黑玉米挂面的研制

本试验采用复因素随机实验设计进行了黑玉米挂面的研制，结果表明，黑玉米与小麦精粉按3．5：6．5的比例混合，再加入7％的玉米淀粉磷酸酯，可制得质量较好的黑玉米挂面。     

黑小麦主食挂面加工技术的研究

以黑小麦面粉为主要原料，通过添加荞麦粉、黑米粉等，按传统挂面加工工艺和参数制作黑小麦挂面。试验结果表明：黑小麦挂面吸水率明显增大，较普通小麦挂面烹调时间延长，烹调损失较普通小麦挂面有所减少；在感官评价中，黑小麦挂面样品除了在色泽上比普通小麦挂面分略低外，其它指标分均比其略高。95％的黑小麦粉中添加5％的荞麦粉的挂面样品其表观状态、适口性、粘性和评价总分都最高，其光滑性也较好，而95％的黑小麦粉中添加5％的黑米粉的挂面样品其韧性、光滑性和食味却最好。另外，实验表明，90％的黑小麦粉中同时添加5％的荞麦粉和5％的黑米粉其各项指标几乎趋于中间。     

黑米挂面的研发

介绍了黑米挂面的制作。以高筋面粉、黑米粉为主要原料,采用正交试验确定最佳配比,制得的营养型黑米挂面品质优良、口感尚佳。黑米挂面的最佳配比为：黑米粉与小麦粉的比为1∶9,食盐1.5%,水30%,海藻酸钠的添加量为0.3%。     

空心挂面的开发

空心挂面系传统产品,初产于盛唐时期,作为江苏省泗洪著名特产之一的“泗洪空心挂面”,相传始于宋代,至今已有八百余年的历史。 沦海桑田,几百年过去了,空心面制作依然以手工操作为主,为了使我国的空心挂面制作有进一步的提高和发展,让更多的人了解空心挂面,我选择了泗洪空心挂面的生产作为研究对象,对空心挂面质量与原辅料,工艺之间关系进行试验研究与探讨,也衷心希望能对空心挂面生产厂家有所裨益。 1 空心挂面的主辅料     

寒冷季节气温与挂面酥条关系

从挂面生产工艺要求的角度，对在各生产工序中如何减少挂面生产在寒冷季节酥条进行了论述，并指出寒冷季节应借鉴自然干燥挂面的规律，适温适时干燥，并保持起好的通风。     

苜蓿挂面加工中的护绿研究

主要对苜蓿挂面加工过程中的护绿技术进行了研究，得出结论：环糊精含量对挂面绿色持久性有显著影响；环糊精和醋酸锌的协同作用能获得颜色稳定且附着力强的苜蓿挂面；当环糊精添加量10％。苜蓿汁添加量15％，锌盐添加量0．25％，pH值8．0时，所得到的苜蓿挂面绿色为最佳。     

挂面的研究现状及发展趋势

对挂面品种进行概括，并从原料加工改良、品质改良剂及生产工艺3方面对挂面品质改良研究进展进行综述，以期为挂面产业未来发展提供参考。     

豌豆粉在挂面生产中应用研究

通过复因素试验对豌豆粉在挂面生产中应用进行研究,结果表明:添加不同量豌豆粉和增筋剂对挂面品质均有明显影响;小麦粉、豌豆粉和增筋剂按100:4:0.4比例进行混合,可制得质量较好且营养价值高的营养型豌豆挂面。     

小麦淀粉磷酸酯在食品中的系列应用研究（一）：挂面与粉丝中的应用研究

本文对小麦淀粉磷酸酯在挂面、粉丝产品中的应用进行了研究，结果表明：小麦淀粉磷酸酯对挂面和粉丝产品的质量有较大的改进。     

黑米挂面的研制

通过正交试验研究了黑米挂面的制备工艺,得出其最佳工艺参数为黑米粉与小麦粉的配比为1：9,食盐添加量1．5％,水添加量30％,海藻酸钠的添加量为0．3％。在此外条件下可制得品质优良、口感尚佳的营养型黑米挂面。     

