多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液降膜流动特性的三维数值模拟

基于VOF模型建立了考虑重力、表面张力及界面摩擦力源项的多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液两相降膜流动三维瞬态CFD模型。不同气流速度下液膜厚度模拟结果与文献中试验值吻合较好,最大偏差小于5%,表明所建立CFD模型是可靠的。通过研究壁面接触角为30°时不同气液Reynolds数下液膜流动特性,结果表明：翅片管表面满膜流的临界Reynolds数Re_l为239,临界喷淋密度为0.06 kg/(m·s);在239 ≤ Re_l ≤ 995内,其平均液膜厚度较Nusselt理论解高16.8%～35.1%;气液逆流和顺流时气相Reynolds数Re_g应分别小于2190.7和3286.0,其主要原因在于过高的Re_g会导致气液界面摩擦力快速增大,从而引发液膜破裂和液滴脱落等现象恶化设备性能。总之,气液顺流更有利于在较高气相Reynolds数下实现翅片管表面的较薄满膜流动。     

蒸发式冷凝器管外水膜流动实验研究

研究蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能时,涉及到管外喷淋水在管表面的分布形式和喷淋水与空气间的对流传热传质等问题。文内建立了蒸发式冷凝器管外水膜流动的可视化测试实验平台,采用高速摄像仪分析了喷嘴对管外水膜分布的影响,同时测试了时间、风量、水量、高度等参数对水膜温度分布的影响。结果表明,喷嘴B能获得更好的水膜分布效果,蒸发式冷凝器有一个最佳喷淋水量,其换热过程主要是由循环冷却水的显热换热和蒸发换热交替占主导作用构成的,在稳定操作条件下运行一段时间后水盘中的水温能保持较好的恒定。     

三螺旋折流板换热器多流路通道流动与传热数值模拟

为了增加大螺旋角下单位长度换热管上螺旋折流板数量提高换热,提出三螺旋折流板导流结构,对设置三螺旋折流板后壳程流体的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,重点考察了Reynolds数Re=1391~4174时的壳程压降及对流传热系数,与设置单螺旋折流板的对比结果表明:三螺旋折流板换热器壳程对流传热系数高27.9%,JF因子高13.67%,综合传热性能更好。在此基础上运用(火积)耗散理论分析了三螺旋折流板采取不同螺旋角时对换热效率的影响,发现由传热引起的(火积)耗散率随Reynolds数变化规律与壳程对流传热系数随Reynolds数的变化规律类似,相同流量条件下螺旋角为64.8°的换热器(火积)耗散率最小。另外,中心换热管与壳壁附近换热管的传热系数比较结果显示,中心管热交换量均低于壳壁附近换热管热交换量。     

管道气体置换混合长度变化规律研究

采用低雷诺数k-ε模型对输气管道气体置换过程进行二维数值模拟。研究结果表明:混合区浓度在轴向呈非对称分布,呈"头短尾长"特征;流速、管径、管道长度是混合长度的主要影响因素。混合初始,混合长度增长速率大,随着主流向下游流动距离的增加,增长速率减小;流速是混合长度的重要控制参数,湍流时的混合长度小于层流,流速对混合长度的影响在高雷诺数湍流时比较小;同一湍流流速下,混合长度随管径增加而增加;管径对混合长度的影响随湍流度的降低而增大;氮气-天然气混合长度比氮气-空气混合长度大1%—2%。     

低Reynolds数下水平管降膜滴状流动的实验研究

为了充分了解水平管降膜滴状流动现象,以水为实验流体,采用高速高清摄像仪对不同管距下水平管降膜滴状流动进行了可视化的实验研究。实验观察了低Reynolds数Re≤200、管间距s≤40 mm范围内的管间滴状流动过程。根据流动形态的特征,将滴状流动划分为堆积滴状流、不完全滴状流、吊坠滴状流、完全滴状流和不完全回缩滴状流。依据实验结果,绘制了滴状流动形态分区图。提出了分离长度的概念,并讨论了流量对分离长度的影响。研究了低Reynolds数下液滴流动的滴落点间距与流量的关系。结果表明,滴状流的管间流动形态不仅受流量的影响,同时也受管间距的影响。分离长度随着Re的增大呈两段式线性增大。液滴流动的滴落点间距在Re≤100范围内随Re增大而减小,在100Re≤200范围内趋于平稳。此外,分别建立了分离长度和滴落点间距与Re的关系式。     

