车轮应变疲劳性能及损伤演变规律研究

试验分析了Φ９１５喂线车轮的低周疲劳性能，测定了循环稳定和单调拉伸应力－应变曲线，给出了应变－寿命及应力－寿命关系，讨论了循环软化循环硬化特性，导出应变疲劳损伤演变方程和寿命估算方程，还列表给出车轮钢的全部应变疲劳参数和与之对应的静态参数，可供设计选材、寿命估算时使用。     

不同环境对2D70铝合金低周疲劳性能的影响研究

循环应力和低周疲劳寿命都是材料疲劳损伤的关键指标.循环应力表征的是材料在循环载荷下抵抗变形的能力.大多数飞机构件由于拐角、圆孔、沟槽等的存在都会存在应力集中现象,当构件承受循环应力载荷时,虽然构件总体处于弹性范围内,但局部已进入弹塑性状态,即已处于循环应变的疲劳过程中.这类服役条件下的构件疲劳寿命一般小于105周次,称为低周疲劳,又由于低周疲劳断裂时应力水平往往较高,低周疲劳也称高应力疲劳或者应变疲劳.衡量材料抗低周疲劳特性的指标主要有低周疲劳极限和低周疲劳寿命,二者统称材料的低周疲劳性能.低周疲劳极限,是指材料所承受应力低于该应力极限值时其理论循环次数可为无限次;低周疲劳寿命,即构件破坏前能承受应力循环的次数.     

一个新的低周疲劳失效准则

利用修正的塑怀循环应变能记响应数学模型，给出了一个新的低周疲劳失效准则，由此得出了低周疲劳寿命的估算公式，并且采用低周疲劳试验验证该失效准则的合理性和有效性。     

考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命本征损伤耗散预测方法

金属构件疲劳破坏是工业中常见的破坏形式。为了提高构件疲劳寿命的预测精度，针对低周疲劳载荷下平均应变对疲劳寿命的影响，基于连续介质损伤力学及其不可逆热力学框架，并引入Ramberg-Osgood循环本构模型，以等本征损伤耗散功作为等寿命条件，建立了一种考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命预测模型。为对比验证新建模型的有效性和先进性，采用新建模型、修正的Ohji模型、Sandor模型和Wei-Wong模型分别对叠加平均应变的45钢和2124-T851铝合金的低周疲劳寿命进行了预测，并与对应的试验结果进行对比。结果表明：新建模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好，其预测效果优于现有模型。基于本征损伤耗散理论的疲劳寿命预测方法为金属材料疲劳寿命的预测提供了新思路。     

无铅焊料Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu的低周疲劳行为

测量了Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu无铅焊料试样的循环滞后回线、循环应力响应曲线、循环应力-应变和应变寿命关系,研究了焊料在总应变幅控制下的低周疲劳行为结果表明:该焊料合金在总应变幅较高(1%)时发生连续的循环软化,而在总应变幅较低(≤0.4%)时则表现为循环稳定.线性回归分析表明,该焊料的低周疲劳寿命满足Coffin-Manson经验关系式,由此给出了焊料在室温下的低周疲劳参数.采用扫描电镜观测和分析了焊料在疲劳前后的组织特征.     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳单胞模型

在680和850℃下对DD3镍基单晶合金进行多轴非比例加载低周疲劳试验,结果表明等效应变范围△ε_e、试验温度、等效应力范围△σ_e对单晶合金的低周疲劳寿命有显著影响。基于能量耗散理论,引入参量k表征多轴非比例加载对疲劳寿命的影响,构造循环塑性应变能作为损伤参量,建立镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型。参量k与循环寿命之...     

汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳特性

在分别控制应变和温度的条件下进行超超临界汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳实验,用SEM和TEM分析了10%Cr钢实验前后的表面形貌和亚晶粒结构。根据实验数据拟合应力-应变曲线、应力-寿命曲线和应变-寿命曲线,得到了反映材料高温低周疲劳特性的Ramberg-Osgood参数和Manson-Coffin参数。对比分析了低周疲劳实验初始和结束两个阶段的滞回曲线和应力-寿命曲线,并讨论了不同温度和不同应变幅控制的塑性应变。结果表明,在高温工况下10%Cr钢的塑性应变较为明显,随着应变幅的增大钢的疲劳寿命降低,随着循环周期的变化塑性应变速率经历了下降-过渡-上升三个阶段,曲线出现拐点。最大裂纹长度随循环周期呈非线性扩展,高温低周疲劳载荷使钢中的亚晶粒尺寸增大。     

