发光层掺杂蓝色OLED的光电性能研究

采用真空热蒸镀技术,在不同的掺杂浓度下,制备了4种双异质型结构的蓝色有机电致发光器件(OLED),其结构为ITO/CuPc(30 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TPBi(30 nm):GDI691(x%)/Alq3(20 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(50 nm),其中x%为发光层掺杂浓度,分别取1、2、3和4 %.从实验结果分析可知:蓝色OLED的电流-电压(I-V)特性曲线、亮度-电压(L-V)曲线、亮度-电流(L-I)曲线及效率等光电性能随着发光层掺杂浓度的变化而改变.当驱动电压为15 V、掺杂浓度为3%时,器件可获得最大亮度6100 cd·m-2,色坐标CIE为x=0.147、y=0.215,最大流明效率为1.221 m·W-1,电致发光(EL)发光光谱的峰值为468 nm.     

CdS薄层对有机电致发光器件性能的影响

将光电材料硫化镉(CdS)薄层插入到结构为ITO/NPB/Rubrene/NPB/DPVBi/Alq3/LiF/Al的白光有机发光器件(OLED)的Alq3和LiF之间,研究了CdS对OLED性能的影响。结果表明,0.1nm厚的CdS插入Alq3和LiF之间的器件性能最好。器件电压从7 V变化到14 V时,色度均在白光的中心区域;当电压为7V时,器件的最大电流效率为9.09cd/A;当电压为14V时,器件的最大亮度为16 370cd/m2。不加CdS时,当电压为8V时,器件的最大效率为5.16cd/A;当电压为14V时,最大亮度为6 669cd/m2。加CdS的器件比不加CdS的器件最大效率提高了1.76倍,最大亮度提高了2.42倍。     

以TPBi为发光主体的蓝光OLED器件研究

采用真空热蒸镀技术,以TPBi为蓝光主体材料制备了一类多层结构的蓝色有机发光二极管(OLED),其结构为:ITO / CuPc(30 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TPBi(30 nm)∶GDI691(x%)/Alq3(20 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(50 nm),其中x%为发光层掺杂浓度,实验中分别取1%,2%,3%和4%.从测试结果分析可知:蓝色OLED器件的电流-电压特性曲线,亮度-电压曲线,亮度-电流曲线及效率等光电性能随着掺杂浓度的变化而改变.当掺杂浓度为3%,驱动电压为15 V时,可获得稳定的蓝光器件,其最大亮度为6 827 cd·m-2,色坐标CIE为x=0.147,y=0.215 ,最大流明效率为6.77 lm·W-1,电致发光光谱的峰值为468 nm.     

空穴传输层厚度对有机发光二极管性能的影响

采用聚乙烯基咔唑(PVK)作为空穴传输层,8-羟基喹啉铝(Alq3)作为发光层,制备了结构为ITO/PVK/Alq3/Mg∶Ag/Al的有机发光二极管(OLED),通过测试器件的电流-电压-发光亮度特性,研究了空穴传输层厚度对OLED器件性能的影响,优化了器件功能层的厚度匹配.实验结果表明,OLED的光电性能与空穴传输层的厚度密切相关,空穴传输层厚度为15nm时,OLED器件具有最低的启亮电压,最高的发光亮度和最大的发光效率.     

掺杂C545T对2T-NATA作为空穴注入层OLED性能的影响

实验制备了6组结构为ITO/2T-NATA(15 nm)/NPB(25 nm)/Alq3(20 nm):C545T(x%)/Alq3(30 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(100 nm)的绿光多层结构OLED器件,其中x分别为0、1、2、3、4和5.比较了不同掺杂浓度条件下OLED器件的电致发光特性,结果表明:用2T-NATA作为空穴注入层可有效提高载流子的注入效果,同样能够达到高亮度.将C545T掺杂到Alq3中能够明显改善器件的发光亮度和色纯度,并调节载流子复合区域的位置,有效提高发光效率.掺杂C545T对器件性能的影响显著,随着C545T掺杂浓度的提高,电流和亮度先增大后减小.当掺杂浓度为3%时,14 V电压下的最大发光亮度达到12 418 cd/m2,浓度为2%时的器件,在12 V驱动电压下的最大电流效率为10.22 cd/A.     

