DC breakdown voltage characteristics of saturated liquid helium in the presence of metallic particles

This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of saturated liquid helium in the presence of a needle-shaped or spherical metallic particle to obtain insulation design data for pool-cooled, low-temperature superconducting coils and to find the predominant factor affecting the breakdown voltage of liquid helium at a given state. The results show the following. (1) The generation of bubbles at the instant of collision of a particle with an electrode is caused mainly by the kinetic energy released from the moving particle to the liquid helium, while the electrostatic energy accompanying the microdischarge between the particle and the electrode has a lesser effect on it. (2) The lowest breakdown voltage at different particle conditions appears in the case of a free needle particle. The low breakdown voltage is caused by the bubble triggered by the particle collision, the high electric field at the tip of the needle particle, and the rich initial electrons supplied by the microdischarge.     

Electrical breakdown triggered by a free conducting spherical particle in saturated liquid He I and He II under uniform dc field

This paper is concerned with the pre-breakdown phenomena and the breakdown voltage characteristics, in the presence of a free moving conducting spherical particle, of saturated normal liquid helium (He I) and saturated superfluid liquid helium (He II) under uniform dc field. Experiments show that the particle lifts off around the theoretical value of the lift-off electric field, and the particle oscillates between the electrodes at higher applied voltages. In that case, the microdischarge appears just before the charged particle collides with the oppositely charged electrode, and the bubble is generated at the moment of every collision of the particle with the electrode. It is confirmed theoretically as well as experimentally that the maximum bubble radius in He II is nearly proportional to the E/sub in//sup 1/3/, which is the released energy from the particle for the bubble generation. The insulation environment before the electrical breakdown suddenly changes at the /spl lambda/-point since the bubble behavior in He I and He II greatly differs. In the characteristics of the breakdown voltage vs. liquid pressure, a clear discontinuity appears at the /spl lambda/-point. Furthermore, the breakdown voltage in the parallel plane gap contaminated by a particle is lower than that in the rod-plane gap without a particle. It is found that the breakdown voltage characteristics are closely related to the trigger effect of the microdischarge and the bubble generation.     

Influence of liquid temperature and electrode size on insulated breakdown characteristics in saturated superfluid helium

The dc breakdown strength and pulsed breakdown time lag of saturated superfluid liquid helium (HeII) at 1.4 and 1.85 K are measured over a wide range of electrode sizes and applied field strengths. The results of the measurements are statistically analyzed by using Weibull distribution functions. It is found that the area effect is dominant for dc and pulsed breakdown rather than the volume effect as in the case of liquid helium of 4.2 K (HeI). The shape parameter in the Weibull distribution function for dc breakdown strengths of HeII is smaller than that of HeI. As a result, dc breakdown in superfluid helium can take place in a wider electrode area than in normal liquid helium, while no remarkable differences in breakdown areas are observed between 1.85 and 1.4 K. On the other hand, the statistical time lag in HeII becomes shorter with a decrease in temperature. According to the Fowler‐Nordheim theory, it is suggested that a higher electron mobility in HeII may increase the field‐emitted electron kinetic energy to trigger liquid breakdown with a higher probability. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(3): 16–23, 1999     

Pressurizing and sub-cooling effects on electrical breakdown of LN2 in modeled HTS coils

Pressurizing and sub-cooling of liquid nitrogen are considered to have advantageous aspects in electrical insulation and the critical current in high temperature superconducting (HTS) coils. This paper deals with experimental studies on bubble behavior and partial breakdown (PBD) characteristics in a simulated electrode system of HTS coils immersed in pressurized liquid nitrogen, following our previous reports with saturated liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The tested electrode system consists of a coaxial coil layer to a cylindrical electrode with an insulation barrier and spacers. A heater is mounted inside the coil electrode to generate boiling which appears on quenched superconducting coils. Liquid nitrogen is pressurized to 0.2 MPa under constant temperature of ~77 K. The experimental results show that the partial discharge (PD) voltage is affected markedly by the bubble behavior which depends on the applied pressure to liquid nitrogen. Pressurization suppresses bubble growth in the insulation space and increases the inception voltage of PD. The charge quantity associated with a single PD at a given applied voltage increases with the applied pressure, and deterioration of solid insulation such as spacers and barriers is accelerated compared to that at atmospheric pressure if the PBD occurred     