超疏水表面微通道内水的流动特性

在铝制微通道内壁上制造出超疏水表面,水滴在其表面上的接触角达到153°。对水在内径同为0.60 mm的超疏水微通道和超亲水微通道中流动的压降进行实验测定与对比,得出水在超疏水微通道内的流动阻力降有明显降低,降低的最大值可达25%。研究了水在超疏水微通道内的流动特性,发现水由层流向湍流转变发生在Reynolds数为2500左右,且在层流范围内fRe值基本保持不变。通过计算得出了不同流量下水在超疏水表面微通道壁面处的滑移速度和滑移长度,结果显示滑移速度和滑移长度均随流量的增大而增大。     

湍流对传热传质过程的影响

一百多年前,雷诺(Osborne Reynolds)通过实验和理论分析认为,流体充满导管作稳定流动时,流体的流动状态有两种:层流和湍流。当雷诺数小于2100时,为层流;当雷诺数大于4000时,为湍流;当雷诺数在2100和4000之间,属于从层流转变为湍流的过渡状态。不管是层流还是湍流,在极靠近管壁处有一层很薄的流体始终保持为层流,叫作层流边界层。层流边界层对传热和传质过程有重大影响。     

管内垂直下降液膜速度与厚度分布特性

对洗涤冷却管内垂直降膜的流动特性进行研究,采用超声波多普勒测速仪对管内不同周向以及轴向位置的液膜厚度和速度进行了无接触式的测量,液膜Reynolds数范围为1.0×10~4~3.1×10~4。结果表明:在0°周向位置上液膜厚度与速度均达到最大值,导致该位置局部液膜厚度过大而不能保持稳定,部分液体脱离液膜表面,此外还造成了8°和16°位置的液膜厚度激增。在轴向上,当Reynolds数小于2.0×10~4时,液膜速度在重力作用下随流动距离增加而增加,反之,液膜速度因为流动阻力会随距离增加而减小。随着Reynolds数的增大,液膜平均厚度和速度呈增大趋势。此外,Reynolds数的增大还会使得液膜更加不稳定。     

钢质管型对蒸发式冷凝器传热的影响

蒸发式冷凝器是一种高效冷却散热设备,其传热性能目前还需要深入研究.在总结蒸发式冷凝器传热特点的基础上,提出了采用新的钢质弹形管、扭曲管和弹形.扭曲间断管强化传热的新结构,并测试了它们应用于蒸发式冷凝器的流动与传热性能,与传统的圆管和椭圆管进行了对比.研究结果表明,在冷却水喷淋密度为0.06 kg·m-1s-1、管截面风速为3.4 m·s-1时,椭圆管、弹形管、扭曲管和间断管比圆管总传熟系数K分别高19.2%、24.4%、26.8%和31.2%.管内冷凝、管外水和空气的传热过程对总传热性能均有重要影响,弹形管可有效强化管外水膜与空气间的传热,同时降低空气流动压降;扭曲管可改善水膜分布,强化水膜传热,同时会增大空气流动压降:弹形-扭曲间断管可同时强化水膜、水膜与空气间的传热,略为减小空气流动压降.     

三螺旋折流板换热器多流路通道流动与传热数值模拟

为了增加大螺旋角下单位长度换热管上螺旋折流板数量提高换热,提出三螺旋折流板导流结构,对设置三螺旋折流板后壳程流体的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,重点考察了Reynolds数Re=1391～4174时的壳程压降及对流传热系数,与设置单螺旋折流板的对比结果表明：三螺旋折流板换热器壳程对流传热系数高27.9%,JF因子高13.67%,综合传热性能更好。在此基础上运用耗散理论分析了三螺旋折流板采取不同螺旋角时对换热效率的影响,发现由传热引起的耗散率随Reynolds数变化规律与壳程对流传热系数随Reynolds数的变化规律类似,相同流量条件下螺旋角为64.8°的换热器耗散率最小。另外,中心换热管与壳壁附近换热管的传热系数比较结果显示,中心管热交换量均低于壳壁附近换热管热交换量。     

Al_2O_3-水纳米流体在微圆管内的流动特性

测定了不同体积分数下A l2O3-水纳米流体在内径0.193 mm和0.508 mm 2种玻璃微圆管内的流动阻力特性。结果表明:纳米流体流动从层流向湍流转变的临界雷诺数Rec发生在2 100附近;对0.508 mm微圆管,纳米流体由层流向湍流的转变与去离子水基本一致,对0.193 mm微圆管纳米流体流型转变较去离子水略有提前。在雷诺数小于1 500—1 700的层流范围,纳米流体和水的摩擦因子都与经典理论预测值吻合良好,同Hagen-Poiseu ille公式偏差小于7.5%,雷诺数大于此范围后前者的摩擦因子比后者和理论值有所偏高;而在过渡区和湍流范围,纳米流体的摩擦因子比水有较大提高,且随体积分数增加摩擦因子增加的趋势更为明显。     

