乙醇溶液液滴降压蒸发过程传热传质特性

针对单个乙醇溶液液滴在降压环境下蒸发的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型基于液相的能量守恒和 传质扩散理论,利用经典拓展模型计算液滴的质量蒸发率,并引入活度系数考虑液滴表面的蒸气分压。采用液 滴悬挂法进行实验,分别记录了乙醇溶液液滴和乙酸溶液液滴在降压蒸发过程中的液滴内温度变化。将实验数 据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴内部温度分布以及浓度分布随时间的变化。 结果表明:快速降压阶段空气流动较快,加之乙醇工质易挥发,液滴表面温度下降迅速,液滴内部温差和乙醇 浓度梯度较大;压力稳定后,空气流速为零,液滴内部温差和乙醇浓度梯度逐渐减小。由于液滴内部的热扩散 速率大于传质扩散系数,内部温度随时间的变化比浓度随时间的变化更快。     

超疏水表面液滴蒸发内部流体流动与传热分析

基于椭球模型,模拟了超疏水表面上固着纯水液滴的蒸发过程,探究了蒸发过程中液滴外形、体积、接触角、表面温度和蒸发速率的变化,以及液滴内部温度和流线的分布情况。结果表明:液滴蒸发过程中,液滴顶部局部表面温度最大,接触线处最小,且随蒸发的进行表面温度逐渐减小。液滴体积演变行为区别于亲水表面,这表明基板特性影响了液滴蒸发机理。液滴蒸发初始时刻,全局蒸发速率最大,随蒸发的进行,全局蒸发速率逐渐减小。液滴表面温度分布不均匀使得液滴表面产生了张力梯度,张力梯度引起了液滴内部流体流动;近气液界面处流体由液滴顶部向下流动,液滴内部流体由下向上流动,形成了Marangoni流。流体流动伴随着热量的传递,导致接触线附近温度较低,液滴内部中心处温度较高。     

电场作用下基面液滴蒸发与内部流动数值模拟

为探究电场强化基面液滴蒸发的原理,本文采用有限元方法,对外加电场作用下的固体基面上液滴的蒸发过程进行了数值模拟,对比了不同电导率液滴的蒸发过程,分析了电场、液滴蒸发速率和内部流动的影响及其成因,以及液滴在电场作用下的内部流动与液滴传热传质的关系,结果表明,电场力的作用能够显著强化液滴内部的流动,对液滴的传热传质具有促进作用。此外,本文分析了温度对电场下基面液滴蒸发及内部流动的影响,发现温度对电场、液滴内部流动及蒸发的强化作用也有着较为明显的影响：对于电导率较低的纯水液滴,当电场强度低于和高于临界值6kV/cm时,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响有所不同;对于电导率较高的盐酸液滴,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响随电场强度升高均较大。本文为发展高效静电喷雾冷却技术提供了研究基础。     

基底厚度对蒸发液滴表面温度分布的影响

蒸发液滴的表面温度分布对液滴的液体流动和颗粒沉积有着重要的影响。获得液滴表面温度目前主要采用数值计算方法。针对有限厚度基底上的蒸发液滴,分析了网格划分对液滴表面温度计算结果的影响。结果表明,相比于液滴边缘附近区域,液滴中心区域网格的细化对计算结果影响不大;而在接触线附近,相比于网格尺寸,网格细化区域大小对计算结果的影响也很小。利用数值方法研究了基底厚度对蒸发液滴表面温度分布特性的影响,发现随着基底厚度的改变液滴表面出现3种温度分布模式:(1)从液滴顶点到边缘处表面温度逐渐升高;(2)液滴表面温度非单调变化;(3)从液滴顶点到边缘处表面温度逐渐降低。考虑热传导路径长度和蒸发制冷的共同作用,对不同表面温度分布模式进行了解释,并获得了(h_R,q)坐标平面上的表面温度分布模式相图。本文结果将有助于对液滴蒸发过程的理解,并为蒸发诱导自组装、喷墨印刷等技术提供理论依据。     

基板温度对超疏水表面液滴蒸发影响

基于椭球模型,模拟了不同基板温度条件下超疏水表面上固着纯水液滴的蒸发过程,探究了蒸发过程中液滴蒸发时间、接触角演变行为、液滴表面温度和蒸发速率等参量。结果表明:基板温度越高,液滴蒸发寿命越短,且蒸发时间随基板温度呈线性关系。液滴蒸发过程中,接触角随蒸发时间成非线性变化。因较大的高径比和较小的热扩散率,基板温度对液滴蒸发初始阶段影响较小。近接触线区域液滴表面温度梯度较大,其他区域温度梯度较小;且基板温度越高,除近接触线区域液滴表面温差越小,这说明蒸发冷却效应受到了抑制。同一体积条件下,基板温度越高,液滴蒸发速率越大,且蒸发速率随基板温度呈指数变化。     