双尺度二阶矩颗粒湍流模型和提升管内稠密两相流动的模拟

稠密气固两相流动是当前国际上的研究热点,常常采用将颗粒湍流模型和反映颗粒碰撞作用的动力学模型叠加的办法来构造稠密两相流动的湍流模型。但是，对颗粒湍流模型，国内外尚没有进行双尺度湍流模型的研究。该文基于将颗粒脉动分成湍流引起的大尺度脉动和颗粒间碰撞产生的小尺度脉动的概念，建立了一种新的双尺度二阶矩颗粒湍流模型，并对提升管内的稠密气固两相流动进行了模拟。所得颗粒浓度及速度分布和实验数据吻合较好，能揭示出提升管内的环-核流动结构。该模型的结果比单尺度二阶矩两相湍流模型的结果有所改进。     

Dielectric Constant Measurements Using Dielectrophoretic Levitation

A dielectrophoretic levitation scheme is used to measure the dielectric constant of insulating dieletric liquids and small solid spherical particles. The fixed ring-disk electrode system is first calibrated against a known standard dielectric liquid by levitating a small gas bubble in the liquid at a fixed location. The measurements are then performed by measuring the voltage required to levitate a gas bubble in the unknown liquid at the same location with respect to the electrode structure. A similar procedure is used for solid spherical particles. The system is unique because it requires no detailed knowledge of the electric field. Fabrication of the electrodes does not require precision machining, and the structure is relatively insensitive to leveling. The size of the gas bubble or solid particle is not critical as long as it is much smaller than the electrode structure. The measurement precision is limited by the accuracy of the voltage measurements and by the accuracy to which the dielectric constant (of the standard) and the specific gravities (of the unknown and the standard) are known. The measurements presented support the contention that this method is a simple and reliable method of measuring the dielectric constant of insulating dielectric liquids.     

颗粒相双尺度湍流模型及其在提升管稠密两相流中的应用

稠密两相流动是当前国际上的研究热点,大多数湍流模型都基于单个时间尺度及长度尺度,然而实际的湍流脉动包含了很宽的涡旋尺度范围及时间尺度范围。为了较合理地模拟湍流脉动及其所造成的各向异性,基于多尺度概念,该文建立了颗粒相的双尺度湍流模型,包括颗粒相大尺度脉动湍动能方程,小尺度脉动湍动能方程,大尺度脉动能量传递率方程,小尺度脉动耗散率方程等。利用该模型对循环流化床提升管内的稠密气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,所得颗粒浓度及速度分布和实验数据吻合较好,该模型的结果较kf-ef-kp-ep-q两相湍流模型的结果有所改进。     

超低浓度煤层气在流化床燃烧过程中相间的传热传质特性

气泡相和乳化相间的传热传质对超低浓度煤层气在流化床中的燃烧有重要的影响。基于流化床内能量平衡和质量平衡的建立了数学模型,结合催化动力学实验,研究了相间传热传质系数的变化,分析了床层温度、颗粒粒径、气泡直径、进气甲烷浓度对相间的传热传质特性的影响。研究表明:床层温度、颗粒粒径增加时,传热系数减小、传质系数增大、出口处无量纲甲烷浓度减小;存在一个临界气泡尺寸使相间的传热系数最大,颗粒粒径增大时,临界气泡尺寸略减小、出口处无量纲甲烷浓度增加;进气甲烷浓度对传热传质系数影响较小。     

流化床内沉浸管磨损特性的理论预测

基于气固两相双流体模型和颗粒动力学方法模拟流化床内气体和颗粒流动特性，采用单层能量耗散磨损模型模拟沉浸管的磨损率和亚网格尺度模型(SGS)模拟气相湍流流动，同时应用贴体坐标系使计算网格与沉浸管表面相吻合。模拟计算得到了沉浸管的瞬时磨损率和时均磨损率。数值模拟流化床内气固两相流体动力行为和沉浸管磨损特性。模拟计算结果表明沉浸管磨损受气泡尾涡及颗粒运动的直接影响。分析了沿沉浸管环向时均磨损率的变化规律。当沉浸管横向相对节距为2.0~3.0时磨损率达最大。数值模拟得到的流化床内构件磨损率与前人的实验结果和数值模拟相吻合。     

