多时相影像福州市不透水面对城市地表温度的空间分布研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市热力场也随之发生变化,从而影响着城市区域环境、社会经济以及社会环境。由于NDVI具有季相变化的不稳定性,本研究采用两个时相TM/ETM+影像分析福州市及其周边地区不透水面对热力场的时空分布变化状况。为了获取精确的城市不透水面信息,本实验采用NDVI二元法结合2000年同区域的IKONOS影像提取不透水面信息。通过定量分析不透水面百分比、NDVI与地表温度的关系,得出不透水面百分比与城市地表温度呈线性相关,其相关系数在0.7左右;尤其30%以上的不透水面对地表热环境的空间分布影响最为突出,因此,相对于不稳定的NDVI而言,不透水面信息能更好地反映城市热环境的空间分布状况。     

基于遥感数据的城市地表温度与土地覆盖定量研究

利用Landsat TM数据,以徐州市为研究区,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,通过混合像元分解和V-I-S(植被—不透水面层—土壤)模型将土地覆盖类型分解为对城市热环境具有重要影响的植被、土壤、不透水面层3个分量,最后利用得到的3种地物比例、直接分类后的土地覆盖类型和地表温度对研究区城市热岛的空间分布特征、地表温度与土地覆盖类型以及各种影响因子之间的关系进行定量研究。研究成果能够有效地应用于城市人居环境研究和生态环境过程分析中。     

杭州市城市空间扩展及其热环境变化

通过Landsat卫星影像分别获取了杭州市1989、2000和2010年的城市空间扩张、地表温度及作为主要地表参数的建筑用地和植被的信息,用以研究杭州市城市扩展及其城市热环境变化。结果表明:在21 a间,杭州市建成区范围有了大幅扩展,且城市热岛区域的空间变化与建成区的空间扩展变化基本一致。研究还发现杭州市区的特高温区面积比例在逐渐减小,城市热岛比例指数(URI)从0.78降至0.71,表明城市热岛效应有一定缓解。建筑用地比例的减小与建筑用地密度的下降是城市热岛得以缓解的主要原因。定量分析表明建筑用地的升温效应要强于植被的降温效应。总的看来,杭州市的城市热岛效应现象在整个研究时段内虽有一定的改善,但仍一直处于较强烈的状态。     

基于LightGBM和多光谱—SAR多特征综合的中亚干旱区城市不透水面提取

不透水面是评价城市化水平和城市生态环境的重要指标,是近年来城市遥感研究中的热点方向之一。与湿润、半湿润区相比,干旱区城市植被覆盖度较低,不透水面与裸土、荒漠之间相似的光谱特征导致传统基于光学影像的亚像元分解法与光谱指数法在干旱区不透水面提取的适用性降低。针对该问题,提出一种多光谱与合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像多特征综合的方法以增大不透水面与其他地物覆盖类型之间的特征差异,从而提取干旱区城市不透水面。以阿斯塔纳、塔什干和杜尚别3个中亚城市为研究区,哨兵2号和哨兵1号影像为数据源,通过LightGBM算法对多光谱和SAR图像的空间特征、SAR的极化特征进行分类并提取不透水面。研究对比了不同特征组合以及不同分类方法的不透水面提取结果,实验结果表明：多光谱与SAR影像多特征综合的方法能有效提高干旱区不透水面提取精度,明显改善干旱区其他土地覆盖类型错分为不透水面的问题;LightGBM算法与XGBoost、HistGBT等基于梯度提升决策树的算法和随机森林等方法相比能获取更高的精度,更适用于干旱区不透水面提取。这表明基于LightGBM以及多光谱和SAR多特征联合的方法能够有效提取中亚干旱区城市不...     

