紫外光诱导法合成纳米银/羟基磷灰石及其性能研究

以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）为模板剂,采用紫外光诱导制备了羟基磷灰石（HAP）负载银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）的复合光催化剂（Ag/HAP）。通过X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电镜、紫外-可见光吸收光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等对其化学组成、形貌结构和光学性能等进行表征。结果表明,CMC作为模板剂不仅在紫外光诱导下将Ag⁺还原为Ag⁰,还对载体HAP的形貌、粒径起到调控作用。在甲基橙光催化降解试验中,当Ag的质量分数为1%时,降解率最高达98.31%,银纳米颗粒和HAP两者间的协同作用有效地提高了光催化性能。     

介孔Cr(OH)3的制备及其对钒(Ⅴ)离子的吸附性能

以CrCl₃·6H₂O作为铬源,通过添加强碱制备出大比表面积（312.70 m²·g^-1）、高孔隙率（0.48 cm³·g^-1）的介孔Cr（OH）₃,并研究了其对溶液中钒（V）离子的吸附性能,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂用量、吸附温度、吸附时间等条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,当溶液pH在2.0~9.0、钒离子浓度为100~500 mg·L^-1时,采用该吸附剂均可实现溶液中钒离子的高效去除。在最优实验条件下,钒去除率接近100%,钒离子浓度可由500 mg·L^-1降至0.81 mg·L^-1。吸附热力学的研究结果表明,Cr（OH）₃对钒离子的吸附过程遵循Langmuir等温吸附;吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程,反应级数为拟二级。     

铜抗性菌株的筛选及其对Cu2+的吸附性能

利用选择性培养基分离出铜抗性细菌BX,经鉴定该菌为产碱普罗威登斯菌(Providencia alcalifaciens)。考察了细菌BX对环境的适应性,讨论了pH、初始Cu²⁺浓度等对其吸附铜离子的影响,分析了吸附过程的动力学及等温吸附特性,并以多孔陶瓷为载体对其进行固定化。结果表明,该菌对Cu²⁺和NaCl的抗性浓度分别为7 mmol·L^-1和7.5%,可生长于pH4.0～11.0、15～50℃的环境中;其最佳吸附条件为pH5.5、温度30℃、起始Cu²⁺浓度100 mg·L^-1,在该条件下,Cu²⁺吸附率达85.84%,吸附量为128.74 mg·g^-1;其对Cu²⁺的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型;采用曝气挂膜法将细菌固定于多孔陶瓷上,形成的菌膜对50 mg·L^-1铜离子的吸附率达92.53%。表明细菌BX对Cu²⁺有较强的吸附能力,对含Cu²⁺废水的处理具有良好的应用前景。     

毕赤酵母提取液还原制备银纳米颗粒

采用毕赤酵母的提取液与银氨溶液反应制备银纳米颗粒(AgNPs),并考察了pH值对AgNPs的影响.结果表明:酸性条件下,反应速率缓慢,且生成的AgNPs呈多分散性;在一定范围内(pH值小于12.50),碱性条件有利于提高反应速率,且随着pH值的提高,AgNPs粒径分布变窄;当pH值继续提高(pH值为12.80),AgNPs发生团聚沉淀.     

原位还原制备滤纸载纳米银粒子复合材料及其催化特性

基于绿色化学的角度,直接以滤纸(FP)为基底材料,在碱性条件下无需外加还原剂和稳定剂,原位还原得到负载纳米银(AgNPs)的AgNPs/FP复合材料。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱仪(EDS)、热重分析仪(TGA)和紫外-可见(UV-vis)分光光度计等对复合材料的形貌、组成和催化性能进行表征。研究结果表明,Ag⁺被还原为AgNPs后致密又均匀地负载于滤纸表面上,所制得的AgNPs/FP复合材料中纳米银呈球形、尺寸均一且团聚较少。AgNPs/FP复合材料对对硝基苯酚(4-NP)的还原具有较好的催化活性,且易于回收再利用。     

氯灭活水中枯草芽孢杆菌的效果

以枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)作为难灭活微生物的代表,研究了氯对水体中芽孢的灭活效果,考察了氯浓度、作用时间、反应体系pH值、温度以及芽孢初始浓度等因素的影响。结果表明,氯对芽孢的灭活过程可分为延滞期和灭活期;初始氯浓度在2.06~10.30 mg·L^-1,反应时间0~166 min,pH值6~9,温度1~30℃,初始芽孢浓度10²~10¹² cfu·ml^-1范围内,消毒剂浓度和反应时间共同影响着氯对芽孢的灭活效果,提高消毒剂投量或延长消毒反应时间,均可提高灭活率;酸性条件下氯灭活芽孢的能力强于碱性条件下;随着温度的上升,氯对芽孢的灭活能力增强;芽孢的初始浓度对氯灭活芽孢的效能影响不大。初始氯投量为8.30 mg·L^-1,pH=7,芽孢初始浓度10⁶ cfu·ml^-1,温度分别为5℃和25℃下,枯草芽孢杆菌对氯消毒剂的抗性强于炭疽芽孢杆菌。     

Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附热力学和动力学特性

以黑曲霉菌作为生物吸附剂,研究其对Au(Ⅲ)离子的吸附特性,考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度和初始Au(Ⅲ)离子浓度等因素对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程对溶液pH值具有一定的依赖性,最佳pH值为2.0～3.0。升温能明显加快吸附进程,20℃下吸附过程分为2个阶段进行,分别对应于Au(Ⅲ)离子还原前和还原后的吸附,24 h后吸附趋于平衡,而30、40、60℃下吸附过程均无明显分段现象,并分别于12、6、1 h后趋于吸附平衡。Au(Ⅲ)离子初始浓度<233.32 mg·L^-1时,吸附量几乎不随温度的变化而变化,初始浓度>367.94 mg·L^-1时,升温明显促进了吸附的进行。Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程很好地模拟,20、30、40、50℃时其饱和吸附量分别为185.19、202.02、235.85、277.78 mg·g^-1。热力学参数Gibbs自由能变(ΔG⁰)、吸附焓变(ΔH⁰)和吸附熵变(ΔS⁰)的计算结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程是一个自发的吸热和熵增过程。吸附动力学可用准二级速率方程描述,吸附活化能为55.71 kJ·mol^-1。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析的结果进一步揭示了菌体表面的酰氨基、羧基和羟基是参与吸附的主要功能基团。     

L-半胱氨酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸的合成及其阻垢缓蚀性能

以L-半胱氨酸（LCY）为改性剂改性聚环氧琥珀酸（PESA）得到了一种聚环氧琥珀酸衍生物L-半胱氨酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸（LCY-PESA）,用红外光谱和核磁共振谱表征了LCY-PESA的物质结构,用红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和扫描电镜研究了钙垢的晶型（形）,探讨了LCY-PESA的静态阻垢、动态阻垢、静态缓蚀、分散氧化铁和生物降解等性能,通过量子化学计算方法研究了LCY-PESA的缓蚀机理。静态阻垢结果表明,在c（Ca²⁺）为400 mg·L^-1、c（HCO₃^-）为800 mg·L^-1的实验介质中,LCY-PESA投放量为6 mg·L^-1,阻垢率即可达到94.6%;当c（Ca²⁺）为150 mg·L^-1、c（Fe²⁺）为10 mg·L^-1、LCY-PESA投放量为15 mg·L^-1时,最小透光率为61.5%。动态阻垢测试显示：随着加药量的增加,动态污垢热阻减小,当加药量为1 mg·L^-1时LCY-PESA的动态阻垢率比PESA提高了约15%。红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和扫描电镜结果表明,LCY-PESA对钙垢有明显的晶格扭曲作用,把方解石变为球霰石,表现出良好的阻垢分散性能。该衍生物还表现出了优良的可生物降解性能。量子化学计算表明：LCY-PESA分子中的S原子和N原子对HOMO轨道的电荷密度影响较大,导致LCY-PESA的HOMO轨道和LUMO轨道的能隙差值小于PESA分子的能隙差值,因此LCY-PESA分子抑制金属腐蚀的效果好于PESA。     

EGSB处理中药废水过程中厌氧颗粒污泥特性变化

通过分析厌氧颗粒污泥粒径分布、机械强度、二价金属含量、胞外聚合物含量等,探讨了EGSB反应器处理中药废水过程中颗粒污泥特性变化。结果表明,在中药废水COD浓度为2000～5000 mg·L^-1、HRT为12 h、T为30℃的条件下,颗粒污泥粒径分布在500～1000 μm之间,完整系数（integrity coefficient,IC）小于20,颗粒污泥EPS总量、蛋白含量、多糖含量分别为85.59、63.67和21.92 mg·（g VSS）^-1,此时颗粒污泥絮凝性良好,机械强度高。当HRT减少为6 h时,IC为30.03,蛋白与多糖的比值增大到6.86,但多糖含量仅为18.11 mg·（g VSS）^-1;而当T降低为20℃时,颗粒污泥粒径分布在250～750 μm之间,IC增大到32.11,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Mn²⁺含量减少 为20.78、4.79和0.94 mg·L^-1,颗粒污泥EPS显著降低,其总量、蛋白含量、多糖含量仅为69.04、58.87和10.17 mg·（g VSS）^-1,在此运行条件下,出现了颗粒污泥的解体、流失,同时出水水质变差。     