Static and dynamic breakdown characteristics of liquid helium forinsulation design of superconducting power equipment

In this paper, we investigated quench-induced dynamic breakdown characteristics of liquid helium (LHe) under both non-uniform and uniform electric field. Experimental results for various quench conditions revealed that the dynamic breakdown voltage of LHe increased with decreasing the effective post-quench thermal energy density and with increasing the gap length and pressure, because of the suppression of thermal bubble disturbance in LHe. All of the experimental data enabled us to establish the 3-dimensionally systematized diagram of dynamic breakdown voltage of LHe as a function of effective post-quench thermal energy density, gap length and pressure     

采用多元颗粒模型对圆柱形颗粒在移动床中流动的离散单元法直接数值模拟

为了研究活性焦颗粒在移动床内的流动特性,通过离散单元法直接数值模拟方法对活性焦即圆柱形颗粒在移动床内的流动进行了数值模拟。采用多元颗粒模型来描述圆柱形颗粒,即圆柱形颗粒通过几个叠加在一起的球元构成。建立了圆柱形颗粒的碰撞机制,分析了圆柱形颗粒在流动时的受力情况,并通过实验验证多元颗粒模型的可靠性。从宏观和微观2个方面,比较圆柱形颗粒2种构建方式(2球元和3球元)下的模拟结果。结果表明:2球元和3球元构建的圆柱形颗粒在动能、转动动能、变形量、碰撞力、碰撞次数等微观方面的差别较大。且通过比较颗粒位置图和下料率可以看出,3球元圆柱形颗粒的模拟结果与实际结果更加相符,因此,选择3球元作为圆柱形颗粒的构建方式。     

水中脉冲电晕放电的声学特性研究

为研究水中脉冲电晕放电的声学特性,由水听器测量了放电产生的压力信号,在以放电电极为圆心、电极到水听器的距离为半径的球面对压力信号积分,得到放电的声能和放电的声效率;利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)得到同轴电极下电晕放电的频谱分布;比较尖—尖电极下电弧放电晕放电的频谱发现电晕放电声信号的主频比电弧放电的高。     

Thermally and electrically induced bubbles in liquid argon andnitrogen

An experimental study of high field conduction phenomena in liquid argon and liquid nitrogen in a point-plane electrode geometry is reported. These liquids behave qualitatively like saturated hydrocarbons except when they are studied close to their normal boiling point. The generation and dynamics of microscopic bubbles (thermally and electrically induced) as a function of various parameters (nature of the liquid, injected energy, hydrostatic pressure) are presented and discussed. Possible influences of these phenomena on the electrical insulation at cryogenic temperatures is also discussed     

Dynamic breakdown characteristics of liquid helium induced by aquench of superconducting wire and coil

For practical insulation design of superconducting power apparatus, it is necessary to take into account an inherent phenomenon known as quench, the transition from the superconducting to the normal state. We investigated quench-induced dynamic breakdown and prebreakdown characteristics of liquid helium (LHe). Experimental results revealed that the quench of the superconductor drastically reduced the breakdown voltage of LHe in the thermal bubble disturbance. Moreover, dynamic breakdown characteristics in a quasi-uniform field using a superconducting coil were investigated. The results revealed that the breakdown was induced in the quench-initiated region where the largest thermal energy was generated     

DC pre-breakdown phenomena and breakdown characteristics in thepresence of conducting particles in liquid nitrogen

DC pre-breakdown phenomena and breakdown characteristics in the presence of free conducting particles in liquid nitrogen are studied experimentally. The results show that a microdischarge occurs when a charged particle is approaching an oppositely charged electrode. An intense microdischarge can trigger a complete breakdown of the gap. The breakdown voltage of a uniform field gap with a free metallic particle of mm size might be reduced well below that of a point-to-plane gap without a particle in liquid nitrogen. Heavy contamination by a metallic powder produces a large reduction in the breakdown voltage with a horizontal spacer surface. However carbon powder is less hazardous compared to metallic powder     

