Evolution of number concentration of nano- particles undergoing Brownian coagulation in the transition regime

Evolution of number concentration of nanoparticles undergoing Brownian coagulation in the transition regime is studied theoretically and numerically.The results show that the curves of particle size distribution move toward the area with large particle diameters, the curve peak becomes lower and the range that particle diameters cover becomes wider as time elapses.In the process of coagulation the particles with small diameter disappear gradually and the particle size distribution remains a log-normal distribution.The change rate of the particle size distribution is more appreciable at the initial stage than that at the final stage.The initial Knudsen number has a significant effect on the coagulation rate which increases with decreasing the initial Knudsen number.The larger the initial geometric standard deviation is, the smaller the curve peak is, and the wider the area that curves cover is.The initial geometric standard deviation has a significant effect on the particle size distribution which can remain a self-preserving state when the initial geometric standard deviation is smaller than 2.With the increase of the diversity of initial particle size, the particle size distribution does not obey the log-normal distribution any more as time elapses.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NANOPARTICLE COAGULATION IN A POISEUILLE FLOW VIA A MOMENT METHOD

Numerical simulations of coagulating nano-scale aerosols in a two dimensional Poiseuille flow between fixed plates are performed. Evolution of the particle field is obtained by utilizing a moment method to approximate the aerosol general dynamic equation. A moment method is used, which assumes a lognormal function for the particle size distribution and requires knowledge of the first three moments. A Damk？hler number is defined to represent the ratio of the convection time scale to the coagulation time scale. Simulations are performed based on three Reynolds numbers, 100, 500 and 1000, and on three initial particle volume fractions corresponding to Damk？hler numbers 0.1, 0.2 and 1.0. Spatio-temporal evolution of the first three moments along with the geometric mean volume and standard deviation are discussed.     

Research on particle size distribution in rectangular turbulent channel flow

Large eddy simulations of three-dimensional particle-laden turbulent channel flow are performed for Re = 13800. The flow results are validated using the experimental data and good agreements are achieved. TEMOM is employed to deal with PGDE, which describes PSD, involving the effect of shear-induced coagulation, which is greatly affected by the effects of turbulent transport and preferential concentration, represented by radial relative velocity and radial distribution function, respectively. Particles with four different stokes number are considered to study the above effects on the evolution of PSD. In the results, the distributions of particle number concentration, polydispersity, particle diameter are detailed discussed.

     

粗粒土颗粒破碎大型直剪试验研究

颗粒破碎是粗粒土的基本属性。随着高土石坝的陆续兴建,高应力下粗粒土的颗粒破碎特征成为人们研究的一个重要方面。通过对不同粒径粗粒土试样的大型直剪试验,研究了高法向应力下粗粒土的颗粒破碎规律,并对接触面剪应力-剪位移关系进行了分析。结果表明:随着法向应力增加,颗粒破碎率增加;相同法向应力下,粒径越大,破碎率越大;级配越良好,破碎率越小;颗粒破碎主要形成次一级粒径。     

Numerical simulation of slurry jets using mixture model

Slurry jets in a static uniform environment were simulated with a two-phase mixture model in which flow-particle interactions were considered. A standard k-ε turbulence model was chosen to close the governing equations. The computational results were in agreement with previous laboratory measurements. The characteristics of the two-phase flow field and the influences of hydraulic and geometric parameters on the distribution of the slurry jets were analyzed on the basis of the computational results. The calculated results reveal that if the initial velocity of the slurry jet is high, the jet spreads less in the radial direction. When the slurry jet is less influenced by the ambient fluid (when the Stokes number St is relatively large), the turbulent kinetic energy k and turbulent dissipation rate ε, which are relatively concentrated around the jet axis, decrease more rapidly after the slurry jet passes through the nozzle. For different values of St, the radial distributions of streamwise velocity and particle volume fraction are both self-similar and fit a Gaussian profile after the slurry jet fully develops. The decay rate of the particle velocity is lower than that of water velocity along the jet axis, and the axial distributions of the centerline particle streamwise velocity are self-similar along the jet axis. The pattern of particle dispersion depends on the Stokes number St. When St = 0.39, the particle dispersion along the radial direction is considerable, and the relative velocity is very low due to the low dynamic response time. When St = 3.08, the dispersion of particles along the radial direction is very little, and most of the particles have high relative velocities along the streamwise direction.     

Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

高围压作用下堆石体剪切带形成及相关细观结构演变

为了研究高围压作用下堆石体中剪切带形成及相关细观结构演变,采用自编程序构造3种不同形状的可破碎颗粒簇,随机生成二维颗粒流试样,进行双轴压缩试验.结果表明,轴向应变为6％时,试样由体缩向体胀过渡;轴向应变达到10％以后,试样内部发生了结构性变化.试样中颗粒簇的旋转、移动、破碎以及孔隙率等细观结构演变能清晰反映试样中剪切带...     