利用长时序流域不透水面数据集探索城市增长模式——以秦淮河流域为例

南京作为秦淮河下游的中心城市,在快速城镇化进程中面临着下垫面条件急剧变化带来的生态环境效应。不透水面作为衡量区域城镇化发展状况的关键指标,搭建了城市开发与环境质量的桥梁,可为当前空间治理与统筹城乡发展提供新的研究视角。在我国海绵城市建设背景下,以南京所在的秦淮河流域为研究区,通过半自动决策树分类模型从1988～2017年9景卫星影像提取流域基础不透水面数据集,利用多重滤波器构建连续变化的不透水地表,采用扩展强度指数和景观扩展指数定量分析30 a秦淮河流域不透水面时空扩展特征与城镇增长模式,揭示流域内城市发展轨迹及其成因。研究结果初步表明：(1)流域城镇化进程十分迅速。不透水面占比从1988年的3.09%增至2017年的26.49%,特别是2006年以来不透水面处于快速扩展期;(2)流域内不同城市的不透水面扩展进程差异明显。初期集中在南京城区和江宁城区,进入21世纪后则以江宁区、溧水区和句容市为主;(3)“多核扩展”和“点—轴扩展”是秦淮河流域城镇形态组建和增长的主要模式。初期以城区边缘式扩张为主,后期逐渐转向填充式增长,城镇一体化水平不断提升;(4)流域不透水面扩展是自然环境、经济发展...     

利用植被覆盖度-地表温度特征空间提取厦门市土壤湿度信息

土壤湿度是水文学、气象学以及农业科学研究领域的一个重要参数。利用1989年和1996年两个时相Landsat TM遥感卫星影像来获取厦门的植被覆盖度和地表温度,并由此构建了植被覆盖度和地表温度组成的特征空间,最后利用该特征空间反演了土壤湿度,并分析湿度在两个时相中的变化情况。结果显示,在所研究的时间段内,厦门西南老城区的湿度得到增加。但是在东北部城市建成区扩展的地区,土壤湿度则明显降低。     

融合WorldView-2与机载激光雷达数据估算城市不透水面

针对高空间分辨率遥感影像进行城市不透水面提取时存在的同物异谱、异物同谱及阴影等局限性,提出一种基于WorldView-2高分影像与机载激光雷达数据融合的分层分类估算城市不透水面的方法。该方法首先运用基于雾霾与比值(haze-and-ratio-based,HR)的融合算法对WorldView-2多光谱波段与全色波段进行数据融合;然后依据LiDAR归一化数字表面模型(normalization digital surface model,nDSM)高度阈值分为地面物体与非地面物体,运用像元尺度上分层支持向量机分类算法进行城市不透水面百分比估算;最后结合特征阈值和GIS空间分析法探测阴影区域不透水面。研究结果表明,与传统的高分影像提取城市不透水面方法相比,该方法可以明显改善材质复杂的建筑物屋顶提取不完整,以及高亮裸土与高反照度屋顶相互混淆的现象,并通过阴影校正可以较好地区分阴影区域的植被与不透水面信息,进而提高城市不透水面估算精度。     

协同Sentinel合成孔径雷达和光学影像多特征的不透水面随机森林提取方法

不透水面的精确提取对区域人口密度估计、环境评估、灾害预测、水文模型构建、城市热岛效应研究以及气候变化分析等具有重要意义。传统大尺度不透水面提取方法主要受限于遥感数据质量和提取特征的选择，提取的不透水面空间分辨率较低，难以满足现阶段不透水面的精细化需求。以Sentinel-1 SAR和Sentinel-2 MSI为遥感数据源，从光谱、纹理、时序等3个维度选取不透水面的多个提取特征，构建了基于随机森林的不透水面提取模型，并利用GEE平台开展了2020年长三角地区的10 m空间分辨率不透水面提取实验。结果表明：在不同类型实验区，与仅用光谱特征、光谱特征和时序特征相比，该方法的总体精度、Kappa系数分别提升5%、9%和2%、6%，且针对不透水面覆盖水平不同的各类城市，均具有较好的提取效果；长三角地区全域尺度不透水面提取的总体精度和Kappa系数分别达93.75%和0.88，不透水面面积为61 591.38 km²，占全域总面积的比例约为17%，主要分布在长三角的东部区域，西、北部不透水面占比较低且呈放射性分布。该方法针对10 m分辨率遥感影像提出的，适用于山区、乡村、城...     

