高压引水隧洞陡倾角断层岩体高压压水试验研究

结合一抽水蓄能电站高压岔管区高压压水试验,详细介绍了具有陡倾角断层岩体的高压压水试验方法及试验成果。探讨了岩体高压下水力劈裂区扩展的波动理论和渗透破坏特性,明确了岩体与土体渗透破坏形式差异。试验首次对岩体内的渗透压力和变形进行了同步测量,以了解高压条件下岩体的渗透变形特性。在高孔隙压力作用下,岩体的变形发展试验成果表明,岩体应力和稳定性分析过程中孔隙压力的作用不可忽视,因此采用耦合理论对高孔隙压力环境下的工程岩体进行分析有助于降低围岩失效风险。     

含裂隙岩石渗流力学特性研究

岩体中裂隙的存在严重影响着岩体的渗流特性。为了解不同载荷作用对含裂隙岩体渗流性能的影响规律,利用高精度渗流应力耦合三轴试验系统,对含裂隙砂岩和粉砂岩加载及卸载作用下的渗流特性进行试验研究。试验结果表明:(1)加载试验过程中,随着载荷的增大,试样裂隙隙宽逐渐减小,渗透率随之逐渐减小,渗透率与有效围压呈负指数关系;(2)卸载过程中,随着载荷的减小,岩石渗透率逐渐回升,但回升路径明显低于原始路径,路径不重合表明试样中裂隙的变形具有塑性变形的特征。根据试验结果,建立渗透率与有效围压的关系式,并确定关系式中的待定参数。在试验及理论研究的基础上,通过数值模拟分析试样裂隙面渗透率及渗流速度的变化规律。     

裂隙岩质边坡渗流与非连续变形耦合过程分析

 裂隙岩体中的渗流–应力耦合作用是岩质边坡失稳的重要因素之一。离散裂隙网络(DFN)模型用于研究裂隙岩体渗流,具有概念简单、效率高、适用性强的优点,是研究裂隙岩体渗流问题最为有效的手段之一。非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是专门针对裂隙岩体的非连续特性提出的一种变形场求解方法,能够更加真实地刻画工程岩体。将DFN模拟和DDA方法结合起来,提出基于DDA-DFN的渗流–应力耦合模型,给出考虑裂隙渗流情况下岩体块体系统的瞬时平衡方程,用于研究裂隙岩体变形对渗流的影响和渗流–应力耦合作用下裂隙岩体的变形破坏特征。利用该耦合模型,对一大型水利水电工程边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明,水库蓄水后,地下水大幅度抬升,渗流–应力耦合作用加剧,导致边坡裂隙岩体中的关键部位发生大变形甚至破坏,进而触发边坡的进一步失稳。实例分析验证了这种方法用于边坡稳定性分析的有效性。     

Rôle des fluides dans le comportement hydromécanique des roches fracturées hétérogènes: Caractérisation in situ et modélisation numérique

Hydromechanical coupled processes in a shallow fractured rock mass were investigated in situ through field experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental approach consists of performing simultaneous and multi-frequency measurements of fluid pressures and displacements at different points and on different fracture types within a carbonate reservoir. Two kinds of experiments were conducted at the Coaraze Laboratory Site (France):

