基于声发射技术的热障涂层拉伸失效模式研究

热障涂层是一种典型的脆性、非均质、多层结构的材料。服役过程中受热-力载荷的作用,将会导致涂层过早的剥落失效,其主要的失效形式为陶瓷层开裂和界面剥落失效。热障涂层的失效主要是微裂纹萌生、扩展及连通导致。利用声发射技术结合微观形貌观察,研究了拉伸载荷下热障涂层的失效过程,并识别热障涂层裂纹损伤模式。根据不同载荷下的微观形貌观察,研究拉伸载荷下热障涂层的失效过程;利用声发射特征参数分析法(如声发射事件数、幅值),将热障涂层的失效过程分为几个不同阶段,并结合形貌观察,建立声发射特征参数与裂纹损伤失效信息之间的联系;利用快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier transform,FFT)识别热障涂层的损伤模式。结果表明:热障涂层拉伸失效过程为裂纹首先在陶瓷层表面萌生,随后向陶瓷层/粘结层的界面处扩展,到达界面后,裂纹将沿着界面生长与扩展,最终导致热障涂层分层剥落;将热障涂层的失效过程分为四个阶段;频谱分析结果表明基体频率成分大约在0.020MHz,表面裂纹的频率成分在0.20～0.25MHz,界面裂纹的频率成分在0.15～0.20MHz。     

界面尺寸对热障涂层残余应力的影响

广泛应用于高温部件的热障涂层,其凹凸不平的界面形貌不仅影响界面的结合强度、应力分布,严重时甚至会导致涂层剥离、层裂和失效.文中针对正弦波形界面形貌的热障涂层,研究了界面尺寸（微坑深度、宽度和间距）对界面残余应力的影响.结果表明,界面几何形貌突变越严重,应力突变也随之加剧;不同的微结构尺寸影响因素对残余应力影响各不相同,其中微坑深度对残余应力的影响最为显著.     

含抗氧化夹层热障涂层界面应力特性的研究

通过喷涂等工艺技术,在热障涂层粘结层和陶瓷层之间预制Al2O3夹层,能有效抑制热障涂层高温不规则氧化生长及其所导致的失效.但是,预制的Al2O3夹层又会导致热障涂层界面应力场重新分布.文中针对热障涂层界面三维形貌特征,利用弹性理论中的空心球模型,考虑陶瓷层(ZrO2层)、夹层(Al2O3层)、氧化层(thermally grown oxide, TGO)及粘结层(bondcoat, BC),建立三维四层球模型的理论分析,并推演出相应的应力解析式.文中通过凹凸两种界面形貌下抗氧化夹层的算例分析,表明以上分析方法能有效模拟夹层对热障涂层界面应力分布规律的影响.     

在热震试验中热障涂层的裂纹形成和扩展

对功能梯度材料的热障涂层进行了单面热震试验，经过观察分析发现，热震后的涂层中有大量的裂纹出现，包括与轴向平行的龟裂纹和水平方向裂纹，特殊现象是在纯氧化锆层与80％氧化锆层的界面上方大约80μm处出现水平裂纹。裂纹都是气孔连通造成的。     

EB-PVD热障涂层TGO三维结构分析

热生长氧化物(TGO)的厚度及形貌是影响热障涂层热应力的关键因素。首先开展了电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)热障涂层1 050℃恒温氧化实验,采用聚焦离子束-扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)实现了EB-PVD热障涂层三维成像,获得了576幅热障涂层高温氧化48 h后的SEM图像;其次,通过EB-PVD热障涂层三维结构的分割与提取,得到了真实TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布,实现了TGO层的厚度测量;最后建立了基于TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布的EB-PVD热障涂层有限元热应力分析模型,分析了真实TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布对EB-PVD热障涂层热应力的影响。结果表明,TGO层的平均厚度为2.37μm,有限元模型中最大拉应力为403 MPa,最大压应力为-282 MPa,最大拉应力与最大压应力均出现在陶瓷层中的柱间孔隙处。     

