PTS瞬态流动与换热数值模拟研究

为了研究压水堆因“直接安注”冷水注入压力容器下降环腔而导致的承压热冲击（PTS）热工水力问题,基于1:10比例模型,应用计算流体力学软件FLUENT5.4进行了紊流流动换热的数值模拟分析,同时进行了常压瞬态传热实验研究。针对下降环腔折算流速0.5 m/s,安注流速10m/s的典型工况,研究了安注水开启后下降环腔内的瞬态流动换热特性,数值模拟与实验结果吻合良好。考察了压力容器安注接管出口区环形焊缝区及堆芯段筒体中子强辐照区所承受的热冲击状况,基于稳态流动研究了下降环腔内流体混合特性及流动机理,为热冲击分析提供参考。     

直接安注反应堆压力容器下降环腔内射流传热试验研究

失水事故工况 (LOCA)下反应堆下降环腔内的流动和传热研究 ,对反应堆压力容器 (RPV)的安全具有重要的意义。通过对一种直接安注的反应堆压力容器内流动和传热的研究 ,将流动分为横穿射流和冲击射流 ,比较了在两种射流下下降环腔内流动和传热的特点 ,分析了流速比和对流换热系数及温度的关系 ,当流速比在 1～ 1 0时 ,流动属于横穿射流 ,对流换热主要由环腔流速决定 ;流速比大于 1 0后 ,属于冲击射流 ,环腔内对流换热主要决定于安注流速 ,此时局部对流换热能力随安注流速的增加而增加     

带热套管的T型接管内流动换热的数值模拟和实验研究

为了分析核反应堆冷却剂系统中带热套管T型接管内由于注入非等横向射流导致的构件热冲击状况，本文应用计算流体力学商用软件FLUENT5．3进行了紊流流动换热的数值模拟，分析了主管及接管与热套间环腔内的流动换热特性，针对套管上开有通流小孔，并采用凸台支撑的热套管结构形式，模拟了射流与主流流速比为0．05及0．5两种典型工程，传热实验，研究了主管及接管内壁近壁区域的传热特性，并讨论了热套管尺寸变化对接管热冲击的影响，结果表明，数值模拟与实验数据吻合良好，热套管对构件的热保护程度与热套管结构形式及流速比密切相关，适当减小流速比有利于改善构件热应力状况。     

承压热冲击下反应堆压力容器中流体的瞬态混合特性

热冲击下,反应堆压力容器中的热工水力特性是一个与反应堆安全密切相关的课题。本文在1/10的模型体上进行了高温高压下安全注水时流体的瞬态混合特性实验,得到了在有回路流动和无回路流动时以及不同的环腔流体温度下的混合特征。结果表明,环腔无流动时,随着安全注水流速的提高,混合函数下降得更快,幅度更大;环路有流动时,混合函数变化缓慢：当环腔内的流体温度达到一定的数值后,压力容器部分区域的混合函数发生明显变化。     

反应堆压力容器直接安注热分布特性研究

我国非能动系列压水堆将应急冷却系统冷却水的注入管道直接连接于压力容器上,与传统的冷管段安注不同,这种安注方式被称之为反应堆压力容器直接安注。本文以安注条件下的反应堆压力容器为研究对象,采用物理实验与数值分析结合的方法,对安注流体在压力容器表面形成的热分布形态进行研究。研究发现,不同于传统的主管道冷段斜接管安注方式,直接安注条件下安注流体在下降环腔中的分布形态接近于等腰三角形。以实验结果为基础,结合数值计算验证,发现了压力容器热分布角与流速比成正比关系,并进一步提出了安注流体分布计算模型,从而为反应堆安全设计提供参考。      

承压热冲击下AP1000压力容器直接安注瞬态数值模拟研究

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)分析方法,采用流固共轭传热方式,对非能动堆芯冷却系统(PXS)的堆芯补水箱(CMT)热态功能试验、CMT注入同时自动减压系统(ADS)动作、蓄压安注箱(ACC)安注后CMT再注入以及常规余热排出系统运行等4种工况下反应堆压力容器(RPV)环腔内流动传热状态进行瞬态数值模拟,研究RPV壁面温度瞬态变化以及环腔下降段内流体的混合特性。结果表明:4种工况下直接安注(DVI)接管管嘴与RPV内壁面相交斜面处冷却水混合剧烈,冷段是否有流体注入环腔对其内流体温度分布变化影响巨大,且DVI接管管嘴局部区域将发生较大的温度变化。     

高压安注条件下冷管段和环腔流体混合特性的数值分析

压水堆高压安注条件下冷热流体混合会导致承压热冲击现象,影响压力容器的使用寿命。本文基于ROCOM实验装置的实验数据,使用CFD方法对高压安注条件下有密度差的冷热流体混合现象进行了模拟,并对模拟结果进行了验证与分析。结果表明,在冷管段和下降段环腔中流体混合的主导因素分别为强迫流动混合和浮升力驱动混合。在仅有1条冷管段注入的情况下,进入下腔室的流体会再次回流至环腔,从而对冷却剂的混合特性产生影响。     

