铂纳米空球修饰玻碳电极对甲醛的电催化氧化行为

以纳米硒球为模板,H₂PtCl₆为前驱体,以抗环血酸为还原剂,SDSN作稳定剂,在室温下批量制备了铂纳米空球(Pt_Hollow)及其修饰玻碳(GC)电极(Pt_Hollow/GC)。使用XRD、SEM和TEM等检测技术表征了其形貌与结构,结果表明,所制备的铂纳米空球分散性好,粒径比较均匀,约为120 nm;球壳多孔,壳厚<10 nm,由多维、多级的多晶铂原子团簇所构建。以甲醛为探针分子,采用循环伏安及计时电流等常规电化学方法比较了电活性面积基本一致的Pt_Hollow/GC和电沉积铂纳米粒子(Pt_nano)修饰GC电极(Pt_nano/GC)催化甲醛氧化的性能,结果显示,位于0.64 V处的氧化峰电流密度,前者是后者氧化峰电流密度的1.5倍;氧化电流密度为0.5 mA·cm^-2处的氧化电位,前者比后者负移了约30 mV。实验结果表明,与Pt_nano/GC电极相比,甲醛在Pt_Hollow/GC电极上氧化的活化能低,反应速度快,催化活性高。所得结果为直接甲醛燃料电池阳极催化剂的研制提供了一定的实验与理论依据。     

纳米金催化剂催化氧化环己烷氧化反应研究进展

综述了近年来环己烷氧化反应的主要工艺技术以及金催化剂在该反应中的开发进展,重点分析负载型金催化剂在环己烷氧化反应中的研究工作。金催化剂的研究在20世纪90年代发展迅速。相较于其他贵金属其优势是反应条件温和,且能得到高活性和选择性。针对环己烷氧化反应,分析近年来在该反应下纳米金催化剂的相关情况,阐述金催化剂通过制备方法提高活性的相关策略,探讨了催化机理。     

过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂苯甲醇氧化性能

采用一步法合成介孔二氧化硅负载的金纳米催化剂,以氯化锡为前驱体,通过浸渍法向金纳米催化剂中引入助剂氧化锡,得到过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂。通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜和固体紫外漫反射光谱等对催化剂结构进行表征。将所合成的催化剂用于苯甲醇选择性氧化反应,考察助剂组分对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,氧化锡的引入改变了金纳米颗粒的表面电子结构,增加了催化剂活性与选择性;但随着氧化锡含量继续增加,催化剂活性降低,这主要是因为金纳米颗粒表面过渡金属氧化物覆盖度增加,减少了催化剂活性组分与苯甲醇的接触。当氧化锡质量分数0.2%时,催化剂效果最佳,在100℃和氧气压力0.2 MPa下反应3 h,苯甲醇转化率25.7%,苯甲醛选择性75.9%,苯甲酸选择性15.8%,苯甲酸苄酯选择性6.3%。     

纳米金催化剂室温下对甲醛的催化氧化

Fe Ox和Ce O2对于Au/Al_2O_3催化剂催化氧化甲醛是一种有效助剂。本文采用等体积浸渍法制备了Au/Fe Ox/Al_2O_3和Au/Fe Ox-Ce O2/Al_2O_3复合催化剂。考察金负载量和Fe Ox-Ce O2复合助剂对催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛的影响,并利用XRD、BET和透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行技术表征。研究表明:在Au负载量等同时,催化活性顺序是:Au/Fe O_x-Ce O_2/Al_2O_3Au/Fe O_x/Al_2O_3Au/Ce O2/Al_2O_3;Au负载量越高催化剂催化活性越好。     

甲醇在聚苯胺修饰铂钼共沉积电极上的催化氧化

用恒电位法和循环伏安法在铂电极上分别制备了聚苯胺修饰的分散氢钼青铜电极和分散铂电极,以及聚苯胺修饰的不同铂钼比例的铂与氢钼青铜共沉积电极。用循环伏安法研究了制备电极在c(H2SO4)=0.5mol/L水溶液中的电化学行为,以及对c(CH3OH)=0.1 mol/L的催化氧化行为。其中,分散氢钼青铜电极对甲醇无催化氧化的作用,铂与氢钼青铜共沉积电极对甲醇的催化氧化效果优于分散铂电极。铂-氢钼青铜共沉积电极对甲醇氧化的催化能力与共沉积铂钼的比例有关,当制备电极所用的溶液中n(氯铂酸)∶n(钼酸钠)=2∶1时,共沉积电极对甲醇的催化氧化活性最高,此时甲醇在共沉积电极上的氧化峰电流是单纯铂电极的2.632倍。     