热障涂层在多次热循环作用下残余应力的模拟

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对热障涂层多次热循环降温过程中由于热梯度和材料参数不匹配而产生的残余应力进行了数值模拟,分析了平面和曲面的界面形貌对界面残余应力的影响.结果表明,在相同材料参数情况下,陶瓷层与粘接层的界面形状对残余应力及结构稳定状态有显著的影响,凹凸不平的界面将会使界面残余应力发生突变,不利于增强界面结合强度和涂层结构的热稳定性.该结果对分析涂层寿命及失效机制有指导意义.     

活塞顶面热障涂层对活塞热负荷的影响

活塞顶面热障涂层可以有效降低活塞工作热负荷、提高活塞使用寿命。以一款非道路高压共轨柴油机铝合金活塞为研究对象,采用硬度塞测温法试验测试了无热障涂层活塞在最大转矩工况下表面19个特征点的温度值,同时采用等参法建立了活塞有限元仿真分析模型,对比分析了活塞顶面热障涂层对活塞温度场和热应力场的影响。研究结果表明：活塞顶面热障涂层能有效降低活塞头部和环槽区域的工作温度,活塞头部顶面区域温度下降幅度为20~32 ℃,一环和二环的环槽区域温度下降幅度为15~18 ℃;但活塞顶面采用热障涂层后,活塞基体顶面黏结层区域的热应力会急剧升高,活塞基体顶面、喉口区域以及边缘棱角处热应力集中现象明显,在活塞顶面喉口黏结层区域最大热应力达到291MPa,易导致热障涂层的剥落失效。     

热障涂层抗氧化夹层界面残余应力分析

通过喷涂等工艺预制的Al2O3夹层能有效抑制热障涂层高温不规则氧化生长及其所导致的失效.但是,预制的Al2O3夹层又会导致其界面应力重新分布.针对热障涂层界面三维形貌特征,考虑陶瓷层(ZrO2层)、夹层(Al2O3层)、氧化层及粘结层,建立了三维四层球模型,并推导出相应的应力解析式.凹凸两种界面形貌下抗氧化夹层的算例分析表明,抗氧化夹层厚度对热障涂层界面残余应力分布规律有很大的影响.     

热循环下热障涂层结构不稳定性的数值模拟

针对多次热循环工作条件下热障涂层的结构不稳定问题,采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对不规则界面形貌的涂层结构进行安定性分析.分析了不同的BC层屈服强度对涂层循环不稳定性的影响.结果表明,在温度场和界面形貌相同的条件下BC的屈服强度决定系统的稳定性.该结果对分析涂层体寿命及失效机制有指导意义.     

带热障涂层构件界面应力分析边界元法

提出带热障涂层构件二维应力分析边界元法。对薄体应力分析边界元中近奇异积分处理方法进行完善及改进，并将其推广应用于热应力及离心应力边界元分析，提出可以考虑温度及离心载荷的多层域结构应力分析边界公式，数值算例结果表明，采用本文方法可用少量单元得到梯度温度场，面力和／或离心载荷条件下涂层界面应力分布，三种载荷情况下界面切向拉伸应力的最大相对误差小于0．23％，本方法可作为带热障涂层构件设计及涂层剥落失效分析的有效工具。     

Residual stress analysis of the thermal barrier coating system by considering the plasma spraying process

The residual stress is the key factor causing the reliability problem of thermal barrier coating (TBC). The failure of plasma spray coatings due to residual stresses is a serious and recurring problem of TBC. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient between the substrate and each coating combined with temperature evolution and temperature gradients during deposition process determine the residual stress for the whole TBC system. The magnitudes and distributions of the residual stresses are affected by deposition process and deposition characteristics. Most of FEA (finite element analysis) has been performed under the assumption that the multilayer coating system is stacked at once without considering the deposition process during plasma spraying. In this research, FEA for a coupled heat transfer and elastic-plastic thermal stress was performed to obtain the more detailed and reliable result of residual stress of the TBC system using the element activation/deactivation technique. The residual stress variation from the start of plasma spraying to cooling stage with room temperature was obtained systematically considering the deposition process. It can be used as reference data to improve the performance of TBC. In addition, the relationship between residual stress and coating conditions such as cooling rate and time is also examined thoroughly.     

