侧风作用下静动态车-桥系统气动特性数值模拟研究

我国现阶段正处于轨道交通建设的高峰时期,线路中桥梁占有相当大的比重,车辆在桥梁上运行时构成车-桥系统共同承受侧向风的作用,车辆和桥梁间存在着显著的相互气动影响。基于数值模拟方法,对侧向风作用下车-桥体系的空气绕流场进行静动态模拟分析,将静态数值模拟气动力系数与风洞试验结果进行对比,基于动态气动统流特性,提出将桥面上方流场分为6个特征区域,并进一步分析风速和车速对车-桥系统气动特性的影响。分析表明,体系绕流状态具有三维特性,气动力随着车速和风速变化显著。研究结论对车-桥系统绕流及静动态气动荷载的确定具有一定的参考价值。     

基于风-车-桥(线)耦合振动的风屏障防风效果研究

为考察风屏障的防风效果,通过风洞试验测试平地路基、高路堤、桥梁三种典型线路上设置不同风屏障情况下车辆的气动力系数,采用风-车-桥(线)耦合振动的分析方法研究车辆的动态响应,讨论风屏障高度、车辆线路位置及线路构造形式等因素的影响。结果表明,风屏障可有效地降低强风作用下车辆的响应,平地路基上设置2.05m风屏障时,车辆运行的瞬时临界风速可达50m/s;车辆的轮重减载率、倾覆系数及竖向加速度对车辆线路位置较为敏感;线路构造形式对背风侧车辆响应影响较大,风屏障高度相同时,高路堤上的防风效果较好。     

风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动研究

为了考虑侧风引起的车轮相对于桥面的侧向相对滑动,在车轮与桥面之间引入了一个特殊阻尼器,这个阻尼器的阻尼系数依赖于车辆与桥梁的竖向耦合运动。在综合考虑路面粗糙度、车辆悬挂系统以及车轮相对于桥面侧向相对滑动的基础上,提出能够考虑桥梁的静风响应、抖振响应、汽车-桥梁耦合振动、系统的时变特性以及结构几何非线性和气动荷载非线性影响的风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动分析模型,编制了相应的分析程序。该程序既可以预测不同路面粗糙度,车速以及干、湿、雪、冰路面状况下行驶于桥梁上车辆的行车安全性,也可以评价低风速下车辆驾驶舒适度以及侧风和车辆移动荷载对桥梁振动的影响。     

对数律和指数律风剖面的差异分析及其对桥梁抗风性能评价的影响

现有的公路桥梁抗风设计采用指数律风速剖面来计算各个基准高度的平均风速,然而气象学实践和一些国家规范中早已采用对数律风速剖面,两种风速剖面在不同高度处的平均风速差异及其对桥梁抗风的影响应当值得关注。对比了不同地表粗糙类型下对数律模型和指数律模型在不同高度处的风速差异,并采用ANSYS有限元软件计算了实桥在风荷载下的位移和桥塔弯矩差异。结果表明,在地表粗糙度较大和离地高度较大时,对数律和指数律模型的风速差异较为明显,风荷载的差异对桥梁内力和位移造成的影响不可忽略。有必要进一步研究这两种风速剖面模型在高空处的准确性,以更好地指导桥梁的抗风设计。     

千米级公铁两用跨海斜拉桥桁梁断面形式研究

某跨海工程主航道孔跨为(140+420+1080+406+140)+(126+224+700+224+126)m,桥址区域风环境恶劣,科学合理的选择主梁断面形式是桥梁设计的关键。针对双线铁路及六车道高速公路公铁分层合建桥梁上层桥面宽、下层桥面窄的结构特点,在总结国内外既有桁梁断面的基础上,对千米级跨海斜拉桥的桁梁截面形式、主桁宽度、主桁高度、主桁节间长度及其静动力特性进行了研究。推荐采用倒梯形桁梁断面,采用N形桁,横向桁间距15 m,桁高13.5 m,节间距14 m,上层公路桥面采用正交异性板桥面,下层铁路桥面采用整体钢箱,并提出了后期安全质量管理要求。该主梁断面受力合理,抗风性能好,且具有较好的经济性。     

