The use of Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy for detection and quantification of adulteration in virgin coconut oil

Currently, the authentication of virgin coconut oil (VCO) has become very important due to the possible adulteration of VCO with cheaper plant oils such as corn (CO) and sunflower (SFO) oils. Methods involving Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics techniques (partial least square (PLS) and discriminant analysis (DA)) were developed for quantification and classification of CO and SFO in VCO. MIR spectra of oil samples were recorded at frequency regions of 4000–650 cm⁻¹ on horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) attachment of FTIR. DA can successfully classify VCO and that adulterated with CO and SFO using 10 principal components. Furthermore, PLS model correlates the actual and FTIR estimated values of oil adulterants (CO and SFO) with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.999.     

Detection of adulteration of extra-virgin olive oil by chemometric analysis of mid-infrared spectral data

This study focuses on the detection and quantification of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration with different edible oils using mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy with chemometrics. Mid-IR spectra were manipulated with wavelet compression previous to principal component analysis (PCA). Detection limit of adulteration was determined as 5% for corn–sunflower binary mixture, cottonseed and rapeseed oils. For quantification of adulteration, mid-IR spectral data were manipulated with orthogonal signal correction (OSC) and wavelet compression before partial least square (PLS) analysis. The results revealed that models predict the adulterants, corn–sunflower binary mixture, cottonseed and rapeseed oils, in olive oil with error limits of 1.04, 1.4 and 1.32, respectively. Furthermore, the data were analysed with a general PCA model and PLS discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to observe the efficiency of the model to detect adulteration regardless of the type of adulterant oil. In this case, detection limit for adulteration is determined as 10%.     

Derivative FTIR spectroscopy for cluster analysis and classification of morocco olive oils

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were employed for differentiation and classification of olive oils from several producing regions of Morocco. A preliminary treatment of the FTIR data was done by a derivative elaboration based on the Savitzky–Golay algorithm to reduce the noise and extract a largest number of analytical information from the spectra. A multivariate statistical procedure based on cluster analysis (CA) coupled to partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), was elaborated, providing an effective classification method. On the basis of a hierarchical agglomerative CA and principal component analysis (PCA), four distinctive clusters were recognised. The PLS-DA procedure was then applied to classify samples from the same regions, picked in different times, or unknown olive oil samples. The model was optimised by applying the Martens’ Uncertainty Test that provided to select the wavelength zones giving the most useful analytical information. The proposed method furnished results reliable in classifying olive oils from different lands with the advantages of being rapid, inexpensive and requiring no prior separation procedure.     

纤维素酶水解制备天然椰子油

研究了一种适于农户及中小企业加工生产天然椰子油的工艺。试验发现,纤维素酶对椰浆的破乳效果好,所得椰子油清澈,椰香浓厚。纤维素酶水解制备天然椰子油适宜的工艺条件为：椰肉榨汁时料液比为10：4,纤维素酶用量为0．20％（以纯椰浆计）,在50℃酶解36h后直接分离椰子油,再用500目滤布过滤,椰子油提取率可达92．86％。再将所得粗椰子油在60℃、0．07～0．08MPa真空下干燥1h,可得到水分含量为0．12％、酸值（KOH）为O．28mg／g的天然椰子油。用该方法生产椰子油工艺简单,设备投资小;以2007年市场行情计,加工1个椰子果利润为0．83元。     

Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters on virgin coconut oil yield and medium-chain triglyceride content

The extraction of coconut oil has been performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). The extractions were performed at pressure and temperature ranges of 20.7–34.5 MPa and 40–80 °C, respectively. It was observed that almost all (more than 99%) of the total oil could be extracted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effects of the parameters (pressure, temperature and CO₂ consumption) on the extraction yield and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), in terms of the fatty acid content in the extracted oil. A correlation was established with p-values for both responses significant at the 95% confidence level.     

初榨椰子油在烘焙食品中的应用

初榨椰子油富含中碳链脂肪酸,具有抗氧化、抗菌、易消化吸收、不在体内堆积脂肪等优势,在烘焙领域中具有良好的应用前景。对初榨椰子油作为烘焙用油的比较优势、初榨椰子油与其他物质混合在烘焙食品中的使用、初榨椰子油在烘焙相关领域中的应用进行分析,为其在烘焙领域中的应用与发展提供参考。     

Monitoring of virgin olive oil volatile compounds evolution during olive malaxation by an array of metal oxide sensors

In addition to the sanitary aspects of production and the genetic and/or geographic origin of the drupes olive malaxation is a critical control point of virgin olive oil (VOO) production from a qualitative point of view. In particular the sensory peculiarities of malaxation are determined by the presence of C₆ and C₅ aldehydes and alcohols in the VOO head space due to lipoxygenase activity. On-line monitoring of the evolution of these substances during VOO processing could be very useful for defining the operative conditions of malaxation (i.e. time and temperature) in order to improve the VOO sensory quality according to product type.     