反应堆压力容器下降段水-蒸汽CCFL实验与模型研究

为探究反应堆压力容器下降段在喷放末期冷段安注过程中的水-蒸汽逆流特性,建立下降段逆向流动限制(CCFL)模型,开展了基于压力容器模化本体的下降段CCFL实验研究以及建模分析。通过实验研究获得了不同入口安注水流量、安注水过冷度、堆芯蒸汽流量等条件下的下降段环腔内的安注特性数据,并基于实验数据进行了CCFL建模分析。结果表明,开始发生CCFL的蒸汽无量纲流速与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现正相关,基于无量纲流速建立的模型斜率与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现高度指数关联。本文建立了适用于从不发生CCFL至不完全CCFL,再到完全CCFL的下降段水-蒸汽气液逆流全过程预测模型。     

冷段大破口失水事故长期冷却及硼浓度特性研究

文章采用先进的热工水力分析程序CATHAR,对百万千瓦级ACP1000核电厂冷段大破口失水事故冷热段同时安注时CCFL作用下的上腔室及堆芯的流动换热特性、硼浓度特性进行了研究,并分析了破损环路热段安注流量大小对堆芯冷却的影响。研究表明：在热段安注总流量为614 m3/h时,破损环路对应热段安注流量的不同,不会对流入堆芯冷却有较大影响,破损环路热段安注流量差异不会对堆芯冷却有较大影响;切换至同时安注后堆芯硼浓度很快与系统达到平衡。     

超临界压力下CO_2在螺旋管中沿程传热的实验研究

在热流密度q=0~25 kW/m2、质量流速G=10~262 kg/(m2·s)及入口压力Pin=8~9 MPa的实验参数范围内,研究超临界压力CO2在螺旋管中上升流动的传热特性,分析质量流速、热流密度及入口压力对换热系数的影响规律。结果表明,沿程换热系数总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,极大值发生在主流平均温度小于准临界温度而壁温大于准临界温度条件下;在换热系数上升段,沿程近壁区流体比热容增加引起的单位体积流体换热能力增强以及粘度减小引起的热边界层减薄是传热强化的主要因素;当近壁区CO2发生类液态到类气态的转变时,其比热容和导热系数减小是换热系数下降的主导因素。对于物性变化剧烈的超临界流体传热,Nu数仅作为对流与导热相对大小的度量,其数值大小不能客观反映实际换热能力的强弱。     

承压热冲击下DVI接管动态应力特性研究

压力容器直接注入（DVI）接管在热冲击下的动态应力特性对于反应堆压力容器（RPV）结构完整性评估具有重要意义。建立了含DVI接管的RPV压力壳热流固耦合数值计算模型,并进行了验证分析;然后研究了蓄压安注箱（ACC）和堆芯补水箱（CMT）安注时RPV筒体和DVI接管热工水力特性;最后分析了热冲击下RPV筒体和DVI接管连接高应力区的温度分布、等效应力和等效塑性应变分布特性。研究结果表明,ACC安注阶段RPV筒体和DVI接管连接区存在较大的温度梯度和等效应力,且发生了局部塑性变形。若发生承压热冲击事件,应控制好DVI接管连接区温差,确保反应堆压力容器的结构完整性。本文开发的热冲击下热流固耦合数值计算模型和计算方法可用于核岛内DVI接管与RPV筒体的安全性评价,也可用于类似承压结构在热冲击下的动态应力特性分析。      

CFD simulation of Fortum PTS experiment

Detailed simulation of the thermal stresses of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) wall in case of pressurized thermal shock (PTS) requires the simulation of the thermal mixing of cold high-pressure safety injection (HPI) water injected to the cold leg and flowing further to the downcomer. The simulation of the complex mixing phenomena including, e.g., stratification in the cold leg and buoyancy driven plume in the downcomer is a great challenge for CFD methods and requires careful validation of the used modelling methods.The selected experiment of Fortum mixing test facility modelling the Loviisa VVER-440 NPP has been used for the validation of CFD methods for thermal mixing phenomena related to PTS. The experimental data includes local temperature values measured in the cold leg and downcomer. Conclusions have been made on the applicability of used CFD method to thermal mixing simulations in case with stratification in the cold leg and buoyant plume in the downcomer.     