A study of thermal bubble behavior in the simulated electrodesystem of HT superconducting coils

Bubble behavior is studied theoretically and experimentally with an electrode system which consists of concentric coil layer-to-cylindrical electrodes with insulation barrier and spacers immersed in liquid nitrogen for the simulation of the insulation environment in high temperature superconducting coils at the quenching state. The results show that bubble behavior is affected severely by 60 Hz electric field and pressure; it is categorized into two types according to the width l_c of the cooling channel between coil layer and cylindrical electrode. When l_c is larger than the diameter of bubble released from the coil electrode, bubbles rise by buoyancy at a low applied voltage, but they are trapped in grooves between coil-turns at higher applied voltages. Trapped bubbles move along the groove if there is no obstruction, but otherwise move out of the groove. When l_c is smaller than the bubble diameter, the bubbles are trapped in the groove due to surface tension, and now along the groove even at no applied voltage. At higher applied voltages, the bubbles are trapped tightly and an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability is excited on the bubble surface if the spacer exists. Bubbles stream from the groove due to the effects of EHD instability and buoyancy     

GIS中不均匀直流电场下球状自由导电微粒运动分析

针对气体绝缘系统(GIS)中自由导电微粒无害化的问题,研究导电微粒在GIS中不均匀电场作用下的运动规律,建立球状自由导电微粒在楔形不均匀电极系统中的受力模型,采用Runge-Kutta方法对微粒运动方程进行求解,并对球状自由导电微粒在不均匀直流电场中的运动轨迹进行仿真,同时考虑电压波动和电极表面粗糙等随机因素对微粒运动轨迹的影响。另外,研究了自由导电微粒的运动轨迹与施加电压、微粒初始位置、微粒和电极材料的性质及电极表面状况的关系。研究结果表明:在一定的电场条件下,微粒运动会处于一种谐振状态,而施加电压的幅值、波形以及电极表面的反射系数对微粒运动轨迹有显著影响     

介质阻挡放电脱除NO_x反应器的评价方法及运行流量特性分析

将气体放电生成非热平衡等离子体过程从撞击时刻起分为前后2阶段,指出放电反应器的性能优劣主要与撞击前的阶段相关。原因是撞击前是等离子反应器产生高能电子的阶段,而撞击后是非热平衡等离子体发生化学反应的阶段。对NO和N2体系的气体放电过程进行化学反应动力学和电子碰撞动力学分析,指出利用该体系可以得到放电反应器产生高能电子的平均动能,实现反应器性能优劣的评价。进行不同气体流量下,同轴介质阻挡放电脱除氮氧化物的实验研究。研究结果表明,在注入能量密度基本相同的情况下,气体流量的变化对NO的脱除效果影响甚微。对实验中采用的反应器进行了评价计算,结果表明,反应器出口NO浓度为150～250mL/m3的所有试验点的高能电子平均动能均为3～3.5eV。     

Size effect and statistical characteristics of dc and pulsedbreakdown of liquid helium

Breakdown time lag in liquid helium is measured over a wide range of electrode sizes and pulsed electric field strengths. The breakdown time lag and dc breakdown strength are statistically analyzed by using the Weibull distribution function and weak link theory. It is found that the time lag depends on both electrical stress and the electrode surface area stressed above a critical level. It is supposed that breakdown triggering electrons are generated by field emission phenomena at small protrusion tips on the cathode surface. In higher external electric fields, a less sharper protrusion emits initial electrons with a shorter time lag and may become responsible for liquid breakdown. A theoretical equation is proposed to predict the electrode size and electrical stress dependency of the breakdown time lag, based on Fowler and Nordheim theory. It is shown that the equation is consistent with the Weibull distribution function under multiple stress of electric field and stressing time     

Effect of liquid impregnation on electrical tree initiation in XLPE

The tree initiation voltage of impregnated crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) with a dielectric liquid is drastically improved compared to normal XLPE for both ac and impulse voltage application. It is considered that liquid fills the polymer free volume, and removes space for electrons to be accelerated to high energy. The experimental results support that collision impact of electrons accelerated in polymer free volume is the dominant cause of electrical tree initiation, and also show that liquid impregnation is a promising way to improve performance and prolong the life of polymeric insulating materials