V型导液槽对HFC245fa水平管束外冷凝换热影响

试验研究了HFC245fa在水平光管与强化管管束外的冷凝换热特性,提出在管束中加装V型导液槽来消除管束效应的方法,并通过试验研究了V型导液槽对管束冷凝换热特性的影响。试验管束由4列排深为5排的列管构成,带导液槽管束的前4排管下方加装了两段长度为450 mm的导液槽;试验换热管公称外径为19.05 mm、换热长度为1000 mm。试验中,以Wilson描点法获得强化换热管水侧对流传热系数,以对比试验方法研究了V型导液槽对水平管束外冷凝换热性能的影响。结果表明：传统的管束效应模型仅在较小的热通量范围适用;凝液在管间的迁移形态与流态随管上作用凝液量的系列变化是导致管束效应变化的主要因素;加装导液槽可有效控制凝液在管间的迁移,控制管束效应;加装导液槽使光管单管冷凝传热能力下降10%左右,使光管管束总体换热能力提升4.5%相似文献   

Study of Single Phase Flow Heat Transfer and Friction Pressure Drop in a Spiral Internally Ribbed Tube

The experimental results of single‐phase flow heat transfer and pressure drop experiments in the turbulent flow regime in a spirally ribbed tube and a smooth tube are presented in this paper. The ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. Both tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with a heated length of 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental Reynolds number is in the range of 10⁴–5 · 10⁴ for water and is in the range of 10⁴–2.2 · 10⁴ for kerosene. The experimental results of the ribbed tube are compared with those of the smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficients of the ribbed tube are 1.2–1.6 fold greater than those in the smooth tube and the pressure drop in the ribbed tube is also increased by a factor of 1.4–1.7 as compared with those in the smooth tube for water. The corresponding values for kerosene are 2–2.7 and 1.5–2, respectively. The heat‐transfer enhancement characteristics of the ribbed tube are assessed. This tube is especially suitable for augmenting single‐phase flow heat transfer of kerosene. Correlations for the heat transfer and the pressure drop for the spirally ribbed tube are proposed, according to the experimental data.     

Distribution characteristics of falling film thickness around a horizontal tube

An experimental investigation of a liquid film falling around a horizontal tube was performed using a displacement micrometer to determine the distribution characteristics of the film thickness. Measurements were carried out for circumferential angles ranging from 15° to 165°, outside diameters varying from 20 to 32 mm, intertube spacings ranging from 10 to 40 mm, and film Reynolds numbers varying from 150 to 800. It is found that the distribution characteristics of the film thickness are mainly affected by circumferential angle, intertube spacing and film Reynolds number. However, the outside diameter has little influence on the film thickness. The experimental results also validate the Nusselt's theory giving a relatively reasonable prediction of the film thickness around the upper perimeter of the tube but a poor prediction around the lower perimeter. The minimal values of the film thickness locate at different circumferential angles in the range of 90°–115° rather than at the single point of β = 90° predicted by Nusselt. Moreover, the liquid film gets thinner around the scaled tube, and the thickness distributions for pure water agree well with those for seawater. Based on the experimental data, a new correlation has been suggested to predict the film thickness.     

Study of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop in a vertical heated spirally internally ribbed tube

Experiments of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop of upward flow boiling in a smooth tube and in a spirally internally ribbed tube were conducted, respectively. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. The test tubes were vertically installed and uniformly heated by electricity to achieve flow boiling test conditions. The available heated length of both test tubes is 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental pressure is 6 bar for flow boiling of water and 3 bar for flow boiling of kerosene. The exit vapor quality of the test sections is about 0.3. The two-phase Reynolds number ranges from 8000 to 28,000. The experimental two-phase frictional pressure drops in the smooth tube are compared with the predicted results by the two-phase flow homogeneous model and the Friedel formula (Friedel, 1979. Improved friction pressure drop correlation for horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow. European Two-phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy), respectively. It shows that the experimental results agree with the Friedel formula better than the two-phase flow homogenous model. By comparison, the two-phase frictional pressure drops in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6-2.7 times greater than that in the smooth tube. A physical explanation of the increase of the two-phase frictional pressure drop in the spirally internally ribbed tube is given. According to the two-phase flow homogeneous model, a correlation of two-phase friction factor is proposed for the spirally internally ribbed tube and it is applicable to pressures up to 6 bar.     