1. At the fracture network scale, a global hydraulic loading by groundwater level change shows that the coupling between fluid flow and deformation is simultaneously governed by a dual-permeability hydraulic behaviour and a dual-stiffness mechanical behaviour. The following fluid flow and hydromechanical conceptual scheme was established: first, a transient flow only occurs in faults with high permeability; second, when a steady-state flow is reached in faults, water flows from faults into lower permeability bedding planes. The intact rock matrix is practically impervious but the connectivity between the discontinuities is high. When fluid pressure changes occur within the fracture network, the hydromechanical coupling is direct in the highly permeable faults where a pressure change induces a deformation change. No direct hydromechanical coupling occurs within the lower permeability zones where deformation is not directly correlated with pressure changes. This means that the mechanical deformation of the bedding planes and rock matrix is induced by the fault deformation.
2. At the single fracture scale, the hydromechanical behaviour was evaluated by performing hydraulic pulse injection testing. This test was monitored using high-frequency (f = 120 Hz) hydromechanical measurements conducted with innovative fiber-optic borehole equipment. The hydromechanical response is simultaneously monitored at two measuring points spaced about 1 m apart within the plane of the sub-vertical fracture. Observed fluid pressure versus normal displacement curves shows a characteristic loop-shaped evolution in which the paths for loading (pressure increase) and unloading (pressure decrease) are different. The test was evaluated by coupled hydromechanical modelling using a distinct element technique. By matching the loop behaviour, modelling indicates that the pulse pressure increase portion allows the fracture hydromechanical properties to be determined while the pulse pressure decrease portion is strongly influenced by the hydromechanical effects within the surrounding fractured rock mass. A sensitivity study shows that the key parameters to coupled hydromechanical processes in such fracture systems are the initial hydraulic aperture and normal stiffness of the fracture, the stiffness of the rock matrix and the geometry of the surrounding fracture network.

     

Hydro-mechanical response of a fractured granitic rock mass to excavation of a test pit — the Kamaishi Mine experiment in Japan

A thermo-hydro-mechanical experiment was conducted in a fractured granitic rock mass at the Kamaishi Mine in Japan. The experiment consists of the excavation of a cylindrical test pit on the floor of an experimental drift. The test pit was then filled with bentonite with an embedded heater. During the excavation of the test pit, the hydro-mechanical response of the surrounding rock was monitored. This paper presents the efforts of four research teams to numerically simulate the hydro-mechanical response of the rock mass during excavation. While the total inflow rate to the test pit, the flow distribution on the pit walls and the displacements in the rock mass away from the pit could be reasonably predicted, the pore pressure in individual boreholes, and the expansion behaviour of the pit were less successfully simulated. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed in the paper.     

Coupled hydro-mechanical model for fractured rock masses using the discontinuous deformation analysis

A coupling analysis model is proposed to study the hydro-mechanical response of the fluid flow in fractured rock mass with the method of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The DDA coupled hydro-mechanical model is interpreted in details by expressing the fracture fluid flow equations, the coupling process and the global coupled equations. For the mechanical response, the hydraulic pressure is determined first, followed by the coupled motion equations expressed under the DDA framework, to study the interaction between the fluid flow along the fractures and the movement of the rock blocks. In the fluid flow analysis, the cubic law is applied to study the steady flow along the fractures using the finite difference method (FDM). A real case of cavern excavation is analyzed by the proposed DDA coupled 2D hydro-mechanical model, to study the influence of fluid flow on the rock cavern stability during the excavation phase. The results show that the DDA coupled hydro-mechanical model is suitable for the stability and seepage analysis of practical engineering problems.     

基于渗透非线性的黏土岩热–水–力耦合效应研究

在多孔介质的热–水–力耦合分析中,孔隙率和孔隙水的黏滞性是影响渗透性的主要因素。通过研究孔隙率和孔隙水黏滞性的改变规律,在数值分析时,引入了孔隙率随应力改变和孔隙水黏滞性随温度改变的渗透非线性分析方法。同时研究了数值分析中温度荷载作用下应力边界条件和位移边界条件对温度应力的影响。研究结果表明:温度荷载作用下,数值分析时采用应力约束边界比位移约束边界更合理;考虑渗透非线性情况下得到的孔隙压力计算值与实测值更接近。     

Excavation-induced hydraulic conductivity reduction around a tunnel – Part 1: Guideline for estimate of ground water inflow rate

Field observations indicate that current engineering practice does not consistently estimate ground water flows into unlined rock excavated tunnels due to various factors that analytical solutions do not take into account. These factors include significant geological features, groundwater drawdown, inadequate estimates of hydraulic conductivity from packer tests, and stress-induced rock-mass permeability reduction in the vicinity of tunnel (lining-like zone). A key variable that is not properly accommodated in current practice, is the hydro-mechanical interaction within the joints in the surrounding rock mass. The significance of this variable is discussed in the 1st part of the paper which presents an analytical solution assessing ground water inflow rate into a tunnel using a mathematical derivation that takes into account the excavation-induced rock permeability reduction in the vicinity of a tunnel based on hydro-mechanical coupling effect. In the 2nd part of the paper, results from numerical analysis are presented to verify the proposed analytical solution for estimating ground water inflow rate into a tunnel. Further studies are currently underway to identify other key variables and their impact on the behavior of unlined tunnels and hydrological flow regime in the surrounding fractured rock mass using a distinct element method program which can fully consider hydro-mechanical coupled behavior of joints.     

