基于量子逻辑的图灵机及其通用性

基于量子逻辑的自动机理论是量子计算模型的一个重要研究方向.该文研究了基于量子逻辑的图灵机(简称量子图灵机)及其一些变形,给出了包括非确定型量子图灵机l-VTM,确定型量子图灵机l-VDTM以及相应类型的多带量子图灵机,并引入量子图灵机基于深度优先与宽度优先识别语言的两种不同定义方式,证明了这两种定义方式在量子逻辑意义下是不等价的.进一步证明了l-VTM、l-VDTM与相应类型的多带量子图灵机之间的等价性.其次,给出了量子递归可枚举语言及量子递归语言的定义,并给出了二者的层次刻画,证明了l-VTM与l-VDTM不等价,但两者作为量子递归语言的识别器是等价的.最后,文中讨论了基于量子逻辑的通用图灵机的存在性问题,给出了一套合理编码系统,证明了基于量子逻辑的通用图灵机在其所取值的正交模格无限时不存在,而在其所取值的正交模格有限时是存在的.     

量子Mealy自动机和量子Moore自动机的等价

随着大数分解的量子算法和量子搜索算法的给出,量子计算进入了一个全新的迅速的发展时期.量子自动机是近十年来兴起的量子计算理论,是一个很活跃的研究领域,量子自动机的研究已经相当丰富.首先定义了字符集上的有限维Fock空间,给出基于有限维Fock空间的量子Mealy自动机和量子Moore自动机的定义,考虑在不受外界环境影响下的两种量子自动机构成的封闭的量子系统,详细地研究了量子Mealy自动机和量子Moore自动机的演化过程,利用量子力学中密度算子的基本理论给出量子Mealy自动机和量子Moore自动机生成的量子语言.最后,在考虑纯态的情形下证明了量子Mealy自动机与量子Moore自动机是等价的.     

抗量子计算密码体制研究（待续）

量子计算机的发展,对目前广泛应用的RSA、ECC等公钥密码体制构成了严重的威胁,面临量子计算机的挑战,国际上掀起了抗量子计算公钥密码的研究热潮。介绍了常见的几种抗量子公钥密码体制,对这些方案作出了较为详细的评述,并对这一领域的研究与发展给出了展望,同时指出了一系列值得研究的开放问题。     

两硬币量子游走模型中的相干动力学

量子游走是量子计算的重要模型,而多硬币量子游走模型由于在量子通讯协议中表现突出也越来越受到人们的关注.量子相干不仅可以刻画量子态的特点,也可以反映量子演化过程的性质.主要对一维圆上两硬币量子游走模型的量子相干性进行了分析.一方面,讨论了初始量子态和硬币算子的选取对量子相干的影响.当硬币算子为Hadamard算子且初态只要在位置子空间上是均衡叠加态,整个量子游走演化过程是具有周期性的,且量子相干仅依赖于步数和圆上顶点的个数;当初始态是均衡叠加态而对硬币算子没有任何限制时,量子相干的演化也极具规律性.另一方面,发现在利用量子游走实现完美状态转移(perfect state transfer)的过程中,硬币算子的选取直接影响量子相干的值.最后,探讨了2种量子游走模型之间的等价性,并基于此指出了其在量子隐形传输(quantum teleportation)中的应用和改进的可能性.     

量子计算与计算机科学

量子力学是研究物质微现特性及其运动规律的物理学分支,它与计算机科学的完美结合产生了一门新兴学科--量子计算信息学,即量子计算机科学.文章先介绍传统电子器件的两个发展极限,引出量子计算的研究背景,再阐述其工作原理和对传统密码学的冲击,最后介绍了近年来量子计算的研究成果与其发展前景.     

耦合强度对量子绝热算法求解最大割的影响

本文分析基于量子绝热近似的不同顶点的最大割问题求解.该算法将无向图的顶点等效为量子比特,各个顶点间的边等效为两个量子比特之间的耦合,边的权重值等效为量子比特间的耦合强度.采用Python语言编写算法程序,模拟了6–13个顶点的完全无向图的最大割问题求解情况.实验结果表明,当完全无向图顶点个数取为8,12,13,同时耦合强度为1.0时,所求解最大割问题哈密顿量的期望值不收敛.进一步调整模拟计算中量子比特间耦合强度数值,观察期望值变化.实验发现,对于顶点数为12的完全无向图,耦合强度取0.95时,其期望值获得收敛.对于顶点数为8和13的完全无向图情形,当耦合强度取0.75时,所计算得到的期望值随演化时间变化收敛.由此推测超过13个顶点的完全无向图在用量子绝热算法求解最大割问题时,可将量子比特耦合强度归一化到0.75左右,使期望值有效收敛.     

Exogenous量子马尔可夫链及其可达性分析

为了刻画开放量子系统的量子属性,扩展现有的量子马尔可夫链是有必要的.通过构建Exogenous量子算子逻辑,定义了Exogenous量子马尔可夫链.作为新型量子马尔可夫链,重点研究了4种可达性公式,给出可达性公式可满足性问题的求解,并分析了它们的可判定性问题.作为应用,实例说明广义量子Loop程序的终止问题可以归结为Exogenous量子马尔可夫链的最终可达性,进而通过检测量子公式可满足性来判定程序的终止问题.     