低Reynolds数下水平管降膜滴状流动的实验研究

为了充分了解水平管降膜滴状流动现象,以水为实验流体,采用高速高清摄像仪对不同管距下水平管降膜滴状流动进行了可视化的实验研究。实验观察了低Reynolds数Re≤200、管间距s≤40 mm 范围内的管间滴状流动过程。根据流动形态的特征,将滴状流动划分为堆积滴状流、不完全滴状流、吊坠滴状流、完全滴状流和不完全回缩滴状流。依据实验结果,绘制了滴状流动形态分区图。提出了分离长度的概念,并讨论了流量对分离长度的影响。研究了低Reynolds数下液滴流动的滴落点间距与流量的关系。结果表明,滴状流的管间流动形态不仅受流量的影响,同时也受管间距的影响。分离长度随着Re的增大呈两段式线性增大。液滴流动的滴落点间距在Re≤100范围内随Re增大而减小,在100<Re≤200范围内趋于平稳。此外,分别建立了分离长度和滴落点间距与Re的关系式。     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A SUBCOOLED WATER FILM FALLING ACROSS A HORIZONTAL HEATED TUBE

A numerical simulation and an experimental study were carried out for sensible heat transfer for a subcooled water film falling across a horizontal heated tube. A laminar model and a turbulent model were adopted to calculate the heat transfer coefficient. The whole wetting zone on the tube surface was divided into two zones: the top stagnation zone and the lateral free film flow zone. The initial boundary conditions for the free film flow zone were determined by calculating the fluid and the temperature fields in the stagnation zone. A modified wall function method was used for the turbulent model. The comparisons between the experimental data and the numerical solutions show that the experimental data agree reasonably well with the laminar model solutions. Finally, two simple correlations were proposed for predicting the convective heat transfer of a falling film for engineering applications.     

Laminar and turbulent flow in annuli of unit eccentricity

Experimental results are presented for the flow of water in eccentric annuli having unit eccentricity in the laminar, transition and turbulent flow regimes at Reynolds numbers between 200 and 20,000. In both the laminar and turbulent regimes the interesting result is obtained that, for a given Reynolds number, the friction factor is a minimum at a diameter ratio of about 0.750. The experimental results are compared with previous theoretical analyses in the laminar region, and with previous experimental data at Reynolds numbers exceeding 20,000 in the turbulent region. A further interesting result relates to the transition region where, at intermediate diameter ratios, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow becomes more diffuse. This appears to be a consequence of the gradual change from laminar to turbulent flow brought about by the variation in local Reynolds number from zero to a maximum value within the eccentric annulus. It is believed that sufficent experimental data are now available for the pressure gradient to be predicted for flow in eccentric annuli of unit eccentricity over a relatively wide range of Reynolds number.     

Turbulence suppression in solutions and pure liquids

Experiments dealing with the onset of turbulent flow in very small capillary tubes are described. The liquids are water, n-heptane, toluene and four aqueous solutions containing small quantities of a polymeric additive. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is delayed in a manner dependent on tube diameter. There is an essential similarity between the behavior of all the liquids. Possible reasons for the observed behavior are discussed and it is suggested that the explanation lies in the presence of varying degrees of elasticity in the liquids used. Using normal stress data from a jet thrust apparatus, the transition values of various dimensionless groups are evaluated. The group which gives the most consistent behavior is the inertio-elastic number equivalent to a Reynolds number in which viscous shear stress is replaced by elastic normal stress.     

旋流强化中空纤维膜组件结构优化及壳程流动研究

提出并优化了一种旋转流强化的膜组件水力学模型。Box-Behnken方法用于进口直径、进口长度、膜壳高度、进/出口端管长度、球突结构直径,进出口倾斜角度的多参数的实验设计,获得了响应变量最优的膜组件设计方案。通过雷诺应力RSM湍流模型与基于Euler-Lagrange算法的离散相DPM模型的耦合计算,模拟研究了三维模型内液固两相流的颗粒停留时间分布、流体力学特征。模拟结果显示,旋流强化的膜组件壳程的速度分布更加均匀,膜面剪切应力高;湍流耗散率、涡量分布不同于传统膜组件。实验结果证实,优化后的膜组件具有高产水量、低压力降,膜污染速率低的特点。