用渗透性随埋深变化趋势 反求岩体变形模量的简化模型

 取得大尺度范围岩体的宏观力学参数是地质工程领域的难题。渗透性随埋深衰减的趋势恰恰反映岩体在大尺度范围的渗流场–应力场耦合行为,为解决这个问题提供契机。根据自重应力作用下岩体的应变–渗透耦合机制,以孔隙度和裂隙宽度为中间参数,建立利用渗透性随埋深变化趋势反求岩体变形模量的简化模型,推导了岩块体积模量和结构面法向刚度的反演公式。这种简化模型是在假设岩体物质结构相对均匀、只存在单组裂隙、无构造应力的理想情况下建立的,但为获取大尺度范围岩体的宏观应力–应变参数提供一种新的参考途径。     

裂隙岩体非饱和水力应力耦合的不连续介质模型研究

目前对于裂隙岩体饱和水力应力耦合的研究取得了一些进展,但在很多工程领域不能简单地采用饱和渗流分析,而是要考虑岩体饱和-非饱和渗流、应力耦合作用对工程岩体的强度和稳定性的重要影响.因此在总结众多学者对裂隙岩体水力耦合研究成果的基础上,根据DDA力学计算和非饱和渗流计算原理,提出了基于非连续介质方法的--DDA方法的非饱和水力应力耦合模型;并给出了降雨入渗工况下的边坡水力耦合算例.计算结果表明,边坡稳定性随着降雨入渗时间的增加而减小,降雨强度越大,边坡稳定系数的降幅越大;考虑水力耦合时的边坡稳定性要小于不考虑水力耦合时的边坡稳定性,且在同一时刻,若降雨强度越大,考虑水力耦合与不考虑水力耦合的稳定系数差值越大.仿真试验和工程应用表明其计算成果是符合实践规律的,由此说明了所提出的水力耦合模型能正确反映裂隙岩体的水力学特性,验证了该模型是可行有效的,可付诸于实践.     

砂板岩岩体力学特性的水岩耦合试验研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,经过岩体受力状态模拟、无水压岩体力学特性测试、水岩耦合试验等几个阶段试验,对砂板岩岩体力学特性的高空隙水压效应进行了试验研究。结果表明：砂板岩岩体强度与变形性能随水压升高而降低,其中水压对黏聚力c的影响最大,对内摩擦角φ的影响甚微,对变形模量的影响居于二者之间。随着水压升高,岩体的黏聚力c急剧下降,当水压较高时,岩体可能完全丧失黏聚力;随着水压升高,变形模量E₅₀和E₀均有降低,两个参数的变化梯度相差不大。这些成果揭示了砂板岩岩体力学特性的高空隙水压力效应,并建立了主要力学参数预测模型,成果对于解决工程实际问题具有重要的参考价值。     

Mont Terri试验场Mine-by巷道开挖近场响应模拟分析

 瑞士Mont Terri地下实验室于2008年构建Mine-by(MB) Niche巷道,并围绕其中的MB Niche 2进行开挖诱发Opalinus Clay黏土岩围岩变形及流固耦合特征的现场实测分析。以MB Niche 2巷道为背景工程,利用基于双应变胡克模型(TPHM)的数值模拟方法,对MB Niche 2巷道的开挖过程进行模拟分析,计算结果较为准确地反映开挖卸载诱发的近场围岩变形行为、损伤区及孔隙水压力演化特征。模拟结果显示,巷道拱顶径向位移可达甚至超过10 mm,两帮破坏深度可达1.4 m,孔隙压力的扰动区最远可出现在掌子面前方11 m左右,最大孔隙压力可抬升至3.3 MPa,模拟结果与现场实测值表现出较好的一致性。基于双应变胡克模型TPHM的计算结果较基于传统胡克模型SPHM的计算结果更趋于符合实际,这在一定程度上反映出TPHM较好地捕捉到岩石中孔隙、裂隙等的自然应变(真应变)的物理本质,强调合适的本构模型在卸荷开挖工程问题模拟分析中的重要性。     