LiF作电子注入缓冲层对有机电致发光器件电容的影响

已经有多种方法分析了LiF作为电子注入缓冲层对有机电致发光器件的影响,用LiF/Al双层阴极和发光层Alq3制成的有机电致发光器件(OLED),可以降低器件的开启电压,提高器件的发光效率、发光亮度。文章主要对OLEDs(A):Al/Alq3/ITO和(B):Al/LiF(1nm)/Alq3/ITO的C-V特性进行了研究,当在阴极和发光层Alq3之间加上1nm厚的LiF层作为电子注入缓冲层以后,器件的电容由不加LiF时的72500pF减小到12500pF,由于电容的减小,有效地降低了器件的功耗,进而提高了器件的寿命,节约了能源,进一步改善了器件的性能。     

不同玻璃基板对蓝光OLED的影响

文章使用ADN：TBPe作为荧光金属微腔OLED的发光层,以高反射的Al膜作为阴极顶电极,以半透明的Al膜作为阳极底电极,在不同的玻璃基板上制备了结构为Glass/Al（15nm）/MoO3（60nm）/NPB（40nm）/AND：TBPe（30nm,3%）/Alq3（20nm）/LiF（1nm）/Al（140nm）的荧光金属微腔OLED,研究了在普通玻璃及粗化玻璃的粗糙面和平滑面上蒸镀器件时的光学及电学性能影响。实验结果表明,当蒸镀面为光面时,其器件效率及亮度都优于其它器件。     

利用石墨烯掺杂在NPB中的OLED性能研究

采用NPB掺杂石墨烯作为空穴传输层,制备有机电致发光器件(OLED),器件结构为ITO/NPB:Graphene(20wt.%)(50nm)/Alq3(80nm)/LiF(0.5nm)/Al(120nm)。将其与标准器件ITO/NPB(50nm)/Alq3(80nm)/LiF(0.5nm)/Al(120nm)作性能比较,研究石墨烯对OLED性能的影响。结果表明,在NPB中掺杂石墨烯薄层的器件,在同等条件下性能最佳,当电流密度为90mA/cm2时器件电流效率达到最大值3.40cd/A,与标准器件最高效率相比增大1.49倍;亮度在15V时达到最大值10 070cd/m2,比标准器件最大亮度增大5.16倍。     

空穴缓冲层CuPc对有机电致发光器件特性的影响

采用旋涂和真空蒸发沉积工艺制备了结构分别为ITO/PVK：TPD/Alq3/Al和ITO/PVK：TPD/LiBq4/Alq3/Al的绿色和蓝色有机电致发光器件(OLED)，并研究了空穴缓冲层CuPc对OLED特性的影响．结果发现：对于绿色OLED，CuPc的加入提高了器件的电流和亮度，改善了器件的性能；而对于蓝色OLED，CuPc的加入则加剧了载流子的不平衡注入，导致器件性能恶化．这表明空穴缓冲层CuPc对不同结构OLED的特性具有不同的影响，并通过器件的能级结构对此进行了解释．     

LiF作为电子注入层对OLEDs器件性能的影响

制造了两种OLEDs器件,它们的结构分别为:ITO/NPB(50 nm)/Alq3(65 nm)/Mg:Ag(10:1)(100 nm)/Ag(50 nm)and ITO/NPB(50 nm)/Alq3(65 nm)/LiF(x)/Al(100 nm).结果发现,在同样电压下,与Mg:Ag/Ag电极相比,插入LiF层可以明显提高器件的电流.当LiF厚度为1 nm时,器件性能最好.以Mg:Ag/Ag合金作为电极时的器件的最大亮度为8 450 cd/m2,而插入LiF层的器件最大亮度可达到14 700 cd/m2.此外,器件的发光效率也得到了明显的提高,在7 V时达到了最大为3.117 cd/mA.同时,当LiF厚度大于1 nm或小于1 nm时,器件性能都将会下降.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.