铜-腐植酸催化剂制备及催化苯甲醇氧化

以褐煤中提取的腐植酸为原料,利用水热法制备铜-腐植酸催化剂(Cu-HAs),并对催化剂结构进行FTIR、XRD、XPS、SEM表征,将此催化剂用于催化苯甲醇氧化反应。对催化剂的制备条件如一水醋酸铜与腐植酸比例、老化温度、老化时间等进行考察,探讨了不同反应条件对铜-腐植酸催化剂催化苯甲醇氧化反应的活性影响。结果表明,此催化剂在制备温度30℃、老化时间3 h下具有较好的催化活性,苯甲醇转化率71%、苯甲醛产率68.6%;提升反应温度至110℃、反应时间3 h时,苯甲醇的转化率可达到91.3%、苯甲醛产率可达到87.8%。对该催化剂循环使用性及底物普适性考察,发现铜-腐植酸催化剂经过6次循环后,产率和转化率基本保持不变,催化剂能重复使用,具有良好的循环稳定性,所制备催化剂能够催化不同结构醇选择性氧化,在优化条件下产率均达到90%以上。     

聚苯乙烯球负载金纳米粒子的制备及其催化性能研究

研究了聚苯乙-金复合粒子在水相中催化硼氢化钠(NaBH_4)还原对硝基苯酚(p-NP)至对氨基苯酚(p-AP)的催化活性。已经制备好的AuNPs通过热力学驱动的异相凝聚法快速地负载到PS微球上。之后,PS微球负载AuNPs(PS-Au复合粒子)催化还原p-NP至p-AP的表观速率常数(kapp)为4.7×10~(-3)s~(-1)及内在活性参数(kiap)为0.47 s~(-1),这要高于此前大多数的报道。这些优越的催化性能可以归功于负载的小尺寸的AuNPs以及蓝莓形貌的复合粒子催化剂。     

苯甲醇的相转移催化氧化

苯甲醇氧化成苯甲醛的方法很多。有文献介绍可用 NaClO 水溶液把苯甲醇氧化成苯甲醛。现我们研究了在相转移条件下用NaClO 把苯甲醇氧化成苯甲醛。反应条件温和,易于操作。还对反应的有关影响因素作了研究。实验与结果在500 mL 三口瓶中加90 mL 5%活性氯的 NaClO 溶液,用 H_2SO_4和 K_2CO_3调 pH 至9～11,加10%的四丁基氧化铵溶液4.5 g、苯甲醇3.0 mL、CH_2Cl_2 75 mL,在室温下搅拌反应两小时。分出有机相,水相用 CH_2Cl_2萃取3～4次,萃取液与有机相合并。以无水     

聚苯乙烯球负载金纳米粒子的制备及其催化性能研究

研究了聚苯乙-金复合粒子在水相中催化硼氢化钠(NaBH_4)还原对硝基苯酚(p-NP)至对氨基苯酚(p-AP)的催化活性。已经制备好的AuNPs通过热力学驱动的异相凝聚法快速地负载到PS微球上。之后,PS微球负载AuNPs(PS-Au复合粒子)催化还原p-NP至p-AP的表观速率常数(kapp)为4.7×10^(-3)s(-3)s^(-1)及内在活性参数(kiap)为0.47 s(-1)及内在活性参数(kiap)为0.47 s^(-1),这要高于此前大多数的报道。这些优越的催化性能可以归功于负载的小尺寸的AuNPs以及蓝莓形貌的复合粒子催化剂。     

Preparation of hollow platinum nanospheres/carbon nanotubes nanohybrids and their improved stability for electro-oxidation of methanol

We report a facile method for the synthesis of hollow platinum nanospheres/carbon nanotubes nanohybrids (CNTs-G-PtHNs). Silver nanoparticles were used as sacrificial templates and uniformly deposited on the functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By galvanic replacement reaction between CNTs-supported silver and PtCl₆²⁻, well-dispersed hollow platinum nanospheres (PtHNs) were “grown” on CNTs. The morphology and electrochemical properties of the CNTs-G-PtHNs nanohybrids have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. PtHNs in the CNTs-G-PtHNs nanohybrids have an average diameter of about 8 nm and the CNTs-G-PtHNs nanohybrids have higher electrochemical surface area and better electrocatalytic performance towards methanol oxidation than CNTs-A-PtHNs nanohybrids which were obtained by adsorbing the pre-synthesized PtHNs onto CNTs. Most importantly, the long-term stability of CNTs-G-PtHNs nanohybrids for methanol electro-oxidation has obviously improved compared with that of the CNTs-A-PtHNs nanohybrids.     