高温辐射环境中液滴的沸腾效应

建立了液滴在高温对流和辐射环境中的受热和蒸发模型,结合液滴均质沸腾模型,编制了计算程序。以正十二烷液滴为例,考虑液滴的膨胀效应以及液滴与周围气流的热物性变化,数值模拟了高温辐射与对流加热下的液滴升温和蒸发过程。分析了不同对流和高温辐射条件下,液滴内部是否能够发生沸腾。研究表明,液滴在高温辐射和对流加热下,蒸发伴随热膨胀;高温热辐射加热可导致液滴内部温度高于表面温度,升温到一定程度后可达到液滴内部沸腾状态;影响液滴沸腾的因素有液滴半径、辐射温度、环境气流温度等;同时,随着液滴蒸发,高温环境中液滴的沸腾过热度逐渐增大。     

凸面恒温基底上固着液滴蒸发特性研究

针对凸面恒温基底上的固着液滴蒸发过程开展了实验和理论研究。实验研究方面,搭建了凸面恒温基底上蒸馏水液滴蒸发的可视化实验系统,捕获了液滴蒸发过程形态变化,使用红外热像仪获得了液滴表面温度分布。理论研究方面,基于环形坐标系建立了凸面恒温基底上固着液滴蒸发的传热传质模型,推导出液滴内部温度分布及其周围蒸气浓度分布的解析解。将模型结果与实验数据进行对比,验证了计算模型的可靠性。研究结果表明：模型计算需考虑蒸发冷却效应,提高基底温度和减小基底曲率直径均可提高液滴蒸发速率;相较于平面基底,凸面基底上液滴的铺展半径更大,钉扎时间延长,总蒸发时间减小,液滴蒸发主要遵循恒定接触半径蒸发模式。此外,液滴/空气界面处的过余温度沿液滴表面从中心到接触线方向单调递增,随着蒸发过程的进行,液滴整体温度分布趋于均匀。研究结果有助于深入掌握凸面基底上固着液滴蒸发的传热传质机理。     

HD低温蒸发系统中填料蒸发器传质传热的分析

通过研究系统中填料蒸发器的蒸发传质传热过程以及两相流动特性，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）中离散相与连续相耦合的方法来模拟规整填料内部通道的蒸发传质传热过程，实现了填料蒸发器中两相传质传热的过程以及液滴流动的可视化，为研究气液两相在规整填料内的流动提供了一种模拟方法。通过与实验结果的比较，最终选用RNG k-ε湍流模型来分析规整填料内部气液两相传质传热以及流动情况。数值模拟研究了规整填料板间距对填料内部气液两相传质传热以及液滴运动影响，发现随着板间距的增大，填料内部压力降逐渐降低，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率降低，液滴进出口质量差减小，气相出口温度逐渐降低，蒸发传质传热效率降低。随着气速的增大，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率增加，气相出口温度降低，气液两相传质传热效率降低。     

高温辐射环境中液滴的沸腾效应

建立了液滴在高温对流和辐射环境中的受热和蒸发模型,结合液滴均质沸腾模型,编制了计算程序。以正十二烷液滴为例,考虑液滴的膨胀效应以及液滴与周围气流的热物性变化,数值模拟了高温辐射与对流加热下的液滴升温和蒸发过程。分析了不同对流和高温辐射条件下,液滴内部是否能够发生沸腾。研究表明,液滴在高温辐射和对流加热下,蒸发伴随热膨胀;高温热辐射加热可导致液滴内部温度高于表面温度,升温到一定程度后可达到液滴内部沸腾状态;影响液滴沸腾的因素有液滴半径、辐射温度、环境气流温度等;同时,随着液滴蒸发,高温环境中液滴的沸腾过热度逐渐增大。     

考虑结壳现象的液滴干燥过程数值模拟

为更清楚地了解液滴的干燥过程,文中综合考虑溶剂扩散系数与溶液质量分数,溶液质量分数与液滴表面蒸汽压和滴径变化与传热传质之间的耦合关系,建立了包含液滴内部径向热传导方程,液滴内部的传质方程及液滴质量变化方程的液滴蒸发的完整模型。用所建模型对不同操作工况下液滴的挥发过程进行了模拟,描述了干燥过程中液滴质量损失,滴径的变化及液滴表面到中心的溶液组分变化,并对影响液滴干燥速度的重要因素进行了分析。模型模拟结果跟实验结论比较一致。     