Finite element modelling of brittle fracture of thick coatings under normal and tangential loading

This paper addresses coating fracture in hard brittle coatings subjected to combined normal and tangential loads through a finite element based methodology. The coating is modelled as an elastic layer perfectly bonded to an elastic substrate with a pre-microcrack, assumed to initiate at the contact trailing edge due to high tensile stress. The predicted results are consistent with previously published coating fracture results. The model predicts a significant effect of coating thickness on crack propagation for coatings with large elastic mismatch and the final propagated crack profile is predicted to depend on friction coefficient, coating fracture toughness and sliding displacement.     

Design and simulation of thermal residual stresses of coatings on WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tool substrate

Large thermal residual stresses in coatings during the coating deposition process may easily lead to coating delamination of coated carbide tools in machining. In order to reduce the possibility of coating delamination during the tool failure process, a theoretical method was proposed and a numerical method was constructed for the coating design of WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools. The thermal residual stresses of multi-layered coatings were analytically modeled based on equivalent parameters of coating properties, and the stress distribution of coatings are simulated by Finite element method (FEM). The theoretically calculated results and the FEM simulated results were verified and in good agreement with the experimental test results. The effects of coating thickness, tool substrate, coating type and interlayer were investigated by the proposed geometric and FEM model. Based on the evaluations of matchability of tool substrate and tool coatings, the basic principles of tool coating design were proposed. This provides theoretical basis for the selection and design of coatings of cutting tools in high-speed machining.

     

Damage tolerance in hardly coated layer structure with modest elastic modulus mismatch

A study is made on the characterization of damage tolerance by spherical indentation in hardly coated layer structure with modest elastic modulus mismatch. A hard silicon nitride is prepared for the coating material and silicon nitride with 5wt% of boron nitride composites for underlayer. Hot pressing to eliminate the effect of interface delamination during the fracture makes strong interfacial bonding. The elastic modulus mismatch between the layers is not only large enough to suppress the surface crack initiation from the coating layer but sufficiently small to prevent the initiation of radial crack from the interface. The strength degradation of the layer structure after sphere contact indentation does not significantly occur, while the degradation of silicon nitride-boron nitride composite is critical at a high load and high number of contacts.     

Durability of plasma-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coatings under rolling contact conditions

The aim of this paper was to address the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure mechanisms of plasma-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coatings under different tribological conditions of contact stress. Weibull distribution plots of fatigue lives of the coated specimens at different contact stresses were obtained. The failure modes of coatings were identified on the basis of wore surface observations of the failed coatings. Results showed that the RCF failure modes can be classified into four main categories, i.e., surface abrasion, spalling, cohesive delamination, and interfacial delamination. The probabilities of the surface abrasion and spalling type failures were relatively high at low contact stress. When the coatings were subjected to abrasion and spalling type failures, the failure of the coating was depended on the microstrcture of the coating. The stress concentration near the micro-defects in the coating may be the may reason for the formation of spall. The coatings were prone to fail in delamination under higher contact stresses. However, the delamination of coating may be related to distribution of shear stress amplitude within coating. The location of maximum shear stress amplitude can be used as a key parameter to predict the initiation of subsurface cracks within coating in rolling contact.     

Investigation of mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous diamond-like carbon coatings

We investigated the mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings deposited on Si(100) by a pulsed bias deposition technique. Tribological studies were performed using a pin-on-disc (POD) apparatus under a normal load of 6.25 N and at 10% relative humidity, with a ruby pin as a slider. Hardness measurements were performed using a nanoindenter and apparent fracture toughness using indentation techniques. We studied the influence of residual stresses on apparent fracture toughness. The data revealed that the thickness, hardness and compressive stress of the coating play different roles in the apparent fracture toughness. Crack initiation is influenced by the thickness and hardness of the coating, whereas crack propagation is influenced by the compressive stress in the film. The apparent fracture toughness of DLC coatings increased with coating hardness.     