通过不透水面聚集密度法提取城市建成区

针对已有基于不透水面提取城市建成区的方法无法保证建成区连续性的问题,提出了一种基于对象不透水面聚集密度的城市建成区提取方法。该方法计算了不透水面聚集密度并进行分级,提取聚集程度高的区域为输入对象,并将被建成区完全包围的绿地水体也包含在内;利用长时序遥感影像建成区提取结果,使用城市空间形态扩展指标对济南市1997—2017年城市时空演化特征进行分析。结果表明,该方法提取精度达到93.5%,能准确刻画出城市形态,保持建成区的完整性;1997—2017年间,济南市建成区面积不断扩张,扩张速度与强度分别达到10.48km~2/a、0.32%,呈现带状轴向扩展模式;1997—2013年,建成区扩展的不规则程度在逐年减少,2013年以后建成区形状变得复杂。     

近70 a天津主城区城市土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测与时空分析

城市扩展和城市土地不同地表覆盖组合对城市生态系统服务和人居环境质量产生重要的影响。基于历史地图、遥感图像和城市规划图等多源数据通过人工数字化解译、大数据运算和混合像元分解相结合的方法发展了城市地表覆盖/土地利用数据集,从而获取了天津城市1949～2018年不同时段城市扩展过程,实现了其内部结构城市不透水面和绿地空间像元组分的遥感制图,综合分析了1949年以来天津主城区城市阶段扩展速度、扩展强度及城市不透水面和绿地空间地表覆盖类型的时空变化特征,进而揭示了社会经济因素和政策因素对其影响。研究结果表明:天津主城区城市土地面积从1949年的49.15 km~2增长到了2015年的663.39 km~2。从时间变化来看,城市扩展经历了"加速—减速—加速—减速"4个阶段;城市扩展的方式呈现以主城区填充式、沿比邻交通干线的乡镇,呈现带状扩展规律;扩展伴随城市建成区内部绿地空间比率呈现增加的趋势,表明天津主城区城市生态绿化水平总体呈现提升的状况。     

Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery

This paper compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent impervious surface as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (%ISA), and the NDVI. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to estimate the LST from four different seasons for the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area. A map of percent impervious surface with a standard error of 7.95% was generated using a normalized spectral mixture analysis of July 2002 Landsat TM imagery. Our analysis indicates there is a strong linear relationship between LST and percent impervious surface for all seasons, whereas the relationship between LST and NDVI is much less strong and varies by season. This result suggests percent impervious surface provides a complementary metric to the traditionally applied NDVI for analyzing LST quantitatively over the seasons for surface urban heat island studies using thermal infrared remote sensing in an urbanized environment.     

城市不透水面及其与城市热岛的关系研究-以泉州市区为例

利用Landsat TM卫星影像提取了泉州市1989到1996年的城市建成区不透水面,并研究了其与城市热岛之间的关系。根据Ridd(1995)提出的城市建成区不透水面与植被覆盖度有很强的负相关关系的思想,先利用归一化植被指数求出泉州市建成区的植被覆盖度,进而提取了泉州市建成区的不透水面。通过比较所提取的两个时相不透水面信息,可以看出泉州市区不透水面的面积在7年里有了明显的增加,并主要沿研究区东南部扩展。通过将所提取的不透水面信息与利用TM6波段反演的地表温度进行相关分析,可发现二者之间存在着明显的正相关关系。     

Analysis of Landscape Characteristics of Urban Heat /Sink Islandin Hangzhou based on ASTER Remote Sensing Imagery