缺口应力集中系数对TC4 ELI合金低周疲劳性能的影响

研究了缺口应力集中系数不同的深海潜水器耐压壳用TC4 ELI(Extra-low-interstitial)合金板材在恒总应变幅控制下的低周疲劳行为。结果表明,在应变幅较低(0.7%以下)和应变幅较高(0.8%和0.9%)条件下的光滑试样在循环初期分别发生了循环硬化和循环软化,而缺口试样在0.2%～0.7%应变幅条件下的循环初期均发生了循环硬化。通过循环载荷作用下材料滞回能的变化描述了TC4 ELI合金试样低周疲劳的损伤程度,得到了缺口应力集中系数与低周疲劳性能参数之间的关系,建立了相对裂纹萌生寿命预测模型。利用该模型能较好地预测缺口应力集中系数较低的TC4 ELI合金在高应变幅条件下的相对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。     

氢处理对铸造钛合金低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响

本文研究了氢处理对铸造钛合金的低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响,发现经氢处理后铸造钛合金粗大的魏氏组织转变成细小的等轴组织,其应变低周疲劳寿命大大延长。在低周疲劳过程中,应变量较小时,试样出现循环硬化现象;而在应变量较大时,出现循环软化现象。氢处理后材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂转为韧性断裂;断裂韧性提高。     

氢处理对铸造钛合金低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响

本文研究了氢处理对铸造钛合金的低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响,发现经氢处理后铸造钛合金粗大的魏氏组织转变成细小的等轴组织,其应变低周疲劳寿命大大延长,在低周疲劳过程中,应变量较小时,试样出现循环硬化现象,而在应变量较大时,出现循环软化现象,氢处理后材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂转为韧性断裂;断裂韧性提高。     

TA17合金薄片材料毫小试样疲劳性能研究

关键工程结构、小尺寸零部件和焊接区的疲劳寿命评估中往往无法采用传统大试样进行疲劳试验,因此本文提出了一种采用毫米级别薄片试样获取材料循环本构关系和低周疲劳寿命的新方法。在Care原位试验机上完成毫米级别薄片漏斗试样的加载工装和低周疲劳试验的基础上,通过变幅对称循环试验和等辐循环试验分别实现了材料循环本构关系和低周疲劳性能的获取。该文提出了一种对不同幂律材料和不同几何尺寸构型均具有良好普适性的材料循环本构关系预测模型,并通过有限元实现了模型准确性的正反向预测验证。将循环本构关系用于有限元计算中,给出了薄片漏斗试样漏斗两侧名义应力、名义应变和漏斗根部真实应力、真实应变的转换方程,进而预测材料的低周疲劳寿命。该文完成了TA17合金等直圆棒试样和1.2 mm厚度薄片漏斗试样的对称变幅循环试验和多级等辐循环试验。由模型预测获得的TA17合金循环本构关系与等直圆棒试样的试验结果比较表明:两种曲线的弹性段和0.009 mm/mm~0.011 mm/mm应变段吻合良好,在弹塑性过渡段（0.004 mm/mm~0.009 mm/mm）模型预测结果最大相对误差小于9%。根据两组应力和应变转换方程获得的漏斗试样材料代表性体积单元疲劳寿命和Manson-Coffin寿命预测模型与等直圆棒试样试验结果均吻合良好。     

Low cycle fatigue behaviour of a 1Cr-Mo-V steel with bainite and ferrite microstructure

A 1Cr-Mo-V turbine rotor steel forging, heat treated to obtain a bainite-20% ferrite microstructure, has been investigated for low cycle fatigue behaviour at room temperature and 535°C. In addition to establishing life expectancy curves, cyclic stress response and cyclic stress/strain curves were derived and the influence of time-dependent effects on high temperature low cycle fatigue life was also determined by introducing varying hold times at the peak tensile strain level of the fatigue cycle. The life expectancy curve obtained is comparable to that reported for the bainitic structure in this steel. Introduction of a dwell period of 5 min is found to reduce the low cycle fatigue life by a factor of 1.6.     

三维应力状态下高温低周疲劳寿命分析

通过带缺口的圆柱形ＬＤ８铝合金度样的高温低周疲劳试验，并应用ＴＭＦ程序，进行了轴对称问题的循环应力应变计算，探讨了应用当量应变范围评价三维低周疲劳特性，研究结果表明，三维应力状态下，当量应变范围可以作为三维高温低周疲劳的有效力学参量。     

Proposal of an alternating bending technique for evaluating low‐to‐high cycle fatigue of structural steels

This paper proposes an alternating bending technique for evaluating fatigue life in the low‐to‐high cycle fatigue regime. A method was developed for estimating the stress, elastic strain, and plastic strain ranges of a plastically deformed specimen subjected to alternating bending with consideration of stress and strain distributions. To evaluate its effectiveness, fatigue testing was conducted using a specimen made of a steel used for pressure vessels. The stress, elastic strain, and plastic strain ranges could be obtained during cyclic bending. The elastic strain amplitude life and plastic strain amplitude life curves were linear in a log–log plot in the low‐to‐high cycle fatigue regime. Hence, the fatigue life under alternating bending could be evaluated using the proposed strain‐based approach. However, these curves could not be predicted using equations with parameters obtained from tensile testing, such as the universal slope method, due to the strain gradient in the specimen.     