Feasibility study of plasma sprayed Al2O3 coatings as diffusion barrier on CFC components

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFC) materials are increasingly applied as sample carriers in modern furnaces. Only their tendency to react with different metals at high temperatures by C-diffusion is a disadvantage, which can be solved by application of diffusion barriers. Within this study the feasibility of plasma sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings as diffusion barrier was studied. Al₂O₃ coatings were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS). The coatings were investigated in terms of their microstructure, bonding to CFC substrates and thermal stability. The results showed that Al₂O₃ could be well deposited onto CFC substrates. The coatings had a good bonding and thermal shock behavior at 1060°C. At higher temperature of 1270°C, crack network formed within the coating, showing that the plasma sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings are limited regarding to their application temperatures as diffusion barrier on CFC components.     

基于显微照片的增层模型涂层温度场模拟

熔射成形中涂层的使用性能与其残余热应力密切相关,而残余热应力则是由于沉积过程中温度场分布不均匀导致的,因此,研究涂层温度场是分析其残余热应力的基础。针对现有涂层沉积温度场模拟普遍采用的增层模型不能考虑涂层孔隙的缺陷,提出一种基于显微照片的含孔隙涂层生长增层模型,并使用该模型对其温度场进行模拟。计算结果表明,孔隙不仅对沉积过程中的涂层温度场具有重要影响,而且对基体温度场也有影响。涂层中靠近孔隙的位置其温度下降比远离孔隙位置更慢,且沉积初期这种差异更明显。含孔隙涂层温度场的模拟为含孔隙涂层残余热应力的研究及涂层起翘、开裂和剥落等失效机理的分析提供了基础。     

功能梯度涂层热残余应力

涂层中的残余应力严重影响着涂层零件的机械完整性与操作可靠性。对于功能梯度涂层,由于各界面位移协调条件的限制,很难得到涂层内部残余应力的闭合解。基于传统的悬臂梁理论,获得了功能梯度涂层热残余应力的闭合解;这一分析模型的优点是残余应力的闭合解与涂层层数无关。讨论了采用传统的近似解所带来的误差, 针对含不同层数的ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层内部的残余应力进行了计算。另外,对应力诱导的涂层失效模型也进行了分析。     

Sol-gel Derived TiO2-Bioactive glass-Hydroxyapatite Bioactive Coating on Titanium Alloy Substrate

Coating the hydroxyapatite (HA) on the titanium alloy surface can obtain a bioactive implant with high mechanical properties.However,the bonding force between the titanium alloy and the HA was low due to their different coefficient of thermal expansion (CET).Preparing the multi-layer coating with alleviated thermal stress on titanium alloy substrate is few reported.Fabrication of a TiO2-bioactive glass (BG)-HA bioaetive coating was proposed to solve this problem.A particular TiO2 surface was prepared on the titanium alloy substrate by micro-arc oxidation treatment.The BG and HA coating were coated onto the TiO2 surface in turn by using a sol-gel method.The microstructure,surface morphology and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed.The bonding force of coatings was investigated by the nick apparatus.In vitro dissolution was performed by soaking the TiO2-BG-HA coated samples into the simulated body fluid for various periods.Micro-structural observations indicated that no delamination and crack occurred at the interface of HA/BG and BG/TiO2.The bonding between the substrate and coating consists of the mechanical interaction and the chemical bonding.The bonding force could reach about 45 N.The TiO2-BG-HA coating displayed the excellent forming ability of bone-like apatite when it was soaked into the simulated body fluid.This work suggests an innovative way to reduce the internal stress among coatings through varying BG composition to adjust its CTE,so as to enhance the bonding force.