MANET中TCP改进方案的性能分析与比较

TCP协议最初是为有线网络设计,它假设数据包的丢失都是由网络拥塞引起.但在MANET中,链路的高误码率和节点移动等都会引起数据包的丢失.如果不加改进地把传统TCP应用于MANET中,它会把非拥塞因素引起的数据包丢失也当作是网络拥塞,从而错误的触发拥塞控制,导致传输性能的下降.首先讨论了MANET中影响TCP性能的主要因素;然后从传输层、网络层和链路层3个层面,分别介绍了提高MANET中TCP性能方法的工作机制;并对这些方法进行了分析比较.最后指出了今后的工作方向.     

MANET中TCP数据包的乱序问题及其解决方案

在MANET中,节点的移动性会导致不同的TCP数据包沿不同的路径到达接收端,进而在接收端产生大量的乱序数据包,影响TCP协议的性能.提出了一种延时响应TCP协议(TCP-D),通过延时触发拥塞控制算法来提高TCP协议在MANET中的性能.对延时响应TCP协议的吞吐量分析表明,增加延时定时器后,TCP_D协议仍能保证对标准TCP协议的友好性.仿真实验表明,TCP_D算法可以明显减少乱序数据包的数量,获得较标准TCP协议更高的网络吞吐量.而在网络结构稳定、无乱序数据包的情况下,改进协议仍具有很好的公平性和友好性.     

MANET网络TCP非拥塞控制识别序列与恢复

针对MANET拥塞控制假象与真正的拥塞所需要的区分问题,提出非拥塞控制的3种类型以及4类引起包错误的类型。采用普适算法与识别序列,给出具体映射系数NET_ERR.的数值范围,启动相关错误恢复算法,有效解决了真假拥塞对网络的影响。仿真证实识别序列降低了拥塞启动次数。     

MANET环境下的TCP Veno性能研究

采用NS2对运行在MANET环境下的TCP Veno的性能进行仿真测试,仿真结果表明,在有背景流、随机丢包且存在拥塞的 MANET网络中,TCP Veno的性能优于TCP Reno,且背景流越大、达到拥塞的时间越短、随机丢包越大,TCP Veno的优越性就越明显。但2种协议的兼容性较差,导致数据包的重传率增大。     

高速网络拥塞控制协议VCP的研究

互联网正在逐步进入一种高带宽延时积的高速网络时代.当网络的带宽或者时延增大时,TCP协议的性能严重下降,最显著的就是网络瓶颈处带宽利用率很低.在高速拥塞控制方面比较理想的XCP协议却存在部署方面的问题.变结构拥塞控制协议(VCP)可有效地解决上述问题.VCP协议联合使用ECN机制的两个二进制来编码拥塞信息.根据来自接收端的拥塞信息,VCP协议的发送端选择控制算法来响应拥塞信号.仿真实验表明VCP协议与TCP协议、XCP协议相比不仅具有较高的链路利用率,并且对现有的协议改动非常小,有利于逐步地实施.     

基于TCP拥塞控制可靠性多播协议的研究

随着互联网规模的增长,互联网上的用户和应用都在快速的增长,拥塞已经成为一个十分重要的问题.由此提出了一个新的协议,称为可靠的拥塞控制多播协议(RCCMP).拥塞控制是该协议的核心,该协议即不需要来自于网络元素的支持,也不需要维持依靠接收者数目的状态信息,并在此研究的基础上也介绍了该协议执行性能的系列仿真结果.     

利用ACE实现UDP可靠传输的设计与实现*

在TCP传输控制方法的基础上,通过简单轻便的连接建立、平缓的D-AIMD拥塞算法、灵活的初始拥塞窗口值和慢启动阈值等方法对其进行改造,借助UDP数据包,利用自适应通信环境(ACE)接口,实现了快速启动、高吞吐率的可靠传输协议.     

MANET中基于信号强度的TCP拥塞控制算法研究

针对MANET中较高比特误码率、路由故障等因素引起的大量数据丢包和重传提出跨层设计的TCP拥塞控制算法.算法根据接收到的信号强度预测路由断点并提前建立备份路由,拯救传输中的数据包,解决传统TCP的拥塞控制算法在MANET中存在的问题.实验结果表明,优化算法极大地提高了TCP流的平均吞吐量.     

混合网络中一种基于拥塞概率预测的TCP协议

现有的TCP协议采用丢包事件、拥塞反馈信息或往返时延等信息启动拥塞控制,而这些基于单个数据包信息的方法进行丢包区分的能力较弱,使得有线/无线混合网络中的非拥塞丢包影响了TCP的拥塞控制行为.本文提出了一种新的TCP协议,PceReno(Probability of Congestion or Error),它通过对最近一段数据的拥塞概率预测来决定如何响应当前丢包事件,从而避免盲目的启动拥塞控制.这种先应式拥塞感知和后应式拥塞响应相结合的拥塞控制方法不需要增加额外的开销,完全依赖于原有的拥塞控制.实验结果表明PceReno能够较好地对抗随机错误,有效提高TCP在混合网络中的吞吐量.     

差异化可靠传输拥塞控制算法

随着网络通信技术和应用的快速发展, 应用程序提出越来越精细化、差异化的数据传输性能需求, 然而传统网络传输协议较低的灵活性导致其无法满足各类应用的差异化需求, 亟需研究差异化的可靠传输控制协议以适应未来场景. 本文提出一种差异化可靠传输协议, 并重点提出一种基于可靠度的差异化可靠传输拥塞控制机制, 为不同的可靠度差值设计不同的拥塞避免和拥塞恢复策略, 并通过带宽估计策略精准调节拥塞阈值. 经实验验证, 差异化可靠传输拥塞机制在传输效率方面相比基于丢包和基于时延的拥塞算法有较大提升, 同时实现了良好的公平性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.