤南油田义34块特低渗透油藏二氧化碳混相驱实验

特低渗透油藏物性差,注水开发见效难,为了探索合理的开发方式,采用渤南油田义34块特低渗透油藏地层原油,进行了二氧化碳(CO2)混相驱实验研究.通过细管实验确定了CO2驱的最小混相压力,采用长岩心物理模型对完全水驱、完全水驱后持续CO2混相驱及初始持续CO2混相驱3种方式的驱替效果进行了实验研究.结果表明,该油藏最小混相压力为30.76 MPa,在目前地层温度和压力下,3种驱替方式下的最终采收率分别为42.15%,75.0%和69.21%.研究表明,CO2混相驱油可以获得比水驱更高的原油采收率,应尽早在渤南油田义34块油藏开展CO2混相驱矿场试验.     

确定CO2最小混相压力的状态方程法

混相压力是确定油藏能否采用混相驱的重要依据,测定混相压力的最好方法是细管实验法,但室内实验法测定费时费力。基于细管实验的结果,结合“混相函数”的概念,提出了一种利用组分分割和组合的方法,即将C1^＋组分分割为几种以后,对利用修正的Redlich—kwong状态方程确定CO2最小混相压力的方法进行了研究和改进,克服了原方法中重组分临界值难以确定的缺点;同时提高了温度对计算结果的敏感性。计算结果与实验结果对比表明,确定的最小混相压力误差小于5％,充分证明该方法的有效性。     

New Correlation for Calculation of Hydrocarbon Gas Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) Using Wide Experimental Data

The authors present a new empirically derived correlation for estimating the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) required for multicontact miscible (MCM) displacement of reservoir petroleum by hydrocarbon gas flooding. Only few empirical correlations exist for determining the MMP. These correlations are often used to estimate the MMP without considering the composition of the injected gas. On the other hand these correlations are based on a limited set of experimental data, which are not quite applicable. In addition, in such correlations the complex condensing/vaporizing displacement process is not regarded. In this study, however, the derived correlation investigates the influence of the vaporizing/condensing drive mechanism and oil and gas composition on gas miscibility pressure. MMP has been correlated with temperature, oil composition, and injection gas composition. Their effect on hydrocarbon gas MMP has been documented by using sensitivity analysis by slim tube experimental data. The new correlation is based on regression of widely experimentally measured MMP data in literature and data derived from slim tube experiment in this study. By comparing the calculated MMPs from the improved correlation data with currently used correlations and experimentally measured data, it was found that the new correlation is significantly more accurate than other correlations.