黑麦(裸麦)粉的营养保健功能及其开发应用

介绍了黑麦的国内外发展概况，黑麦的营养保健特点和功能成分，黑麦粉的加工特性，黑麦粉与小麦粉混合制作面包的加工工艺和注意事项。     

黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在食品中的应用研究

研究了黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在面条和面包中的应用。研究结果表明,黑小麦粉属于中等筋力的面粉,可适量地应用于面条和面包的生产中。     

Effect of Flour Extraction Rate and Baking on Thiamine and Riboflavin Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Traditional Rye Bread

ABSTRACT:  The effect of rye flour extraction rates and baking on thiamine and riboflavin content, and antioxidant capacity of traditional rye bread were studied and compared with white wheat flour. The content of thiamine was higher (10.9%) in rye dough formulated with dark rye flour (F-100%; extraction rate of 100%) than in rye dough formulated with brown rye flour (F-92%; extraction rate of 92%) that was similar to dough made with wheat flour. The riboflavin content in rye dough made from flour F-100% was also higher (16%) than in dough formulated with flour F-92%, and both provided larger riboflavin content than wheat dough. Baking led to reductions in thiamine of 56% for wheat bread and of 20% for both rye breads; however, this process caused only a 10% decrease in riboflavin for wheat bread and a 30% decrease for rye breads. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, peroxyl radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity were higher in rye than in wheat dough and bread. Baking process produced slight changes in antioxidant activity, except for Superoxide Dismutase-like activity where a sharp decrease was observed. Our findings showed that rye breads are an important source of B vitamins and rye breads formulated with dark and brown flours showed better antioxidant properties than wheat bread. Therefore, rye breads should be more widely recommended in human nutrition.     

黑麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖制备及其在面包生产中应用

该文采用黑麦粉,经过加热提取,乙醇沉淀后得到的黑麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖,作为功能性食品添加剂应用于面包生产中,探讨黑麦阿拉伯水溶性木聚糖对面包品质的影响。结果表明:面粉中添加黑麦阿拉伯水溶性木聚糖能改善面粉品质,增加面包体积;另外,因其具有较高的持水性,可减缓淀粉老化,延长面包货架期,提高面包品质。     

Effect of heat treatment of rye flour on rye‐wheat steamed bread quality

To study the effect of heat treatment on rye flour quality, rye flour was treated by steaming, high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) and extrusion and then the pasting properties of rye flour and rye‐wheat blend, the dough rheological and steamed bread (respectively, fermented by yeast and Chinese traditional starter – Laomian) making properties of rye‐wheat blend were investigated. All three kinds of heat treatment increased the viscosity of rye flour, with the peak viscosity value followed the order 1744 cP (by steaming) >823.5 cP (by HTHP) >669 cP (by extrusion) > 626.5 cP (untreated). Dough and gluten made from mRFh (HTHP‐treated rye flour and wheat flour blend) had higher storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), which contributed to better extensibility and deformation capability. Steamed bread fermented by Laomian (LSB) made by mRFh had larger specific volume (2.26 mL g^?1), lower hardness (3510.93 g) and higher sensory scores (82.63), comparable to the quality of control samples, indicating the feasibility of adding rye flour into wheat flour for healthy product development without compromising the taste and texture.     

Use of enzymes to elucidate the factors contributing to bitterness in rye flavour

In spite of the health-beneficial character of whole grain rye its use may be limited because of bitter taste. The impact of non-volatile chemical compounds on the bitter taste of rye was analysed by the aid of enzymatic hydrolysis, releasing potentially flavour-active compounds from the rye matrix. Whole grain rye flour–water suspension was treated with hydrolytic enzymes, whereafter portions of the rye suspensions were baked into crackers, assessed for their sensory profile as well as solubilised hydrolysis products. Heat treatment reduced the perceived bitterness. The treatment with enzyme preparation with high protease activity increased the bitterness of rye and also wheat flour both as suspension and as crackers. Other enzymes tested (with high polygalacturonase, endo-glucanase, xylanase or amyloglucosidase activity) had no significant impact on the perceived bitterness. Thus, small molecular weight peptides were considered to be a significant contributor to the bitter note of rye.     