抗量子计算密码体制研究（续前）

该文首先介绍了量子计算机的发展现状,指出其对目前广泛应用的RSA、ECC等公钥密码体制构成了严重的威胁。面对量子计算机的挑战,国际上掀起了抗量子计算公钥密码的研究热潮。该文介绍了常见的几种抗量子公钥密码体制,对这些方案作出了较为详细的评述,并对这一领域的研究与发展给出了展望,同时指出了一系列值得研究的开放问题。     

一种量子神经网络模型学习算法及应用

提出一种量子神经网络模型及学习算法. 首先基于生物神经元信息处理机制和量子计算原理构造出一种量子神经元, 该神经元由加权、聚合、活化、激励四部分组成. 然后由量子神经元构造出三层量子神经网络模型, 其输入和输出为实值向量, 权值和活性值为量子比特. 基于梯度下降法构造了该模型的超线性收敛学习算法. 通过模式识别和函数逼近两种仿真结果表明该模型及算法是有效的.     

求最优装载的量子算法

随着Grover量子搜索算法的不断发展,它的实际应用价值也在逐渐体现.通过介绍量子并行计算和量子算法的基本思想以及对改进的Grover搜索算法进行研究的基础上,分析给出了一个时间复杂度为O(√N)的求解最优装载问题的量子算法.对于最优装载问题,分别用经典计算机上的贪心算法和量子算法来求解,得出了这两种算法的时间复杂度,从而可以看出量子算法相对于经典算法具有更快的搜索速度.     

On the Hitting Times of Quantum Versus Random Walks

The hitting time of a classical random walk (Markov chain) is the time required to detect the presence of—or equivalently, to find—a marked state. The hitting time of a quantum walk is subtler to define; in particular, it is unknown whether the detection and finding problems have the same time complexity. In this paper we define new Monte Carlo type classical and quantum hitting times, and we prove several relationships among these and the already existing Las Vegas type definitions. In particular, we show that for some marked state the two types of hitting time are of the same order in both the classical and the quantum case. Then, we present new quantum algorithms for the detection and finding problems. The complexities of both algorithms are related to the new, potentially smaller, quantum hitting times. The detection algorithm is based on phase estimation and is particularly simple. The finding algorithm combines a similar phase estimation based procedure with ideas of Tulsi from his recent theorem (Tulsi A.: Phys. Rev. A 78:012310 2008) for the 2D grid. Extending his result, we show that we can find a unique marked element with constant probability and with the same complexity as detection for a large class of quantum walks—the quantum analogue of state-transitive reversible ergodic Markov chains. Further, we prove that for any reversible ergodic Markov chain P, the quantum hitting time of the quantum analogue of P has the same order as the square root of the classical hitting time of P. We also investigate the (im)possibility of achieving a gap greater than quadratic using an alternative quantum walk. In doing so, we define a notion of reversibility for a broad class of quantum walks and show how to derive from any such quantum walk a classical analogue. For the special case of quantum walks built on reflections, we show that the hitting time of the classical analogue is exactly the square of the quantum walk.     

Hitting time of quantum walks with perturbation

The hitting time is the required minimum time for a Markov chain-based walk (classical or quantum) to reach a target state in the state space. We investigate the effect of the perturbation on the hitting time of a quantum walk. We obtain an upper bound for the perturbed quantum walk hitting time by applying Szegedy’s work and the perturbation bounds with Weyl’s perturbation theorem on classical matrix. Based on the definition of quantum hitting time given in MNRS algorithm, we further compute the delayed perturbed hitting time and delayed perturbed quantum hitting time (DPQHT). We show that the upper bound for DPQHT is bounded from above by the difference between the square root of the upper bound for a perturbed random walk and the square root of the lower bound for a random walk.     

基于量子漫步的图形匹配算法进展与展望

图形匹配是图形研究中的重要问题,目前的经典算法受限于存储资源和计算复杂度,未能提供有效的解决方法.基于量子效应,将图形信息存储于量子比特,不仅能够极大减少存储资源的消耗,而且对量子比特进行操作可实现对存储信息的并行计算,从而为有效解决图形匹配问题提供了新的可能.量子漫步作为量子计算中的重要模型,是分析研究图形问题的有效工具.总结了量子计算的特点,介绍了量子漫步的2种模型并对二者进行了比较.然后对目前已有的基于量子漫步的图形匹配算法进行了介绍,对其算法思想、计算过程和优缺点进行了描述,同时还提出了相应的改进思路.在总结分析目前研究存在问题的基础上,探讨了今后的研究方向.     