Numerical simulation of the abrasive supercritical carbon dioxide jet: The flow field and the influencing factors

The supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_2) jet can break rocks at higher penetration rates and lower threshold pressures than the water jet. The abrasive SC-CO_2 jet, formed by adding solid particles into the SC-CO_2 jet, is expected to achieve higher operation efficiency in eroding hard rocks and cutting metals. With the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation method, the characteristics of the flow field of the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet are analyzed, as well as the main influencing factors. Results show that the two-phase axial velocities of the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet is much higher than those of the abrasive water jet, when the pressure difference across the jet nozzle is held constant at 20 MPa, the optimal standoff distance for the largest particle impact velocity is approximately 5 times of the jet nozzle diameter; the fluid temperature and the volume concentration of the abrasive particles have modest influences on the two-phase velocities, the ambient pressure has a negligible influence when the pressure difference is held constant. Therefore the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet is expected to assure more effective erosion and cutting performance. This work can provide guidance for subsequent lab experiments and promote practical applications.     

考虑缩尺效应对颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态研究

堆石料缩尺后的替代料与原级配料的强度变形特性存在差异,揭示这种差异对堆石料工程运用具有重要的科学价值.采用相似级配法和混合法对弱风化灰岩料进行缩尺,缩尺后堆石料最大粒径分别为60、40、20、10 mm,通过三轴固结排水剪切试验进行缩尺后替代料的应力变形特性研究,分析了缩尺方法和试样最大粒径对堆石料临界状态及临界状态方...     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW OVER A WEIR

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＷｅｉｒｉｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｈｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｅｎ ｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ.Ｉｔｉｓｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｔｈｅｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｓｏｖｅｒａｗｅｉ     

颗粒破碎对粗粒料力学特性的影响研究

易破碎是粗粒料显著的特点,颗粒破碎对粗粒料的抗剪强度、内摩擦角、剪胀以及渗透系数均会产生影响。通过室内大型三轴试验,对粗粒料的颗粒破碎以及应力进行了分析,建立了破碎耗能与塑性功之间的关系式,并将其引入土体受力变形过程中的能量方程,采用相关联流动法则推导出了粗粒土的屈服函数,并绘制出在不同围压下经颗粒破碎修正的屈服面。     

EVALUATION OF THE CUMULATIVE FORMATION OF HIGH-SPEED LIQUID JETS

1 .　INTRODUCTIONHigh speedliquidjetsareoftenseeninrainerosionsimulationofaircraftandmissiles ,JilbertandField[1] and jetcuttingofmaterials ,Kob ayashi[2 ] .Inthegenerationofjets ,itistechnicallyinterestingtoknowhowtooperatetheexperimen talfacilityattheoptimumconditiontoobtainthejetvelocitymostefficiently .ThisisdescribedbyShiandTakayama[3] ,ShiandItoh[4 ] ,ShiandIt oh[5] .Intheearlieststudyofa pulsedhigh speedliquidjet ,BowdenandBrunton[6 ] puttheliquidinanozzleandthenusedaslugimpact…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN AN IMPINGING TWIN-JET

The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method has been used to solve the fluid momentum equations coupled with a convection-diffusion equation to study the formation of pollutant nanoparticles in a vehicular exhaust with impinging twin-jet. The functions of the space (S) between the two jets and the distance (H) from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane are evaluated according to the distributions of pollutant nanoparticles. The results show that the nucleation produces a large number of nanoparticles, and gas-to-nanoparticle conversion mostly takes place in the interface region of the two jets, the circumambience of the jets, and region near the plane. The maximal particle size and maximal number concentration produced by both nucleation and coagulation appear around the region of free jet and the region near the plane, respectively. The significant differences for various spaces between the two jets are the number concentration and size distributions in the interface region of the two jets. For the case with larger space, more nanoparticles are produced by nucleation and coagulation. The more the distance from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane, the lower is the number concentration and the fewer the particles distribute near the plane. Increasing the distance from nozzle to plane is beneficial to the reduction of nanoparticle formation.     

