非对称方向性局部二值模式人脸表情识别

针对方向性局部二值模式（DLBP）在单尺度下获取图像纹理特征的不足,提出一种非对称方向性局部二值模式（AR-DLBP）多尺度多方向融合的表情识别算法。首先对人脸表情图像进行光照补偿预处理,消除光照、噪声的影响,分割出人脸及眉、眼、嘴局部表情关键区域,并计算出关键区域的贡献度（CM）;然后提取人脸及关键区域的异或-非对称方向性局部二值模式（XOR-AR-DLBP）直方图特征信息,并根据CM对关键区域直方图信息进行加权级联再与整幅人脸图像的特征信息进行融合;最后用SVM分类器进行表情分类识别。该算法在JAFFE库、CK库上仿真实验,分别取得95.71%、97.99%的平均识别率及112?ms、135?ms的平均识别时间,实验结果表明,该算法可以有效精确地完成人脸表情的分类识别。通过对表情图像光照补偿预处理及分割出表情的关键区域,并加权融合局部与整体特征,大大提高了特征的鉴别能力,与传统算法的对比实验,也表明该算法无论是在识别率还是在识别时间上,所得效果都是最好的。     

基于Gabor多方向特征融合与分块直方图的人脸表情识别方法

针对传统的Gabor特征表征全局特征能力弱以及特征数据存在冗余性的缺点, 提出一种新颖的采用Gabor多方向特征融合与分块直方图统计相结合的方法来提取表情特征. 为了提取局部方向信息并降低特征维数, 首先采用Gabor滤波器提取人脸表情图像的多尺度和多方向特征, 然后按照两个融合规则将相同尺度不同方向的特征融合到一起. 为了能够有效地表征图像全局特征, 将融合图像进一步划分为若干矩形不重叠且大小相等的子块, 分别计算每个子块区域内融合特征的直方图分布, 将其联合起来实现图像表征. 实验结果表明, 这种方法无论在计算量上还是识别性能上都比传统的Gabor滤波器组更具有优势. 该方法的创新处在于提出了两个Gabor多方向特征融合规则, 应用在JAFFE表情库上最高平均识别率达到98.24%, 表明其适用于人脸表情图像的分析.     

基于NSCT和M-PCNN的人脸特征提取

为提高人脸识别对人脸姿态、位置、表情变化的鲁棒性,提出一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)与改进脉冲耦合神经网络(M-PCNN)的人脸特征提取方法。利用NSCT对输入图像进行多尺度分解和多方向稀疏分解,以捕获图像中的高维奇异信息,使用M-PCNN模型提取各子带的信息熵,将其作为人脸特征,利用支持向量机(SVM)实现分类与识别。仿真结果表明,该方法鲁棒性较强,在识别和分类中表现出较好的性能。     

融合全局和局部特征并基于神经网络的表情识别

在表情中含有最多特征信息的是面部眉毛、眼睛和嘴巴这三个区域,为充分利用这些特征,减少图像中无用信息在识别过程中对计算机内存的占用,提高人脸表情识别系统的准确率和速度,首先采用haar 和 adaboost人脸检测算法,对图像中的人脸进行识别,获得人脸图像并提取眉毛、眼睛和嘴巴,生成局部(眉毛、眼睛、嘴巴)二值化图,利用PCA方法对人脸图像降维,降维后的全局和局部灰度特征值组成一个列向量。样本由表情数据库产生,经过神经网络样本训练后,进行表情识别。结果表明,该系统对人脸表情识别速度明显快于Gabor 小波算法;识别的准确率高于单独使用PCA算法和神经网络算法;消耗内存比用Gabor 小波算法少,运行较流畅。得出结论：因为提取出包含表情特征信息集中区的眉毛、眼睛和嘴巴,尽可能地多保留了这些局部特征信息,因而提高了表情识别准确率,同时,采用PCA方法对原始图像进行降维处理,有效的减少了信息冗余。     