Rapid urbanization has significant contributions to the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI).Analyzing the SUHI distribution and its impact factors using remote sensing data has received increasing attentions in the past decades,whereas few study has investigated that of the surface Urban Heat Sink Island (SUHI).The paper selects Hangzhou metropolis as a case study to explore SUHI/SUHS spatial patterns and its causes.We first retrieve the Land Surface Temperature (LST) using ASTER thermal infrared remote sensing imagery and extract the region of SUHI/SUHS using the Mean\|Standard deviation method.Landsat8 OLI data is used to classify land use and extract both impervious surface and vegetation information.After that,different landscape patterns within SUHI/SUHS area are analyzed and quantified by using several selected landscape index.The largest impact factors in SUHI/SUHS areas are identified.Finally,we analyze the spatial characteristics of LST using the spatial gradient analysis method,and reveal its relationship with vegetation and impervious surface.The results show that：(1) a large landscape pattern difference exists within SUHI/SUHS area;the impervious surface has the greatest impact on LST of the SUHI area,whereas the vegetation has more obviously cooling effect on LST of the SUHS area than the water body;(2) with the increasing distance from the city center,the same trend was found between the mean LST values and the impervious surface density (positive correlations),whereas the opposite trend between the mean LST values and the vegetation density (negative correlations).And the warming effect of impervious surface is greater than the cooling effect of vegetation in Hangzhou.     

Scaling of impervious surface area and vegetation as indicators to urban land surface temperature using satellite data

Vegetation and impervious surface as indicators of urban land surface temperature (LST) across a spatial resolution from 30 to 960 m were investigated in this study. Enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data were used to retrieve LST in Nanjing, China. A land cover map was generated using a decision tree method from IKONOS imagery. Taking the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent vegetation area (V) to present vegetated cover, and the normalized difference building index (NDBI) and percent impervious surface area (I) to present impervious surface, the correlation coefficients and linear regression models between the LST and the indicators were simulated. Comparison results indicated that vegetation had stronger correlation with the LST than the impervious surface at 30 and 60 m, a similar magnitude of correlation at 120 and 240 m, and a much lower correlation at 480 and 960 m. In total, the impervious surface area was a slightly better indicator to the LST than the vegetation because all of the correlation coefficients were relatively high (>0.5000) across the spatial resolution from 30 to 960 m. The indicators of LST, V and I are slightly better than the NDVI and NDBI, respectively, based on the correlation coefficients between the LST and the four indices. The strongest correlation of the LST and vegetation at the resolution of 120 m, and the strongest correlation between the LST and impervious surface at 120, 480 and 960 m, denoted the operational scales of LST variations.     

Application of a normalized difference impervious index (NDII) to extract urban impervious surface features based on Landsat TM images

The ecological conditions of urban areas have been deteriorating in some aspects due to population growth and increasing expansion, with significant effects on human health. Impervious surface areas are an important indicator of urban ecological environmental change, therefore quickly and accurately estimating impervious surface areas is essential to monitoring the urban dynamics of change and human activities and their effects on urban environmental quality. Currently, few methods that are applied in estimating urban impervious surfaces are capable of providing results quickly and accurately. Accordingly, this study proposes a new index, named the normalized difference impervious index (NDII), based on Landsat TM images, which uses the visible (red, green, and blue) and thermal bands. The index was used to extract the impervious surface areas of Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, China, and we assume that the average value of five times strict supervised classification is the true value of impervious surfaces. A combination of red and thermal bands extracted the impervious surfaces with a producer’s accuracy of 86.9%, a user’s accuracy of 84.6%, an overall accuracy of 91.4%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.8. The accuracy is 87.7% validated by high-resolution images. This method can rapidly extract urban impervious surface areas with promising accuracy.     

基于线性光谱混合分析的乌鲁木齐不透水层提取及其时空变化分析

利用Landsat TM、OLI多光谱卫星遥感数据,采用VIS（植被－不透水层－土壤）模型和线性光谱混合分析法对丝绸之路经济带核心区乌鲁木齐建城区及其周边进行丰度估算,并针对红色彩钢板屋顶在不透水层丰度图像上低亮度特点,进行改进处理,提高了不透水层丰度估算精度。研究结果表明：1994~2018年的24年间乌鲁木齐市不透水层呈现出显著扩展的特点,其面积从140.41 km²扩大到462.62 km²;扩展速率在1994~2005年间缓慢上升,2005年之后迅速上升;扩展强度先上升,2010~2015年达到最大,之后出现下降;同时,城市不透水层的空间扩展具有明显差异,向西和东北方向扩展最为显著。综合分析指出：乌鲁木齐城市不透水层的空间扩展受到周边山体地形和煤矿开采等因素的限制,而“乌昌一体化”政策是城市扩展的主要助力因素。     