盐水液滴降压蒸发析盐过程传热传质特性

针对单个盐水(NaCl溶液)液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型考虑了多孔盐壳在液滴表面的形成过程,降压过程引起的气流运动,液核通过多孔介质的传质扩散,以及液滴表面的蒸发换热和对流换热。将实验数据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴表面温度及液滴质量随时间的变化。结果表明盐水液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐过程的温度变化分为4个阶段:温度骤降阶段、温度回升阶段、平衡温度阶段和温度上升阶段。平衡温度阶段,盐壳界面运动较慢,随蒸发进行,液核尺寸逐渐减小,盐壳界面运动速度加快。理论分析了环境压力对盐水液滴蒸发析盐过程的影响,环境压力越低,平衡温度越低,盐分完全析出时间越短。     

Three-dimensional two-phase mass transport model for direct methanol fuel cells

A three-dimensional (3D) steady-state model for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is presented in this paper. This 3D mass transport model is formed by integrating five sub-models, including a modified drift-flux model for the anode flow field, a two-phase mass transport model for the porous anode, a single-phase model for the polymer electrolyte membrane, a two-phase mass transport model for the porous cathode, and a homogeneous mist-flow model for the cathode flow field. The two-phase mass transport models take account the effect of non-equilibrium evaporation/ condensation at the gas-liquid interface. A 3D computer code is then developed based on the integrated model. After being validated against the experimental data reported in the literature, the code was used to investigate numerically transport behaviors at the DMFC anode and their effects on cell performance.     

Full‐physics simulations of spray‐particle interaction in a bubbling fluidized bed

Numerical simulations of a gas‐particle‐droplet system were performed using an Euler‐Lagrange approach. Models accounting for (1) the interaction between droplets and particles, (2) evaporation from the droplet spray, as well as (3) evaporation of liquid from the surface of non‐porous particles were considered. The implemented models were verified for a packed bed, as well as other standard flow configurations. The developed models were then applied for the simulation of flow, as well as heat and mass transfer in a fluidized bed with droplet injection. The relative importance of droplet evaporation vs. evaporation from the particle surface was quantified. It was proved that spray evaporation competes with droplet deposition and evaporation from the particle surface. Moreover, we show that adopting a suitable surface coverage model is vital when attempting to make accurate predictions of the particle's liquid content. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2569–2587, 2017     

Influence of Plate Size on the Evaporation Rate of a Heated Droplet

The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate how the width of a plate influences natural convection around a droplet. Droplets evaporating on hot surfaces have many applications including drying of dishes and paint. Evaporation rate and deposition of particles withheld in the fluid are of great importance in both cases. As a first step to investigate how the drying rate and deposition mechanisms can be controlled, this work aims to investigate how the external flow around a water droplet influences the evaporation rate. Natural convection caused by the hot plate on which the droplet rests is considered and the effect of different widths is examined. Results show that an extension of the plate past the droplet will increase the maximum velocity in the domain due to natural convection while the flow close to the surface is decreased due to the no-slip condition and temperature gradient. A decrease of the evaporation rate is therefore observed when the plate is extended past the droplet as compared to the case when the plate and droplet have the same diameter. Simulations furthermore show that the results from the heat and mass transfer analogy only compare well to the results of Fick's law when the droplet and plate have the same width.     

A two-dimensional, two-phase mass transport model for liquid-feed DMFCs

A two-dimensional, isothermal two-phase mass transport model for a liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is presented in this paper. The two-phase mass transport in the anode and cathode porous regions is formulated based on the classical multiphase flow in porous media without invoking the assumption of constant gas pressure in the unsaturated porous medium flow theory. The two-phase flow behavior in the anode flow channel is modeled by utilizing the drift-flux model, while in the cathode flow channel the homogeneous mist-flow model is used. In addition, a micro-agglomerate model is developed for the cathode catalyst layer. The model also accounts for the effects of both methanol and water crossover through the membrane. The comprehensive model formed by integrating those in the different regions is solved numerically using a home-written computer code and validated against the experimental data in the literature. The model is then used to investigate the effects of various operating and structural parameters, such as methanol concentration, anode flow rate, porosities of both anode and cathode electrodes, the rate of methanol crossover, and the agglomerate size, on cell performance.     

Evaporation of Pure Droplets in the Convective Regime Under High Mass Flux

An analytical expression analogous to the D² law was introduced, based on a mass transfer consideration, to describe the evaporation of pure droplets in the convective regime based on the Ranz-Marshall-type correlation for the Sh number. Comparison was made to single droplet drying experiments of pure water. It was found that the effect of mass transfer coefficient depression is significant under the high mass flux condition from the droplet. An expression was obtained to approximate the total time required for complete evaporation of a pure droplet. This expression can be used as a quick computation tool for more fundamental studies on droplet evaporation under controlled ambient conditions.