拉哇水电站上游围堰渗流与应力变形动态耦合仿真分析

深厚低渗透土层天然地基上的土石围堰基础中,常常需要采用碎石桩等处理措施缩短固结排水距离,以控制堰基超孔隙水压力的累计幅度,加速其消散速度,从而减小堰基的变形,提高防渗体系的结构安全性和堰基的抗滑稳定性。基于拉哇水电站上游围堰设计论证和优化的需要,发展了围堰填筑和基坑开挖全过程渗流与应力变形耦合的二维和三维有限元仿真方法,并在LinkFEA软件中实现,成功用于拉哇上游围堰的计算分析。主要基于二维模型,介绍了二维模型中考虑三维绕渗效应、耦合计算中水中填筑与开挖边界条件处理、防渗墙与碎石桩施工仿真,二维模型中碎石桩与土复合地基的等效概化、低渗透土层的渗透系数随着压密而变化模拟等方面的方法,进行了拉哇上游围堰从地基初始应力计算、土体填筑与结构物施工、基坑开挖的全过程的渗流与应力变形的耦合计算,并对围堰戗堤填筑完成和堰体填筑完成两个典型时刻堰基的孔隙水压力、位移和土层与桩中的应力情况进行了分析。     

岩石剪切裂隙渗流特性试验与理论研究

 通过在三轴应力条件下对丹江口库区辉绿岩进行剪切破坏得到剪切裂隙,然后对剪切裂隙进行不同围压和裂隙水压力(渗透压差)作用下渗透性能的试验研究。研究结果表明：绝大部分岩样在剪切破坏后会形成单条贯穿剪切裂隙,这种剪切裂隙的渗透系数与净围压的关系符合指数函数特征,且受环向应变影响很大,但受轴向应变影响较小;裂隙水压力对裂隙渗透系数影响明显,在相同净围压下,裂隙水压力越大,渗透系数越大,其主要原因是较大的裂隙水压力使裂隙两侧基岩产生附加变形,导致隙宽增加。基于试验数据和理论分析,根据三维应力下的裂隙–岩块位移模型推导考虑裂隙水压力的渗透系数计算公式,该公式可以较好地描述不同围压和裂隙水压力下实测渗透系数的变化趋势,并且公式中的参数均可根据简单的三轴压缩试验得到,计算结果与实测数据符合较好。     

坝基破碎岩体高压渗透变形原位试验

 为获取向家坝水电站坝基挤压破碎带岩体的渗透变形特性,针对坝基破碎岩体空间分布特点,研究适合于渗透变形试验的现场压水试验系统和压水试验方法,提出坝基岩体渗透变形的原位高压试验方法。本研究最大特点是采用对观测孔内的水质取样分析和钻孔电视录像进行对比分析方法来研究原位渗透变形特征,并提出确定临界水力坡降的基本判据。研究结果表明,所提出的原位渗透变形高压压水试验方法可以较好地反映破碎岩体实际环境状态,原位渗透变形试验获得的临界水力坡降较室内试验成果更真实合理。     