Identity and overall acceptance of two types of sour rye bread

Response surface methodology was employed to study the influence of four recipe variables (wheat: rye flour ratio, bread acidity, ash content of rye flour and sodium chloride content) on the identity and overall acceptance of two rye bread types (soft and crisp rye bread). The subjects ( n = 79) rated attribute intensities, the extent to which the salient sensory properties and the overall sample corresponded to their expectations of rye bread, and the overall acceptance (pleasantness and purchase intentions). The acidity and ash content contributed the most to the extent to which a sample met subjects' expectations. The NaCl content was not critical. Consumer acceptance was affected by ash content, and by the interactions, NaCl content × acidity and wheat:rye ratio × ash content. The non-significance of NaCl content should encourage the baking industry to put low-salt rye products on the market.     

Influence of inulin modification and flour type on the sensory quality of prebiotic wafer crackers

An inulin syrup made from Jerusalem artichoke tubers, either in its commercial form or after ultrafiltration, was freeze-dried and used as a prebiotic ingredient in the small-scale manufacture of wafer crackers. The flours used for the preparation of wafer batters were from wheat, rye or spelt wheat, or 1:1 combinations of wheat flour and rye flour or wheat flour and spelt wheat flour. Batter viscosity was strongly influenced by the selection of the flour type, but remained within technologically acceptable limits. The ultrafiltration of the inulin syrup, using a 1 kDa membrane, resulted in a significant reduction of the content of free sugars and minerals which, in turn, had a significant impact on the CIE-Lab color values of the wafer crackers. Using spelt wheat flour instead of wheat flour significantly increased wafer cracker firmness measured by penetration, as did the incorporation of ultrafiltered freeze-dried instead of native freeze-dried Jerusalem artichoke syrup. Sensory analysis revealed a significant influence of product formulation on appearance, flavor and texture of the wafer crackers. It can be concluded from quality scores, which were calculated by using weighting factors assigned to the sensory attributes, that wheat flour may be partially replaced by rye flour or spelt wheat flour without negatively affecting the sensory properties of the wafer crackers.     

紫甘薯全粉-黑麦粉混粉理化特性及其对酥性饼干品质的影响

本研究以紫马铃薯和黑麦粉为原料,根据不同比例将紫薯粉与黑麦粉混合,对其溶剂保持率(SRC)、粉质特性、糊化特性和吹泡特性等进行研究,并分析了紫薯全粉对黑麦酥性饼干的质构、色差和风味等的影响。结果表明,紫薯粉中纤维素含量是黑麦粉的4.07倍,但蛋白质含量较低;紫薯粉的加入使得混合粉的SRC值上升,而面团的形成时间、稳定时间及糊化黏度降低;紫薯粉比例提高引起混合粉弱化度的降低,改善产品的贮藏特性,但其混合面团的P值、L值和W值均呈现下降趋势。随着紫薯粉的加入,紫薯-黑麦酥性饼干的硬度和咀嚼性下降,色泽呈现紫色并具有明显的紫薯风味。当紫薯粉含量在30%时,制作的酥性饼干的感官品质较好。     

Determination of sterigmatocystin in foods in Japan: method validation and occurrence data

ABSTRACT

A survey of the contamination of foods by sterigmatocystin (STC) was performed by an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS. STC was extracted from samples with acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v) and then purified with immunoaffinity columns. The method was validated by a small-scale inter-laboratory study using spiked wheat samples. Mean recoveries of STC were 100.3% and 92.5% from two samples spiked at 0.5 and 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 583 samples were analysed between 2016 and 2018, and STC was detected in 19.9% of all samples at >0.05 μg/kg (limit of quantification). The foods that were contaminated by STC were wheat flour, Job’s tears products, rye flour, rice, buckwheat flour, white sorghum, barley products, azuki bean and corn flour. STC was not found in beer or wine. The occurrence of STC in domestic wheat flour (44.4%), Job’s tears products (41.7%) and rye flour (29.9%) accounted for the three highest values. The highest mean concentrations were obtained for Job’s tears products (0.3 μg/kg) and rye flour (0.3 μg/kg). The maximum contamination level was present in a sample of rye flour (7.1 μg/kg). Although the contamination levels were low, these results indicate that STC frequently contaminates Japanese retail foods. A continuous survey is required to assess exposure to STC in Japan.