Controllability of quantum walks on graphs

In this paper, we consider discrete time quantum walks on graphs with coin, focusing on the decentralized model, where the coin operation is allowed to change with the vertex of the graph. When the coin operations can be modified at every time step, these systems can be looked at as control systems and techniques of geometric control theory can be applied. In particular, the set of states that one can achieve can be described by studying controllability. Extending previous results, we give a characterization of the set of reachable states in terms of an appropriate Lie algebra. Controllability is verified when any unitary operation between two states can be implemented as a result of the evolution of the quantum walk. We prove general results and criteria relating controllability to the combinatorial and topological properties of the walk. In particular, controllability is verified if and only if the underlying graph is not a bipartite graph and therefore it depends only on the graph and not on the particular quantum walk defined on it. We also provide explicit algorithms for control and quantify the number of steps needed for an arbitrary state transfer. The results of the paper are of interest in quantum information theory where quantum walks are used and analyzed in the development of quantum algorithms.     

基于连续时间量子游走的链路预测方法研究*

链路预测是复杂网络研究的基础问题之一。目前研究者们已经提出了许多链路预测的方法,其中大量的链路预测方法是基于经典随机游走。量子游走是经典随机游走的量子模拟。大量研究表明,在诸如图匹配、搜索等很多领域,基于量子游走的量子算法的性能远优于其对应的经典随机游走算法。但目前关于基于量子游走的链路预测算法几乎没有研究报道。本文提出了一种基于连续时间量子游走的链路预测方法。实验结果表明,连续时间量子游走链路预测结果的AUC值和经典随机游走的结果非常接近。而在Precision和Recall指标上,远优于经典随机游走的链路预测结果。     

Drift conditions for estimating the first hitting times of evolutionary algorithms

For the global optimization problems with continuous variables, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are often used to find the approximate solutions. The number of generations for an EA to find the approximate solutions, called the first hitting time, is an important index to measure the performance of the EA. However, calculating the first hitting time is still difficult in theory. This paper proposes some new drift conditions that are used to estimate the upper bound of the first hitting times of EAs for finding the approximate solutions. Two case studies are given to show how to apply these conditions to estimate the first hitting times.     

Exceptional quantum walk search on the cycle

Quantum walks are standard tools for searching graphs for marked vertices, and they often yield quadratic speedups over a classical random walk’s hitting time. In some exceptional cases, however, the system only evolves by sign flips, staying in a uniform probability distribution for all time. We prove that the one-dimensional periodic lattice or cycle with any arrangement of marked vertices is such an exceptional configuration. Using this discovery, we construct a search problem where the quantum walk’s random sampling yields an arbitrary speedup in query complexity over the classical random walk’s hitting time. In this context, however, the mixing time to prepare the initial uniform state is a more suitable comparison than the hitting time, and then, the speedup is roughly quadratic.     

Perfect state transfer by means of discrete-time quantum walk on complete bipartite graphs

We consider a quantum walk with two marked vertices, sender and receiver, and analyze its application to perfect state transfer on complete bipartite graphs. First, the situation with both the sender and the receiver vertex in the same part of the graph is considered. We show that in this case the dynamics of the quantum walk is independent of the size of the second part and reduces to the one for the star graph where perfect state transfer is achieved. Second, we consider the situation where the sender and the receiver vertex are in the opposite parts of the graph. In such a case, the state transfer with unit fidelity is achieved only when the parts have the same size.     

两阶段量子行走算法在社区检测中的应用

已有基于量子行走的社区检测算法存在计算开销过大或对时间参数过于敏感的问题。针对此问题,提出两阶段量子行走（two-stage quantum walk,TSQW）算法。TSQW算法第一阶段为无测量量子行走,此阶段融合节点的邻域拓扑信息将节点表达为向量,第二阶段利用K-means方法聚类上一阶段得到的节点向量以划分网络社区。通过仿真网络和空手道俱乐部网络的验证,该算法能够准确地检测网络社区结构。进一步,提出TSQW的扩展（TSQW-E）算法,该算法依据节点的社区信息增加或删除原始网络的连边并实现社区隐藏。根据互信息指标和调整兰德系数下的实验表现,TSQW-E算法使已有社区检测算法的平均识别精度分别下降0.491和0.58,对网络社区结构的破坏效果最好。     

Equivalence of Szegedy’s and coined quantum walks

Szegedy’s quantum walk is a quantization of a classical random walk or Markov chain, where the walk occurs on the edges of the bipartite double cover of the original graph. To search, one can simply quantize a Markov chain with absorbing vertices. Recently, Santos proposed two alternative search algorithms that instead utilize the sign-flip oracle in Grover’s algorithm rather than absorbing vertices. In this paper, we show that these two algorithms are exactly equivalent to two algorithms involving coined quantum walks, which are walks on the vertices of the original graph with an internal degree of freedom. The first scheme is equivalent to a coined quantum walk with one walk step per query of Grover’s oracle, and the second is equivalent to a coined quantum walk with two walk steps per query of Grover’s oracle. These equivalences lie outside the previously known equivalence of Szegedy’s quantum walk with absorbing vertices and the coined quantum walk with the negative identity operator as the coin for marked vertices, whose precise relationships we also investigate.