地震作用下高速铁路车-轨-桥系统安全研究进展

桥梁占线比高、列车运行密度大及地震带分布范围广,使得我国高速铁路桥梁面临巨大的潜在地震威胁。目前地震下的高速铁路桥梁及桥上行车安全相关规定不够详细具体,地震下安全防控尚未将列车、轨道、桥梁作为一个大系统进行安全设防,亟待开展系统研究保障地震下高速铁路桥梁结构及桥上行车安全。针对高速铁路轨道 桥梁系统结构特性,首先介绍地震作用下高速铁路轨道 桥梁系统破坏特征和损伤机理研究现状,然后从震后高速铁路桥上轨道不平顺状态劣化机理、地震作用下高速铁路列车 轨道 桥梁系统动力分析、地震作用后桥上行车安全分析及基于性能的高速铁路桥梁抗震设计方法等几个方面阐述现有研究进展及现有研究的不足,最后针对地震下高速铁路列车 轨道 桥梁系统多状态多水准多防线安全防控急需开展系统研究的问题进行展望。     

大跨度公铁两用斜拉桥公路桥面铺装层受力特点分析

为研究适合于大跨度公铁两用斜拉桥的公路桥面铺装复合结构及其控制荷位和力学指标,以武汉天兴洲大桥为例,采用有限元方法,首先建立整桥结构三维模型,计算列车荷载作用下的公路桥面力学响应,然后截取最不利梁段建立公铁两用斜拉桥公路桥面铺装复合结构模型,并以列车荷载作用下的整桥计算结果等效为复合结构模型强制位移边界条件,最后计算公路车辆荷载作用下的铺装结构力学响应,得到铺装层的控制荷载和力学指标。分析表明,考虑列车荷载作用后,公路车辆荷载中心位于纵向加劲肋一端正上方位置为公路铺装体系的横向控制荷位;考虑列车荷载作用后的铺装层最大横向拉应力峰值比不考虑列车荷载时增加了18%,给公路桥面铺装层纵向裂缝的控制、结构设计和材料试验提出更高的要求。     

快速预测大跨度桥梁颤振临界风速的CFD-AM-CSD方法

提出一种基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)计算和系统识别建立气动模型(aerodynamic model,简称AM),基于气动模型仿真和CSD(computational structural dynamics)耦合计算,快速预测大跨度桥梁颤振临界风速的CFD-AM-CSD方法。该方法先将桥梁在风作用下的流场处理成一个气动力系统,通过实现一种基于广谱激励强迫桥梁断面运动的CFD计算,并通过给定的桥梁运动位移和计算得到的气动力,基于系统识别获得桥梁主梁的气动力模型。然后将大跨度桥梁结构系统和主梁气动力系统组成AM-CSD气动弹性耦合系统,考察桥梁在初始位移激励条件和不同的来流风速下,耦合系统的位移和气动力响应之时域和频域特征,并最终预测大跨度桥梁的颤振临界风速。以主跨888m的虎门大桥为例,给出大桥的颤振临界风速和颤振形态,通过与风洞试验的对比,验证方法的可行性和高效性。     

双车交会过程的风-车-桥耦合振动研究

侧向风作用下,双车交会过程中车辆和桥梁的风荷载会发生突变。以大跨度悬索桥为工程背景,通过车桥组合节段模型风洞试验,测试不同状态车辆和桥梁各自的气动力系数。针对强风作用下双车交会过程,通过风-车-桥耦合振动分析,对比分析双车交会情况下车辆和桥梁的响应,讨论双车间距、风速、车速等因素的影响。研究表明双车交会时背风侧车辆风荷载突变使车辆的横向响应显著增大。     

基于实测数据的台风边界层风速剖面特征研究

目前规范中对台风影响区建筑物的抗风设计采用类比非气旋风场的方式来进行,然而大量实测结果表明台风剖面与非气旋风场风剖面存在较大差异,风剖面的影响因素和变化规律目前仍不明确。为清晰地了解台风的剖面特征及其规律,基于多个台风的实测剖面数据,以下垫面类型、台风结构分区和风速大小三类控制指标对数据进行分类,对各个类别的风剖面数据进行对比分析。研究表明：台风剖面中的近地急流层与下垫面类型、台风结构分区和风速均有关,即A、B类场地、较大风速和台风后眼壁区更易出现近地急流层;台风风剖面的梯度风高度与下垫面类型和平均风速存在着一定关系,A、B类场地的梯度风高度由台风中心向外呈增大趋势,C类场地下的梯度风高度从台风中心向外呈先减小后增大趋势。     