High catalytic activity of chemically activated gold electrodes towards electro-oxidation of methanol

Electro-oxidation of methanol has been investigated on activated, rough gold electrodes in alkaline solutions. The electrodes were activated by formation and decomposition of gold amalgam. The oxidation of methanol starts at potentials about 400 mV less positive as compared with smooth poly and single crystal gold electrodes and the oxidation current is much higher. For freshly prepared, activated gold electrodes the oxidation current is similar to that obtained on smooth platinum, however it diminishes with time. The formation of small crystallites, which could trap OH⁻ anions, seems to be the most important factor for this unusual catalytic activity. The dependence of the oxidation process on electrode topography is discussed.     

Catalytic performance of hybrid Pt@ZnO NRs on carbon fibers for methanol electro-oxidation

A novel Pt@ZnO nanorod/carbon fiber (NR/CF) with hierarchical structure was prepared by atomic layer deposition combined with hydrothermal synthesis and magnetron sputtering (MS). The morphology of Pt changes from nanoparticle to nanorod bundle with controlled thickness of Pt between 10 and 50 nm. Significantly, with the increase of voltage from 0 to 0.6 V (vs. standard calomel electrode), the prompt photocurrent generated on ZnO NR/CF increases from 0.235 to 0.725 mA. Besides, the Pt@ZnO NR/CF exhibited higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) value, better methanol oxidation ability and CO tolerance than Pt@CF, which demonstrated the importance of the multifunctional ZnO support. As the thickness of Pt increasing from 10 to 50 nm, the ECSA values were improved proportionally, leading to the improvement of methanol oxidation ability. More importantly, UV radiation increased the density of peak current of Pt@ZnO NR/CF towards methanol oxidation by additional 42.4%, which may be due to the synergy catalysis of UV light and electricity.     

Catalytic performance of Pt nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for methanol electro-oxidation

We have investigated a simple approach for the deposition of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles onto surfaces of graphite oxide (GO) nanosheets with particle size in the range of 1-5 nm by ethylene glycol reduction. During Pt deposition, a majority of oxygenated functional groups on GO was removed, which resulted in a Pt/chemically converted graphene (Pt/CCG) hybrid. The electrochemically active surface areas of Pt/CCG and a comparative sample of Pt/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pt/MWCNT) are 36.27 and 33.43 m²/g, respectively. The Pt/CCG hybrid shows better tolerance to CO for electro-oxidation of methanol compared to the Pt/MWCNT catalyst. Our study demonstrates that CCG can be an alternative two-dimensional support for Pt in direct methanol fuel cells.     

Nanoporous bimetallic Pt-Au alloy nanocomposites with superior catalytic activity towards electro-oxidation of methanol and formic acid

We present a facile route to fabricate novel nanoporous bimetallic Pt-Au alloy nanocomposites by dealloying a rapidly solidified Al(75)Pt(15)Au(10) precursor under free corrosion conditions. The microstructure of the precursor and the as-dealloyed sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Al(75)Pt(15)Au(10) precursor is composed of a single-phase Al(2)(Au,Pt) intermetallic compound, and can be fully dealloyed in a 20 wt.% NaOH or 5 wt.% HCl aqueous solution. The dealloying leads to the formation of the nanoporous Pt(60)Au(40) nanocomposites (np-Pt(60)Au(40) NCs) with an fcc structure. The morphology, size and crystal orientation of grains in the precursor can be conserved in the resultant nanoporous alloy. The np-Pt(60)Au(40) NCs consist of two zones with distinct ligament/channel sizes and compositions. The formation mechanism of these np-Pt(60)Au(40) NCs can be rationalized based upon surface diffusion of more noble elements and spinodal decomposition during dealloying. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the np-Pt(60)Au(40) NCs show superior catalytic activity towards the electro-oxidation of methanol and formic acid in the acid media compared to the commercial JM-Pt/C catalyst. This material can find potential applications in catalysis related areas, such as direct methanol or formic acid fuel cells. Our findings demonstrate that dealloying is an effective and simple strategy to realize the alloying of immiscible systems under mild conditions, and to fabricate novel nanostructures with superior performance.     