聚丙烯酸钠包覆Fe3O4磁性交联聚合物的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

采用溶液分散聚合和Ca²⁺表面交联制备了聚丙烯酸钠包覆Fe₃O₄的磁性交联聚合物（CPAANa@Fe₃O₄）,对其进行了XRD、FT-IR、SEM和TGA等表征。以CPAANa@Fe₃O₄为吸附剂研究了CPAANa@Fe₃O₄对水溶液中Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺的静态吸附,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量、金属离子初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明：CPAANa@Fe₃O₄在pH 2～6范围内均具有较好的吸附性能,当吸附剂投加量分别为1.0 g·L^-1和1.6 g·L^-1时对初始浓度分别为200 mg·L^-1的Pb²⁺和100 mg·L^-1的Cd²⁺的去除率达到最大,可使Pb²⁺实现达标排放（GB 8978-1996）;CPAANa@Fe₃O₄对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附动力学符合准二级模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别为454.55 mg·g^-1和275.48 mg·g^-1。将CPAANa@Fe₃O₄用于处理实际电解矿浆废水,发现能有效吸附其中的Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺,具有潜在实用价值。     

Development of silver nanoparticles‐loaded calcium alginate beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds for use as wound dressings

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)‐loaded calcium alginate beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds were developed to sustain and maintain the release of silver (Ag⁺) ions over an extended time period. The UV irradiation technique was used to reduce Ag⁺ ions in alginate solution to AgNPs. The average sizes of AgNPs ranged between ca 20 and ca 22 nm. The AgNPs‐loaded calcium alginate beads were prepared by electrospraying of a sodium alginate solution containing AgNPs into calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution. The AgNPs‐loaded calcium alginate beads were then embedded into gelatin scaffolds. The release characteristics of Ag⁺ ions from both the AgNPs‐loaded calcium alginate beads and the AgNPs‐loaded calcium alginate beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds were determined in either deionized water or phosphate buffer solution at 37 °C for 7 days. Moreover, the AgNPs‐loaded calcium alginate beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds were tested for their antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Polyamide/silver antimicrobials: effect of crystallinity on the silver ion release

Polyamide/silver (PA/Ag) composite materials are regarded as potential antimicrobials by virtue of their efficacy to release the Ag⁺ ions in an aqueous medium. The effects of the matrix crystallinity on the Ag⁺ ion release characteristics of PA/Ag composites are discussed. It is found that matrix crystallinity is very decisive for the silver ion releasing properties and hence the antimicrobial efficacy of silver‐based antimicrobial polyamides. The crystallinities of the composites were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry. The silver ion release characteristics of these composites were measured by anode stripping voltammetry. Silver ion release was higher in systems possessing lower degrees of crystallinity. Water‐diffusion characteristics of the composites control the silver ion release. The effect of crystallinity on silver ion release rate depends on the time of soaking of the specimens in water. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Construction of Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Micelles Via Coordinate Interaction and Their Antibacterial Activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded antibacterial micelles were fabricated utilizing the coordinate interaction between silver ion (Ag⁺) and methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) followed by in situ reduction. This micelle was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The upper critical solution temperature of Ag⁺-loaded micelles was dependent on Ag⁺ concentration. The AgNPs were approximately 4 nm in diameter and homogenously distributed in the micelles. The AgNPs-loaded micelle displayed high stability during a one week study and excellent antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli and was of acceptable toxicity toward human embryonic hepatocytes.     

A-type zeolite containing Ag/Zn as inorganic antifungal for waterborne coating formulations

The biocide cations Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ were hosted in the cavities of an ordered aluminosiliceous framework. Starting from sodium A-type zeolite (NaA), LTA containing Ag⁺ (AgA), Zn²⁺ (ZnA) and Ag⁺/Zn (AgZnA) at different cation exchanged levels was obtained and its antifungal properties were evaluated. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the exchanged zeolites against Aspergillus niger, [Ag⁺] and [Zn²⁺] values ranging from 50 < [Ag⁺] < 1000 mg L⁻¹ to 650 < [Zn²⁺] < 2000 mg L⁻¹, respectively, were used for NaA, and for AgZnA: 30 < Ag⁺ < 250 mg L⁻¹. The zeolite sample having [Ag⁺] = 100 mg L⁻¹, [Zn²⁺] = 90 mg L⁻¹ produces a growth inhibition comparable to that achieved with 230 mg L⁻¹ of Ag⁺¹ (MIC value obtained for the single cation). The antifungal activity of these products after incorporation in waterborne coating formulations was also determined. Results indicate that Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ supported on A-type zeolite could be a beneficial tool for the development of waterborne coatings with a longer protection against microbiological attack when compared to traditional organic biocides.     