含石量对砂卵石土的颗粒破碎及强度与变形的影响研究

为探究含石量对不同围压下砂卵石土的颗粒破碎及抗剪强度与变形特性的影响,利用室内大型三轴试验仪开展了固结排水剪切试验。试验设计了0~100%之间5级含石量,在0.5 MPa、1.5 MPa、2.5 MPa三种不同围压条件下进行固结排水三轴剪切试验。基于试验结果,分析了含石量及围压对砂卵石土抗剪强度和剪胀、剪缩特性的影响,并分析了相应的颗粒破碎情况。试验结果表明,在相同含石量下,砂卵石土抗剪强度随着围压的升高不断增加,体变初期表现为明显剪缩,之后剪胀性随围压升高而降低,颗粒破碎率随围压升高而增加;在相同围压下,含石量在50%~75%时,颗粒破碎率最大,并出现最大抗剪强度,而围压越高,试样剪胀越不明显。     

U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机的工程施工关键技术

针对U型混凝土渠施工存在的鼓包、蜂窝、破损、裂缝多、横断面尺寸不标准、渠道不顺直、地基土碾压不达标等问题,集常规农田沟渠的U型混凝土渠开挖、衬砌成型于一体,设计了U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机,其关键技术包括基础清淤及回填参数确定、施工放线与机械行走、机械开挖及衬砌细节控制等。实践结果表明,该U型一体机施工产生渠道的填土密实度达到0.92,渠道百米长裂缝数仅为0.2~0.5条,百米长鼓包、蜂窝、破损数均为0,断面偏移均值不超过4 mm,渠道渗漏量低于0.006 m~3/(m·h),人工成本降低了49.16%,总成本降低了7.99%,施工质量和经济性均优于传统现浇技术。该U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机在小型渠道输水和灌溉节水工程建设中具有广阔的应用前景。     

静止环境中垂直平面浮力射流稳定性与混合特性数值研究

针对不同的射流参数和环境流体参数下的有限深平面垂直射流，采用混合有限分析法对近区以稳定浮力表面层形式排放和由于近区漩涡产生二次吸附的非稳定排放两种流动形态的混合流体的流速场和温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明近区排放稳定性主要取决于排放佛汝德数和相对淹没度，而与受纳水体的远区几何形状无关；受纳水体的远区几何形状只对排放水体的混合性质产生影响，这一点对非稳定排放尤其显著。所得结果与Jirka和Harleman的理论分析和试验结果十分吻合，说明所采用数值方法可对平面浮力射流的流动现象进行完整的预报。     

伴有滑动床的大颗粒水沙浆体浓度分布研究

在作者前期研究及相关学者的研究成果的基础上,推导出了基于两层模型的滑动床上方水沙浆体浓度分布计算模型,进一步结合剪切层浓度线性分布特点,给出了考虑剪切层的三层浓度分布计算模型。通过粒径为1.71 mm的粗砂颗粒高浓度管道流动试验,测定了水平管道和倾斜管道中不同条件下若干组大颗粒浓度分布随倾角变化的试验数据。浓度分布实测值与作者浓度分布模型计算值对比分析表明,三层浓度计算模型较两层浓度模型,能够较为准确预测滑动床上方的粗颗粒浓度分布情况。     

Hydraulics of a multiple slit-type energy dissipater简

With the constructions of high dam projects in China, the energy dissipation downstream of a dam becomes a serious concern. In this study, a multiple slit-type energy dissipater, with different reduction size slits in the outlet, is developed on the basis of conventional slit-type energy dissipaters, aiming to enhance the energy dissipation through the turbulence and the friction between the different layers of the jet flow and the air entrainment due to the increased surface of the flow to the air. The hydraulic characteristics of the energy dissipater are experimentally investigated by means of three sets of physical models in nine cases, to characterize the geometric parameters with suitable performance. The main concerns are the flow regime, the jet flow trajectory, the energy dissipation, the cavitation characteristics, and the flow choking. The results indicate that the dissipater enjoys a high energy dissipation ratio with suitable hydraulic performance comparing with the conventional slit-type energy dissipaters.     

灌注桩钻孔塌孔实测及孔壁稳定性评价

以沿海地区某大型工程钻孔灌注桩地基处理为背景,在典型区域灌注桩成孔质量实测的基础上,提出了一种新的孔壁稳定或坍塌程度评价参数——塌孔率,建立了塌孔孔径划分标准和坍塌体积计算模型,对塌孔体积与砂层厚度、钻孔深度的相关性进行了回归分析。对塌孔率与砂层平均标贯数、砂土不均匀系数及砂土平均粒径的相关性进行了回归分析。研究结果表明:砂土层是灌注桩钻孔时孔壁稳定的关键;用塌孔率来评价孔壁稳定和坍塌程度是可行且适用的;塌孔体积与砂层厚度、钻孔深度密切相关;砂层平均标贯数、砂土不均匀系数及砂土平均粒径是灌注桩施工孔壁稳定性及塌孔风险评价的重要指标。