Synthesis of stable hollow silica nanospheres

Hollow silica nanospheres with their size distribution ranging from 350 nm to 450 nm are synthesized by using polystyrene (PS) templates in the present study. On the basis of PS templates, silica, the hydrolyzate of TEOS(tetraethyl orthosilicate) under moist alkaline condition at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures, it is set to be coated on the surface of the PS spheres. Since the size of PS sphere core can be easily controlled, it is expected to serve various needs of different sized hollow silica nanospheres in industrial applications. It is proposed that the PS cores be removed by either thermal pyrogenation or solvent dissolved. Morphology of the hollow silica nanospheres is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Template-free synthesis of Cu2O hollow nanospheres and their conversion into Cu hollow nanospheres

In this paper, Cu₂O hollow nanospheres were first generated through a template free process, and then Cu hollow nanospheres were prepared using Cu₂O hollow nanospheres as precursor and H₂ as reductant. Phase identification and morphology observation of the products were carried out by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Field scanning electron microscopy (FSEM). The results show that Cu₂O nanospheres generated at reflux are porous and hollow both in absolute alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol. It is feasible to fabricate well-dispersed Cu hollow nanospheres from Cu₂O hollow nanospheres at 170 °C. Moreover, a remarkable blue shift effect was found in the ultraviolet-visible light (UV-visible) absorption spectra for both Cu₂O and Cu hollow nanospheres.     

Phosphomolybdic acid modified PtRu nanocatalysts for methanol electro-oxidation

Phosphomolybdic acid (H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀, PMo₁₂) was employed to modify PtRu nanocatalysts for methanol electro-oxidation. The results show that the performance of PtRu catalysts was improved by the formation of the negatively charged self-assembled PMo₁₂ monolayer on the catalyst surface. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the PMo₁₂-modified PtRu catalyst has a higher catalytic activity and a better poison tolerance than the unmodified one. It is also found that the sequence in which PtRu and PMo₁₂ were deposited onto the carbon support during the preparation process has a major influence on the performance of PMo₁₂-modified PtRu nanocatalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectra results show that the self-assembled PMo₁₂ layer inhibits the formation of metal oxides/hydroxides on the surface of PtRu nanoparticles to some extent.     

Electrocatalytic activity of carbon-supported Pt-Au nanoparticles for methanol electro-oxidation

Pt-modified Au nanoparticles on carbon support were prepared and analyzed as electrocatalysts for methanol electro-oxidation. In this paper, a novel chemical strategy is described for the preparation and characterization of carbon-supported and Pt-modified Au nanoparticles, which were prepared by using a successive reduction process. After preparing Au colloid nanoparticles (∼3.5 nm diameter), Au nanoparticles were supported spontaneously on the surface of carbon black in the aqueous solution. Then a nanoscaled Pt layer was deposited on the surface of carbon-supported Au nanoparticles by the chemical reduction. The structural information and electrocatalytic activities of the Pt-modified Au nanoparticles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results indicate that carbon-supported Au nanoparticles were modified with the reduced Pt atoms selectively. The Pt-modified Au nanoparticles showed the higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation reaction than the commercial one (Johnson-Matthey). The increased electrocatalytic activity might be attributed to the effective surface structure of Pt-modified Au nanoparticles, which have a high utilization of Pt for surface reaction of methanol electro-oxidation.     

Novel methanol electro-oxidation catalyst assisting with functional phthalocyanine supports

Novel electro-catalyst based on phthalocyanine stabilized Pt colloids has been developed for methanol electro-oxidation. Water soluble Cu²⁺ phthalocyanine functioned with sulfonic groups were selected as catalyst supports because of the relatively high catalytic activity of Pt catalyst and nearly the same catalytic selectivity complex with Cu-phthalocyanine, compared to others that chelated with Fe, Co and Ni ions. The as-resulting Pt-CuTsPc catalysts have average particle size of 2 nm and narrow size distribution. With the assistance of CuTsPc supports, the methanol electro-oxidation activity and poison tolerance of Pt catalyst have a significant increase. I_f/I_b ratio (anodic peak current density, forward to backward) of the Pt-CuTsPc/C catalysts also has obvious increase to 2.5, from value of 0.8 for pure Pt/C catalyst. The reaction Tafel slope of Pt-CuTsPc/C catalysts is 56.6 mV dec⁻¹, much smaller than that of the Pt/C catalyst. The transient current density on Pt-CuTsPc/C at 0.60 V is enhanced to 650% of that on the Pt/C catalyst while the enhancement factor R for comparison of steady-state current obtained on Pt-CuTsPc/C and Pt/C catalyst varies between 111% and 534% in the potential region of 0.3-0.75 V.