Experimental study of aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges

The aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges with large span were investigated in detail by means of wind tunnel test. The distances between the twin decks and wind attack angles were changed during the wind tunnel test to study the effects on aerodynamic interferences of aerostatic coefficients of twin decks. The research results have shown that the drag coefficients of the leeward deck are much smaller than that of a single leeward deck. The drag coefficients of a windward deck decrease slightly compared with that of a single deck. The lift and torque coefficients of windward and leeward decks are also affected slightly by the aerodynamic interference of twin decks. And the aerodynamic interference effects on lift and torque coefficients of twin decks can be neglected.     

Experimental study of aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges

The aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges with large span were investigated in detail by means of wind tunnel test. The distances between the twin decks and wind attack angles were changed during the wind tunnel test to study the effects on aerodynamic interferences of aerostatic coefficients of twin decks. The research results have shown that the drag coefficients of the leeward deck are much smaller than that of a single leeward deck. The drag coefficients of a windward deck decrease slightly compared with that of a single deck. The lift and torque coefficients of windward and leeward decks are also affected slightly by the aerodynamic interference of twin decks. And the aerodynamic interference effects on lift and torque coefficients of twin decks can be neglected. __________ Translated from Journal of Hunan University (Natural Science), 2008, 35(1): 16–20 [译自: 湖南大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Dynamics of wind-rail vehicle-bridge systems

An analytical model for dynamics of wind-vehicle-bridge (WVB) systems is presented in this paper in the time domain with wind, rail vehicles and bridge modeled as a coupled vibration system. The analytical model considers many special issues in a WVB system, which include fluid-solid interaction between wind and bridge, solid contact between vehicles and bridge, stochastic wind excitation on vehicles and bridge, time dependence of the system due to vehicle movement, and effect of bridge deck on vehicle wind load and vice versa. The models of wind, vehicles and bridge are presented with wind velocity fluctuations simulated using the simplified spectral representation method, with vehicles modeled as mass-spring-damper systems, and with bridge represented by a finite element model. The interactions between wind and bridge are similar to those considered in conventional buffeting analysis for long span bridges. In considering difficulties in measuring aerodynamic coefficients of moving vehicles on bridge deck, the cosine rule is adopted for the aerodynamic coefficients of moving vehicles to consider yaw angle effect, and expressions of wind forces on moving vehicles are then derived for engineering application. To include mutual effects of wind loads, aerodynamic parameters of vehicles and bridge deck are measured, respectively, using a composite section model test and a specially designed test device. The dynamic interaction between vehicle and bridge depends on both geometric and mechanical relationships between wheels of vehicles and rails on the bridge deck. The equations of motion of the coupled WVB system are derived and solved with a nonlinear iterative procedure. A cable-stayed bridge in China is finally selected as a numerical example to demonstrate dynamic interaction of the WVB system. The results show the validity of the present model as well as wind effects on the rail vehicles and the bridge.     

上海长江大桥风-轨道车辆-桥耦合振动及抗风行车准则研究

为确定上海长江大桥轨道交通车辆的抗风行车准则,将风、车、桥三者视为一个交互作用、协调工作的耦合动力系统,通过风洞试验测定主梁及车辆的气动参数,采用自主研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS进行风-车-桥耦合动力分析计算。计算结果表明:桥梁和车辆的响应随风速的增大而增大,风荷载对行车的安全性和舒适性有很大影响。当风速小于20m/s时,车辆可按设计车速90km/h运行;当风速在20～30m/s之间时,车速不应大于60km/h;当风速超过30m/s时,应封闭轨道交通。     

主梁断面形状对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

确定车辆和桥梁各自的气动参数是车-桥耦合振动分析的基础。为研究主梁断面形状对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响,利用自制的三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,针对8种分离式双箱主梁断面进行多工况模型风洞试验。通过对不同模型及工况试验结果的对比,讨论不同主梁断面形状下车-桥系统的雷诺数效应,得出不同行车位置处车辆和桥梁各自气动参数随主梁宽高比的变化规律以及其阻力系数的取值方法,为后续抗风设计及风-车-桥耦合振动研究提供参考。     