复合凝聚法制备天然椰子油微胶囊

以明胶、阿拉伯胶为壁材,采用复合凝聚法制备天然椰子油微胶囊。用TG酶作为固化剂,以包埋率为主要评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验对天然椰子油微胶囊制备工艺进行优化。重点探讨p H、壁材质量浓度、芯壁比、反应温度对天然椰子油微胶囊制备的影响,并分析天然椰子油微胶囊产品的基本性质。结果表明:天然椰子油微胶囊制备的最佳条件为p H 3.5、壁材质量浓度20 g/L、芯壁比2∶1、反应温度40℃,该条件下制备的天然椰子油微胶囊产品的水分含量(2.88±0.31)%、表面油含量(4.20±0.05)%、包埋率(93.75±0.28)%、平均粒径413μm。     

Role of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in shaping the phenolic profile of virgin olive oil

The main objective of this study was to assess the ability of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) enzymatic activities present in olive fruit tissues to oxidize main phenolic compounds related to the process to obtain virgin olive oil (VOO) in order to ascertain their involvement in shaping the phenolic profile of this product. In the two olive cultivars under study, Arbequina and Picual, olive PPO activity was found to be largely present in the fruit mesocarp whereas most olive POX activity is in the seed. Moreover, both enzymatic activities display relatively constant values after the onset of fruit ripening when the fruit is harvested for VOO production. Results showed that both PPO and POX activities present in olive fruit at ripening stages are able to oxidize main phenolic glycosides present in the fruit as well as those phenolic compounds arising during the industrial process to obtain the oil, especially secoiridoid compounds derived from oleuropein that mainly determine VOO nutritional and sensorial properties. Experimental data suggest a key role for endogenous olive PPO and POX enzymatic activities in determining the phenolic profile of VOO.     

原生态椰子油的功能性质及应用

原生态椰子油是国外市场非常流行的一种新型功能性植物油脂,在国内还没有产品出现。由于加工方式温和,原生态椰子油保留了更多有益的功能性成分,因此比椰子油具有更优越的功能性质。详细介绍了原生态椰子油的优点、功能性质、应用领域及市场前景。     

Looking through the qualities of a fluorimetric assay for the total phenol content estimation in virgin olive oil,olive fruit or leaf polar extract

As an alternate to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (F-C) we propose a fluorimetric estimation of the total phenol content in virgin olive oil (VOO), olive fruit and leaf polar extracts. Phenol content was determined at excitation/emission wavelengths set at 280/320 nm. Standard operational procedures (slit widths, temperature, pH) and method validation were carried out according to Eurachem guidelines. The qualities of the proposed assay are better than those of the F-C one, as the procedure is more sensitive (LOD and LOQ values 10-fold lower), three times faster, needs no reagents and most importantly, is not destructive for the sample that can be further used in HPLC or other assays. Data for VOO extracts correlated well with the colorimetric ones (r = 0.69, n = 65). HPLC coupled with diode array and fluorescence detectors supported the above findings. Good correlations were also found between the respective data for olive fruit and leaf extracts (r = 0.96, n = 18).     

Effect of cultivar and ripening on minor components in Spanish olive fruits and their corresponding virgin olive oils

Phenolics and volatiles are the compounds mainly responsible for the desirable flavour of extra virgin olive oils and therefore to a large extent determine the degree of consumer preference for this highly regarded product. The effect of both (i) the nature of the cultivar and (ii) the degree of ripening of the olive fruit on the biophenolic and volatile profiles of six different Spanish varieties (Arbequina, Cornicabra, Morisca, Picolimón, Picudo and Picual) and their corresponding virgin olive oils was determined in this study. A clear and statistically significant difference was observed for the oleuropein content, the main phenolic component found in the olive varieties studied. Demethyloleuropein was only found in the Arbequina variety and its content doubled during the ripening process. Verbascoside steadily increased throughout fruit maturation and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in all the varieties studied. Within the same cultivar a relationship between the oleosides content in the fruit and the presence of secoiridoids in the virgin olive oils was observed; however, the ratio between biophenols content in the olive fruit and in the virgin olive oil varied significantly for each of the cultivars studied (ranging from 2.3 for Picudo and 28 for Picolimon). The major volatile component was the C6 aldehyde fraction whose content varied greatly between the different varieties studied: E-2-hexenal content ranged from 20.5 mg of internal standard (4-methyl-2-pentanol) per kg of oil in the Arbequina variety to 3.1 mg/kg for Cornicabra; the amount of hexanal ranged from 1.75 mg/kg in Morisca to 0.70 mg/kg for Picual samples.     