臭氧降解水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的效能及动力学

利用臭氧降解含较高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的模拟废水,考察了pH、DMP初始浓度、臭氧投加量和温度对臭氧降解DMP效果的影响,并对臭氧降解DMP的效能及动力学进行了研究。结果表明,pH为5～10时DMP的降解效果较好;DMP初始浓度越大,DMP降解率越小,但DMP降解量增加;臭氧投加量的增加有利于DMP降解,但臭氧利用效率降低;温度低时,升高温度DMP降解率增大,24℃后提高温度对DMP降解率影响不大。在pH为5～10、DMP初始浓度为14～66 mg·L^-1、O₃投加量为14～24 mg·min^-1、20～30℃条件下反应40 min,DMP降解率达85%以上。在实验条件范围内,臭氧降解DMP符合拟一级动力学,建立了幂指数表达的动力学模型。在pH为2～12范围内,因臭氧反应机理不同,表观动力学常数k_obs与pH不呈线性关系,pH为2～5时,k_obs快速增加,pH为5～9时,k_obs缓慢增加,pH大于9时k_obs反而降低,pH为9时k_obs最大,为0.0929 min^-1。     

Silver Nanoparticles Impair Cognitive Functions and Modify the Hippocampal Level of Neurotransmitters in a Coating-Dependent Manner

Due to their potent antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry and medicine. However, they can cross the brain–blood barrier, posing a risk to the brain and its functions. In our previous study, we demonstrated that oral administration of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated AgNPs caused an impairment in spatial memory in a dose-independent manner. In this study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs coating material on cognition, spatial memory functioning, and neurotransmitter levels in rat hippocampus. AgNPs coated with BSA (AgNPs(BSA)), polyethylene glycol (AgNPs(PEG)), or citrate (AgNPs(Cit)) or silver ions (Ag⁺) were orally administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. to male Wistar rats for a period of 28 days, while the control (Ctrl) rats received 0.2 mL of water. The acquisition and maintenance of spatial memory related to place avoidance were assessed using the active allothetic place avoidance task, in which rats from AgNPs(BSA), AgNPs(PEG), and Ag⁺ groups performed worse than the Ctrl rats. In the retrieval test assessing long-term memory, only rats from AgNPs(Cit) and Ctrl groups showed memory maintenance. The analysis of neurotransmitter levels indicated that the ratio between serotonin and dopamine concentration was disturbed in the AgNPs(BSA) rats. Furthermore, treatment with AgNPs or Ag⁺ resulted in the induction of peripheral inflammation, which was reflected by the alterations in the levels of serum inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, depending on the coating material used for their stabilization, AgNPs induced changes in memory functioning and concentration of neurotransmitters.     

Enhanced the dispersibility and permeability of silver nanoparticles over rGO grafted by positively-charged polyethyleneimine toward broad-spectrum sterilization

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used as antimicrobial agents due to their high-efficiency, broad-spectrum disinfection activity. However, the agglomeration and stability problems caused by excessive release of silver ions (Ag⁺) have severely restricted their developments. Herein, a novel silver/polyethyleneimine/reduced graphene oxide (Ag/PEI/rGO) antibacterial material featuring good dispersibility and permeability was rationally designed, thus benefiting for the capture of bacteria due to the introducing of highly-cationic PEI modifier and controllable release of biocidal agents (Ag⁺). Compared with Ag/rGO, the Ag/PEI/rGO has excellent stability and shows a more efficient sterilization efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with 100% germicidal efficiency with low orders of dozens of ppm. In addition, the outstanding biocompatibility of this Ag/PEI/rGO antibacterial material endows it with promising potential in sterilization applications, which is expected to solve the infection problem caused by bacterial biofilm formation.     

FeCl3对污泥酸性发酵产物中丙酸比率的影响

采用半连续运行的序批式反应器进行污泥酸性发酵试验,研究了发酵液中FeCl₃浓度对污泥发酵产物中丙酸比率的影响。实验表明：在温度32℃、HRT 6.6 d、进泥VS浓度 20.43 g·L^-1、pH5.5～6.0的条件下,FeCl₃浓度由0增加到232 mg·L^-1时,发酵液中ORP逐渐提高,丙酸比率变化不大;FeCl₃相似文献   

Preparation and characterization of poly(styrene)/metal composites via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization

The expectant dithiocarbamate group end-functional poly(styrene) (PS) with a controlled molecular weight and low molecular weight distribution was synthesized conveniently via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and was used to prepare polymer/metal composites with coordination chemistry. By the self-assembly technique, PS coordinated with the rare earth metal in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to generate the fluorescent Eu–PS and Sm–PS complexes. Furthermore, PS-coated spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by reducing Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ under ultrasound irradiation in the presence of DMF and H₂O. The well core/shell structure of the AgNPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).