基于生物启发特征和SVM的人脸表情识别

将C1特征应用于静态图像人脸表情识别,提出了一种新的基于生物启发特征和SVM的表情识别算法。提取人脸图像的C1特征,利用PCA+LDA方法对特征进行降维,用SVM进行分类。在JAFFE和Extended Cohn-Kanade（CK+）人脸表情数据库上的实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的识别率,是一种有效的人脸表情识别方法。     

融合小波变换与KPCA的分块人脸特征抽取与识别算法

鉴于小波多尺度变换对高维图像特征具有良好的压缩和表达能力,提出了一种融合小波变换与KPCA(核主成分分析)方法的分块人脸特征抽取与识别算法。该算法首先对人脸图像进行分块小波变换,再根据图像块的位置分布选取不同的频率分量;然后对此分量进行KPCA特征抽取,并通过对抽取到的特征进行融合来得到最终人脸鉴别特征;最后利用支持向量机分类器进行特征分类与识别。通过对ORL和Yale标准人脸图像库的实验仿真结果表明,该算法不仅在识别性能和分类速度上明显高于传统的PCA方法及融合小波特征的KPCA方法,而且对于人脸光照、姿态和表情变化均具有良好的鲁棒性。     

基于Gabor小波变换多特征向量的人脸识别鲁棒性研究

传统的Gabor小波变换人脸识别技术在曲线奇异性的表达上存在着不足,难以识别包含表情的人脸信息,针对该问题,提出了结合Gabor小波变换和多特征向量的人脸识别算法。算法首先利用Gabor小波变换的频率及方向选择性来提取出人脸的多尺度、多方向上的Gabor特征,并组成联合稀疏模型,通过计算可以得到各个方向和尺度上Gabor特征的共同特征和表情特征,利用这两个特征向量可以精确重构测试图像的特征向量。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效提高带表情人脸图像的正确匹配率,改善识别效果 。     

基于Gabor小波变换多特征向量的人脸识别鲁棒性研究

传统的Gabor小波变换人脸识别技术在曲线奇异性的表达上存在着不足,难以识别包含表情的人脸信息,针对该问题,提出了结合Gabor小波变换和多特征向量的人脸识别算法。算法首先利用Gabor小波变换的频率及方向选择性来提取出人脸的多尺度、多方向上的Gabor特征,并组成联合稀疏模型,通过计算可以得到各个方向和尺度上Gabor特征的共同特征和表情特征,利用这两个特征向量可以精确重构测试图像的特征向量。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效提高带表情人脸图像的正确匹配率,改善识别效果。     

基于Gabor参数矩阵与改进Adaboost的人脸表情识别

针对目前人脸表情识别(FER)中Gabor特征维数高、计算量大并且存在特征冗余的问题,提出一种基于Gabor参数矩阵与改进Adaboost的人脸表情识别算法。首先,结合图像像素信息与Gabor小波核的参数定义Gabor参数矩阵;其次,在Adaboost中引入遗传算法(GA)的思想改进其搜索性能,并利用改进的Adaboost选择与Gabor参数矩阵元素对应的最优特征来构建强分类器,从而通过特征选择的方法降低Gabor特征的维数和冗余,减少计算量;最后,在构建多个强分类器的基础上,提出多表情分类算法实现面部表情的分类识别。基于Matlab的实验结果表明,该算法的平均表情识别率为89.67%,且最优特征的选取效率得到明显提高。     

基于典型相关分析特征融合的人脸表情识别方法

针对目前大部分人脸表情识别算法中仅提取图像的某一类特征,导致特征参数不能全面反映脸部情感信息的问题,提出了一种基于特征融合和离散隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）识别的人脸表情识别方法。对同一个图像序列分别使用离散小波变换(DWT)和标准正交非负矩阵分解(ONMF)提取纹理信息,使用改进的主动表观模型(AAM)提取几何形变信息,再使用高维小样本下典型相关分析(CCA)对提取的两种特征进行特征融合,最后使用离散HMM来进行表情分类识别。实验结果表明,经过特征融合后,在较少特征向量维数下该方法能够达到较高的识别率和较快的识别速度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.