Fatigue life evaluation of tension‐compression asymmetric material using local stress–strain method

In this paper, the low‐cycle fatigue characteristics of cold‐drawn steel were investigated under strain‐controlled uniaxial fatigue load. Cyclic softening was observed throughout fatigue life except for the initial relatively short period which exhibited cyclic hardening. Positive mean stress was found under fully reversed strain loading, indicating that there was a significant cyclic asymmetry. A modified local stress–strain method was proposed to estimate fatigue life of notched tension‐compression asymmetric material. In order to verify this method, fatigue experiments on two kinds of notched specimens with different notch radius were carried out under constant and block load spectrum. It was found that the modified local stress–strain method was more accurate than the traditional ones, the maximum relative error between predicted and experimental fatigue life was less than 6%.     

在多轴载荷下45钢的循环特性

通过多轴疲劳试验，研究了在多轴加载条件下45钢的循环特性变化规律，分析了非比例附加强化、多轴循环软化/硬化特性及疲劳寿命对加载路径参数的依赖性，结果表明，相位角主要影响非比例附加强化程度，幅值比主要影响多轴循环软化/硬化特性，二者都影响多轴疲劳寿命。     

Modified shear lag theory based fatigue crack growth life prediction model for short-fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

Closed form expressions for the low cycle and high cycle fatigue crack growth lives have been derived for the randomly-planar oriented short-fiber reinforced metal matrix composites under the total strain-controlled conditions. The modeling was based on fatigue-fracture mechanics theory under both the small scale and the large scale yielding conditions. The modified shear lag theory was considered to describe the effect of yielding strength. The present model is essentially a crack growth model because crack initiation period in short fiber reinforced metal matrix composite is much shorter; hence, not assumed to play a dominant role in the calculation of fatigue crack growth life. The effects of short-fiber volume fraction (V_f), cyclic strain hardening exponent (n′) and cyclic strain hardening coefficient (K′) on the fatigue crack propagation life are analyzed for aluminum based SFMMCs at different levels of cyclic plastic strain values. It is observed that the influence of fatigue crack growth resistance increases with increase in cyclic strain hardening exponent (n′) and decreases when volume fraction (V_f) or cyclic strain hardening coefficient (K′) increases. The present MSL theory based fatigue crack growth life prediction model is an alternative of modified rule of mixture and strengthening factor models. The predicted fatigue life for SFMMC shows good agreement with the experimental data for the low cycle and high cycle fatigue applications.     

概率局部应力应变法

实际工程中的结构件往往具有多个不确定因素,包括材料、几何、载荷等。这些不确定因素导致构件的局部应力应变响应和疲劳寿命响应具有随机性。因此对低周疲劳分析中的局部应力应变法进行了概率分析。通过基本随机变量将诺伯法中的循环应力应变曲线(迟滞回线)和诺伯公式表示为概率曲线,基本随机变量反映了构件的不确定因素。通过建立近似拟合多项式的方法,求得局部应力应变的随机响应。将应变寿命曲线视为概率曲线,采用随机累积损伤理论,通过同样方法得到疲劳寿命的随机响应。算例表明结果与蒙特卡罗模拟的结果十分接近。该方法是一个简单有效的疲劳寿命概率分析方法。     

Low cycle fatigue behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with different cold deformation

The present study addressed the cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue properties of Cu-0.69Cr-0.07Zr alloy with different cold deformation (ε = 64%, 75%, and 84%) using low cycle fatigue test. Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted under fully-reversed conditions at different total strain amplitudes. The microstructure changes and fatigue fracture characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The main findings suggest that the Bauschinger effect was significantly stronger with larger deformation at low total strain amplitude. And it was proved that the relationship between the total strain amplitude and the low cycle fatigue life of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with different deformation can be expressed by the Manson–Coffin–Basquin formula. Further, the reason for the fatigue life was shorter and the cyclic softening rate decreased faster at high applied total strain amplitude was that the dislocation density decreased due to the rearrangement of the dislocations.