反应堆压力容器承压热冲击中的PSA方法研究

在瞬态过程中,当处于承压状态下的反应堆压力容器(RPV)的内表面被快速冷却时,即为承压热冲击(PTS)。由此,反应堆压力容器可能出现贯穿裂纹而失效。为分析PTS事件导致RPV出现裂纹的频率,需要进行概率安全评价(PSA)。通过PSA模型确定可能引起PTS的事件序列,并结合这些序列的热工水力分析结果,为PTS概率断裂力学分析提供支持。     

Experimental validation of the TASS/SMR code for an integral type pressurized water reactor

The transient and setpoint simulation small and medium reactor (TASS/SMR) code has been applied to perform the safety analysis and performance evaluation of an integral type pressurized water reactor. Till now, the code has only been verified by using simplified and analytical problems as well as a reliable system code due to the lack of available experimental data. Recently, several kinds of experiments have been performed by focusing on an identification of the heat transfer characteristics at a heat sink and source, and the thermal hydraulic characteristics and the natural circulation performance in an integral effect test facility. In this paper, the TASS/SMR code has been validated by using the experimental data obtained from a separate effect test facility by focusing on the heat transfer characteristics and an integral effect test facility by focusing on the thermal hydraulic characteristics and the natural circulation performance. According to the validation results of the TASS/SMR code against the separate effect test and the integral effect test, the code predicts the overall variation of the thermal hydraulic parameters well, including the system pressure, fluid temperature, mass flow rate, etc., and it is applicable for the safety analysis and performance evaluation of an integral type pressurized water reactor.     

恰希玛核电厂压力容器各关键部位在PTS瞬态下的温度场研究

承压热冲击现象在核电厂延寿评估中应被重点关注。本文针对恰希玛核电厂1号机组的压力容器及堆内构件建立了完整的CFD模型，计算了正常工况下压力容器内冷却剂的速度场和温度场分布，计算结果与试验结果符合良好。本文详细研究了蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故工况下压力容器接管及下降段中冷却剂的热工水力特性，并将计算结果与RELAP5计算结果进行对比，结果表明二者符合良好。本文研究可为反应堆压力容器老化管理评估的计算分析工作提供重要参考。     

Boron dilution transients during natural circulation flow in PWR—Experiments and CFD simulations

Coolant mixing in the cold leg, downcomer and the lower plenum of pressurized water reactors is an important phenomenon mitigating the reactivity insertion into the core. Therefore, mixing of the de-borated slugs with the ambient coolant in the reactor pressure vessel was investigated at the four loops 1:5 scaled Rossendorf coolant mixing model (ROCOM) mixing test facility. In particular thermal hydraulics analyses have shown, that weakly borated condensate can accumulate in the pump loop seal of those loops, which do not receive a safety injection. After refilling of the primary circuit, natural circulation in the stagnant loops can re-establish simultaneously and the de-borated slugs are shifted towards the reactor pressure vessel (RPV).In the ROCOM experiments, the length of the flow ramp and the initial density difference between the slugs and the ambient coolant was varied. From the test matrix experiments with 0 resp. 2% density difference between the de-borated slugs and the ambient coolant were used to validate the CFD software ANSYS CFX. To model the effects of turbulence on the mean flow a higher order Reynolds stress turbulence model was employed and a mesh consisting of 6.4 million hybrid elements was utilized. Only the experiments and CFD calculations with modeled density differences show stratification in the downcomer. Depending on the degree of density differences the less dense slugs flow around the core barrel at the top of the downcomer. At the opposite side, the lower borated coolant is entrained by the colder safety injection water and transported to the core. The validation proves that ANSYS CFX is able to simulate appropriately the flow field and mixing effects of coolant with different densities.     

Effect of pump-induced cold-leg swirls on the flow field in the RPV of the EPR™: CFD investigations and comparison with experimental results

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model for the pressure vessel of the evolutionary pressurized reactor (EPR™) was developed and validated. The aim of this model is the simulation of transients where three-dimensional effects play a strong role, such as boron dilution and main steam line break (MSLB) scenarios. First, a full solid (CAD) model has been built, that includes all details of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the internals which are important for fluid dynamic analyses. The solid model has then been used as basis for the generation of the computational mesh necessary to carry out CFD simulations. Both a hexahedral and a polyhedral mesh have been created. The CFD model has been validated against experimental results of the JULIETTE facility, a 1:5 scaled mock-up of the EPR™ reactor RPV built by AREVA and equipped with advanced instrumentation.The performances of the hexahedral and the polyhedral meshes are investigated in relation to the agreement with experimental data, convergence and CPU requirements. In addition, the effect of the cold-leg swirls on the velocity field inside the RPV is investigated. These swirls mimic the effects of the main coolant recirculation pumps on the flow field at the entrance of the RPV. It is shown that the CFD model is able to capture the shift of the maximum velocity in the downcomer annulus observed in the experimental results. Good qualitative as well as quantitative agreement with the experimental data is achieved.     

压水堆受热冲击三通构件中流速比的选取

从传热学的角度分析了压水堆中的三通构件所受到的热冲击作用，探讨了流速比对于构件所受热冲击的影响，实际运行中，为降低构件受到的热冲击，最佳流速比范围应在0．04－0．1之间。