岩石高压渗透试验装置的研制与开发

 为提高对低渗透岩的测试精度,缩短渗透性测试时间,研究岩石(体)高孔隙水压力条件下的渗透、力学特性及其破坏机制,开发研制一套岩石高压渗透试验装置。该套装置可针对大尺寸,不同规格(圆柱体或方柱体)岩石(体)或碎石土还原在其原始地应力状态下进行渗透性及相关力学试验研究。围压、渗透压最大可加到30 MPa,轴向荷载最大可加到4 000 kN。试验通过精确度量渗出水体积的变化进行流量测定,大大提高了测试精度、缩短了测试时间。试样进水端水压以静态伺服阀为主要控制元件,可在脱离计算机控制条件下保持某一稳定水压值不变。在试样出水端采用管路过滤器、调速阀等组件对水流速度大小进行调控,当调节的流速与通过试样的渗透速度达到平衡时,即可在出水端产生某一稳定的水压值,进而在试样两端建立稳定的水压差。计算机调控灵活,具有可视化,可根据实际情况随时调整试验方案,而且操作命令语句可任意加长以满足试验要求。该试验装置解决了高孔隙水压、小水力梯度条件下的各种渗透性、高渗压下力学性质试验研究技术难关,这将为水电工程、石油、核电等领域相关试验研究提供新的测试手段,具有重要意义。     

Discrete element analysis of hydro-mechanical behavior of a pilot underground crude oil storage facility in granite in China

The hydro-mechanical behavior of a pilot underground crude oil storage facility in granite in China is analyzed using Discrete Element Method (DEM). Characterization of hydro-mechanical coupling behavior of rock mass was performed using geological investigation, laboratory test, field monitoring and case study. Geological investigations were performed to obtain the geometrical properties of joints. Direct shear tests were performed to obtain the mechanical behavior of joints. A case study was performed to obtain the hydro-mechanical parameters of rock mass around the facility. Discrete element method was employed to assess the hydro-mechanical behavior of the facility. The groundwater pressure distribution and flow rate of the facility under different water curtain pressures were obtained. The groundwater inflow, deformation and stability of the caverns were obtained through the numerical simulations. It was found that the water seal property could not maintain if there is no water curtain system for the facility. The groundwater flow rate increases with the water curtain pressure. Both groundwater flow rate and crown settlement from this study are comparable to those from field measurements. However, the simulated flow rate and crown settlement are less than those predicted using empirical equations, due to the interaction between neighboring caverns and the effect of groundwater table dropdown.     

基于核磁共振实时成像技术的裂隙砂岩渗流特性研究

地下工程岩体内部存在着大量不规则、多尺度的孔(裂)隙,使得其渗流问题十分复杂,研究裂隙岩体的渗流特性及流场分布对岩体工程安全和深部资源开发利用具有重要的工程实际意义.利用核磁共振岩石渗流过程实时在线分析与成像系统对含不同裂隙性状的砂岩试样开展裂隙岩石渗流试验,对渗流过程中试样的体积含水率、T2谱曲线和渗透系数等参数的演...     

考虑水-应力耦合作用的地下洞室的锚杆支护效果

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程入手,使用Galerkin方法,将各控制方程分别在空间域和时间域进行离散,开发出了一个用于分析饱和岩土介质中水–应力耦合弹性问题的二维有限元程序。通过处于地下水位以下的洞室施工时锚杆支护效果问题的模拟计算表明:在有地下水赋存的条件下,锚杆的作用仍主要是约束围岩位移,但比无水时有所减弱,其对岩体中渗流的抑制效果不大,而渗透系数的取值方式将明显地影响孔隙水压力的分布。     

裂隙花岗岩各向异性蠕变特性研究

 由于岩石的非均质性、裂隙的存在以及所处地质环境的复杂性,岩样在蠕变破坏过程中通常表现出各向异性的特点。为了描述岩石的这种各向异性蠕变性质,在经典弹黏塑性理论的基础上,提出黏塑性流动系数张量表达式,建立岩石各向异性弹黏塑性蠕变模型,将该模型嵌入到三维弹塑性细胞自动机模型中,开发岩石蠕变过程分析的三维弹黏塑性细胞自动机模拟系统(EPCA3D-EVP),建立非均质岩石蠕变破坏过程的分析方法,该方法通过常规三轴数值试验来确定细观单元的强度和变形参数,通过蠕变试验确定其黏塑性流动系数,克服岩石力学模拟中“数据有限”的瓶颈问题,并通过对甘肃北山核废物地下处置候选场址的裂隙花岗岩三轴蠕变试验验证该模型和分析方法的正确性,合理地描述裂隙花岗岩在渗流–应力作用下产生各向异性的宏观现象。