Analyzing Temporal-spatial Change of Urumqi Impervious Surface using Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis

The method of linear spectral mixture analysis combined with V-I-S model(Vegetation-Imperious surface-Soil) is used to estimate the impervious surface abundance of Urumqi city, which is in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt, using Landsat OLI and TM multi-spectral data. Because the red color steel shed has low brightness on the impervious surface brightness image, an improvement was proposed, and then verify the accuracy through the interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery. The results show that: the impervious surface area in Urumqi displayed a significant expansion from 140.41 km² to 462.62 km² during past 24 years (1994 to 2018). It expanded slowly during 1994 to 2005, and increased rapidly since 2005. The expansion intensity increased during 1994~2015 and decreased after 2015; and the spatial expansion of urban impervious surface is significantly different, with the largest expansion area in the west and northeast direction. The comprehensive analyses suggested that the expansion of the impervious surface of Urumqi city is limited by the surrounding mountain topography and coal mining, and the “Urumqi-Changji integration” policy is the major driving factor for urban expansion in the past 24 years.     

一种不透水面精细制图新方法及其在城市SDGs指标评估上的应用

城市不透水面是城市化程度的重要指示器,也是城市环境的重要敏感因子。联合国提出的城市可持续发展SDG11.3.1指标——城市土地使用率与人口增长率之比（LCRPGR）需要有效监测土地城镇化与人口城镇化关系。针对其监测与评估中高分辨率和高精度城市用地产品缺失,以及低纬度地区城市可持续发展研究较少的问题。基于Google Earth Engine平台,提出一种多时相升降轨SAR与光学影像等多源数据融合的不透水面提取方法,提取了2015年和2018年10 m分辨率印度不透水面。根据人口格网界定城市范围,将范围内不透水面面积与城市人口进行耦合,用于指标计算。研究结果表明：①精度验证结果显示,两期产品总体精度（OA）高于91％,Kappa系数高于0.82,R²值分别为0.85和0.86,并与其他产品细节对比,证明了方法的有效性;②印度总体不透水面面积由2015年的47 499.35 km²增加到2018年的49 944.69 km²,城市平均LCRPGR为0.76,表明其城市人口城镇化大于土地城镇化,城市可持续发展面临挑战。结合空间分析,印度城市可持续发展水平存在南北差异、东西差异以及沿海与内陆的差异。     

Characterizing fractional vegetation cover and land surface temperature based on sub-pixel fractional impervious surfaces from Landsat TM/ETM+

Estimating the distribution of impervious surfaces and vegetation is important for analysing urban landscapes and their thermal environment. The application of a crisp classification of land-cover types to analyse urban landscape patterns and land surface temperature (LST) in detail presents a challenge, mainly due to the complex characteristics of urban landscapes. In this article, sub-pixel percentage impervious surface areas (ISAs) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) were extracted from bitemporal Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) data by linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA). Their accuracy was assessed with proportional area estimates of the impervious surface and vegetation extracted from high-resolution data. A range approach was used to classify percentage ISA into different categories by setting thresholds of fractional values and these were compared for their LST patterns. For each ISA category, FVC, LST, and percentage ISA were used to quantify the urban thermal characteristics of different developed areas in the city of Fuzhou, China. Urban LST scenarios in different seasons and ISA categories were simulated to analyse the seasonal variations and the impact of urban landscape pattern changes on the thermal environment. The results show that FVC and LST based on percentage ISA can be used to quantitatively analyse the process of urban expansion and its impacts on the spatial–temporal distribution patterns of the urban thermal environment. This analysis can support urban planning by providing knowledge on the climate adaptation potential of specific urban spatial patterns.