State-of-the-art of long-span bridge engineering in China

This paper introduces the state-of-the-art of longspan bridge engineering in China with emphases on recent long-span bridge projects, bridge deck configuration and material, design codes of long-span bridges and improvement of aerodynamic performance. The recent long-span bridge projects include thirty-eight completed suspension bridges, cable-stayed and arch bridges with a main span over 400 m, and eighteen major bridges are under construction. The bridge deck configuration and material, with prestressed concrete decks, steel-concrete composite decks and steel box decks together with several popular cross-sections, are presented. The third part briefly outlines four design codes, including static and dynamic design for highway long-span bridges, and the recent engineering experiences gained from several aerodynamic vibration control projects of long-span bridges are shared in the last part.     

车辆火灾下大跨径悬索桥抗火性能研究

为了研究不同车辆火灾规模下大跨径双层悬索桥的抗火性能,以主跨2 180 m的特大跨径双层悬索桥为研究对象,首先利用火灾动力学软件FDS建立悬索桥热分析模型,研究不同火源功率、火源位置、环境风向等因素对双层悬索桥的温度分布规律的影响,得到悬索桥关键构件温度-时间关系曲线。然后,利用有限元软件ABAQUS开展双层悬索桥热-力耦合数值仿真分析,选取高温下钢材及高强钢丝热工参数,研究悬索桥吊杆、加劲梁、桥面板的高温力学性能时变特征,对比不同环境风速、桁架高度、火源特性及位置等工况下双层悬索桥结构应力、变形及构件损伤行为,确定特大跨径双层悬索桥抗火关键部位及其耐火需求。最后,基于数值模拟结果,初步提出了双层悬索桥结构防火设计建议。结果表明：受火桥段的应力发展及失效位置与火源位置、功率及环境风向密切相关。当车辆起火位置位于桥梁下层时,由于桥面铺装隔热作用,下层结构受火灾影响较小。而热气流致使上部结构温度明显高于下部,火源附近的上层纵横梁、桥面板和吊杆等构件温度快速上升。由于钢材热膨胀效应,导致构件快速升温膨胀,膨胀时受到周围杆件的限制,导致压应力逐步增加。（1）火源位置：当火源位于横桥向中间车道,高应力区域集中在非机动车道上层纵横梁及桥面板。当火源位于横桥向非机动车道时,火源附近的上层桥面板发生强度破坏。（2）火源功率：随着火源功率增加,火场对桥梁高温影响效应增强,关键构件温度均逐渐增大,高温影响范围变大。火源功率为30 MW,在6 000 s内未发生强度破坏;火源功率为100 MW,其耐火时间为653 s;火源功率为200 MW,其耐火时间为413 s。可以看出,随着火源功率增大,桥梁结构耐火时间显著降低,最大降低可达93.11%。（3）环境风向：当火源位于横桥向应急车道,在外向风作用下,与两侧桁架相连的上层桥面板发生强度破坏;在内向风作用下,非机动车道附近的上层桥面板发生强度破坏。在内向风作用下受火桥段耐火时间为528 s,与外向风工况下相比,其耐火时间增加了3.0%。针对车辆火灾下大跨径双层悬索桥,应根据受火结构危险性进行抗火等级划分,并按等级进行分级抗火防护设计。     

Aerodynamic interference effects and mitigation measures on vortex-induced vibrations of two adjacent cable-stayed bridges

By examining the two neighboring Haihe Bridges with semi- and full-closed bridge decks, the aerodynamic interference between the two decks on the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and the corresponding aerodynamic mitigation measures are investigated via a series of wind tunnel tests with a spring-suspended sectional model aided with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The results show that the VIV responses of both bridges can be significantly affected by the aerodynamic interference and that the extent of the influence varies with the shapes of the windward and leeward decks. The VIV amplitudes of the windward bridge are often fairly close to those of the single bridge. However, those of the leeward bridge are magnified substantially by aerodynamic interference if the same structural and aerodynamic configurations are adopted for the two bridges. Otherwise, the VIV responses are not significantly increased and may even be reduced by the aerodynamic interference if different configurations are employed for the two bridges. Furthermore, an effective combined measure of adding wind barriers and sharpening the wind fairing noses of the two box decks is presented for mitigating both the vertical and torsional VIV responses of the windward and leeward bridges.