Detection of hazelnut oil in virgin olive oil by a spectrofluorimetric method

The possibilities of a spectrofluorimetric method joined to multivariate analysis to assess the genuineness of olive oil in admixtures with hazelnut oils were studied. Virgin olive, virgin hazelnut and refined hazelnut oil samples and admixtures between them at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% adulteration were analysed at _ex=350 nm. The precision of the method, in terms of repeatability and internal reproducibility, was established by means of the analysis of a virgin olive oil sample under different conditions, the RSD showing values less than 10%. Raw data of the spectra were subjected to mathematical treatment by calculation of the first derivative, selection of the maximum values and application of one-way ANOVA, to assess the most prominent variables in the discrimination process. The response to the addition of adulterant was linear, adjusted-R²=0.99 for virgin olive and refined hazelnut oil mixtures, and 0.98 for virgin olive and virgin hazelnut oil mixtures. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis applied to each admixture separately and to the whole set of samples allowed 100% correct classifications.     

Classification of Turkish olive oils with respect to cultivar,geographic origin and harvest year,using fatty acid profile and mid-IR spectroscopy

Fatty acid composition and mid-infrared spectra of olive oils in combination with chemometric techniques were used in the classification of Turkish olive oils with respect to their varieties, growing location and harvest year. In particular, olive oil samples belonging to five different cultivars were obtained from the same orchard in the middle part of Aegean region and two of these varieties were also received from another orchard in northern part of the same region of Turkey in two consecutive harvest years. Evaluation of nine different fatty acid compositions with principal component analysis revealed clear differentiation with respect to variety, geographical origin and harvest year. On the other hand, mid-infrared spectra also achieved varietal and seasonal discrimination to some extent, but differentiation is not as clear as that obtained using fatty acid compositions.     

The antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of virgin olive oil enriched with phospholipids

Virgin olive oil (VOO) enriched with phospholipids (soy lecithin) up to the levels present in seed oils (from 2.5 to 10.0 g/kg) was studied as a potential functional food. Lecithin addition slightly increased the concentration of tocopherols and considerably increased K270 values. In the fatty acid composition, an increase of linoleic and a slight decrease of oleic acid were observed, as the decrease of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. The radical-scavenging activity was evaluated by two methods: electron spin resonance spectroscopy using galvinoxyl free radical and VIS spectroscopy measurement of the disappearance of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Results indicate that lecithin addition retards the scavenging activity of VOO that is ascribed to the bipolar character of lecithin and its ability to entrap hydrophilic antioxidants. The effect of lecithin addition on the oxidative stability of VOO was evaluated by the Rancimat method, and a positive linear correlation (r = 0.9849) with induction time was found.     

Classification of different quality virgin olive oils by metal-oxide sensors

The European Union classifies virgin olive oils into three categories, extra virgin, virgin and lampante; lampante being the only oil that cannot be consumed before undergoing a refining process. A mathematical model based on two metal-oxide sensors has been designed and checked in order to detect on-line lampante oils inside the production systems. The model was developed using 114 samples and was successfully tested with an external test set of 55 samples taken from different single varietal olive oils and geographical origins. The model was able to detect 100% of non-lampante virgin olive oils and 89.5% of lampante virgin olive oils.     

初榨椰子油加工技术的研究进展

初榨椰子油是从成熟椰肉中提取的可食用油脂,在护肤护发、减肥、调节脂质代谢、维护心血管健康等方面具有显著功效,是近年来健康食品中的明星产品,市场消费规模也越来越大。加工技术与工艺是影响椰子油品质的关键因素,国内外学者除了在对传统干法和湿法加工技术进行优化升级外,在初榨椰子油的新型加工技术和工艺方面加大研究力度如超临界二氧化碳技术,也在油脂的营养功能价值挖掘等方面进行了深入探索。本文旨在归纳总结近年来初榨椰子油的加工工艺、油脂品质和功能特性等方面的国内外研究进展情况,以期为广大从业者和相关科研工作者提供参考和借鉴。