油水两相流管道内液滴形成过程研究

油水两相流在管道中流动时会形成多种流型,其中一相形成液滴分散到另一相中是常见的流型之一,液滴粒径及其分布会影响油水两相流的流动特性,因此液滴的形成是研究油水两相流的基础。本文研究了两种白油和水在内径25.4 mm的不锈钢管道内形成的油水两相分散流,通过高速摄像系统拍摄等动量取样装置上有机玻璃样槽中流动状态下的分散流来获取液滴的图像,捕捉有代表性的过程。研究发现,液滴形成过程中剪切破碎和碰撞聚结现象同时发生,并最终达到动态平衡,宏观表现为两相流系统流动参数达到稳定,得到了液滴剪切破碎、碰撞聚结和形成稳定液滴的时间以及各过程中的液滴特性和泵对形成稳定液滴时间的影响。实验结果表明,泵的存在对油水两相分散流的特性有较大影响。     

管道内油水两相流动研究进展

综述了国内外有关圆管中油水两相流动过程中的流型、相转换的研究现状,并重点介绍了油水垂直两相流中液滴粒径及分布、持液率、压力降计算等方面的研究成果。同时分析了研究中所存在的问题并指出了今后的研究方向,为进一步开展油水两相流研究提供相关参考。     

润滑管道内油气两相流压力脉动特性分析

润滑油在工作过程中经常会由于自身溶解或外部进入空气而产生气泡,影响其润滑特性。因此,研究润滑系统中的气液两相流动特性具有重要意义。为了解含气润滑油在流动过程中的压力脉动特性,本文采用 ANSYS_CFX对一润滑管道实验装置内油气两相流动进行数值模拟,将不同工况下的压力计算结果与实验数据作对比,验证了数值计算方法的合理性,然后分析了管道不同位置的压力脉动以及流量对压力脉动的影响。计算结果表明,流动开始,油与空气的分界面受到扰动使得空气逐渐进入油中,形成油气两相流;沿着流动方向,管道截面上的平均压力的脉动振幅先增大后减小,最大值位于紧邻泵出口的监测面;两相流动中气泡受泵的搅拌作用破碎形成连续且均匀的小气泡,使出口管道内流动所受冲击更小,压力脉动相对较小;随着流量增加,压力脉动的周期减小,振幅增大。     

利用铂电阻测量油水两相流含油率

利用铂电阻基于流体传热方程测量油水两相流的含油率。研究了油水两相流含油率与电热器上下游铂电阻的温差和油水总流量之间的关系,提出用温差、流量校准系数对铂电阻的测量温差和油水总流量进行校正,对校正后得到的含油率测量模型进行了实验验证。实验结果表明含油率在0-50%范围内,平均测量误差为3.89%,提高了含油率的测量精度。     

基于管内相分隔的径向压差在多相流测量的应用

在管内相分隔技术产生的径向压差应用在单相流测量的基础上,以油水两相流为例,系统地研究了基于管内相分隔产生的径向压差在多相流测量的理论机理,并进行了实验验证。理论分析表明,在管内相分隔状态下,旋流器下游某截面壁面和管中心的径向压差与油水两相流的总质量流量和体积含油率呈一定函数关系,当测量出旋流器下游某截面壁面和管中心的径向压差后,若油水两相流的总质量流量和体积含油率中的任一参数已知,就可以求出另一参数。实验结果显示,在旋流器下游0.075 m和0.115 m的截面上,体积含油率的实验值与理论值的相对误差均在±8.02%以内,此时油水两相流总质量流量的实验值与理论值的相对误差均在±1.44%以内。     

气液逆流接触过程及液滴夹带特性

为了探究喷淋塔内气液逆流接触流动特点及液滴夹带特性,采用激光粒度仪及湿法等动取样对实验模型内液滴粒径分布及含液率进行测量,并结合高速摄影技术对喷淋液层气液两相流动特性进行跟踪拍摄。结果表明:根据气液逆流接触特点可将液层流动分为波动区、破碎区及夹带区;截面气速及液相体积流量的增大使得气液间作用力增强,夹带液滴粒径减小;由于碰撞作用双层喷淋下夹带液滴粒径相对于单层喷淋下较小;液滴在上行过程中运动复杂且多变,液滴的不规则运动及气相流场的复杂性是造成夹带区内液滴粒径分布波动的主要原因;定量得出气液逆流接触过程受气相夹带液滴粒径分布范围,研究结果可为喷淋塔内传质及传热过程提供参考,同时可为除雾器的开发提供设计依据。     

水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热的计算模型

对水平微翅管内的环状流流动和换热特性进行了分析.考虑微翅管内环状流液膜中的扰动和二次流的作用,借用粗糙管速度分布和摩擦相似函数建立了水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热系数的预测模型.理论计算值与实验数据相比较,结果较令人满意.     

T型管内油水分离特性的CFD-PBM数值模拟

目前关于T型管内油水分离特性的数值模拟大多采用Euler-Euler多相流模型,考虑管内油滴粒径分布及其对油水分离特性影响的研究工作尚未见报道。对T型管内的油水两相流动情况和分离特性进行了CFD-PBM数值模拟,并进行了室内实验以验证模拟结果的准确性。结果表明,T型管内油滴粒径随流体流动方向具有逐渐增大的趋势;增大来液中的油滴粒径分布可以有效提高油水分离效率,反之当来液中的油滴粒径较小时,油水两相在T型管内不易分离,相分配比始终与分流比几乎相同;分流比、Reynolds数等操作条件对油水分离效率的影响程度与油滴粒径密切相关,应慎重选取适当的操作条件以保证T型管的油水分离效率。     

阶梯式T型微通道内液滴、气泡分散规律

采用高速摄像仪对嵌入毛细管的阶梯式T型微通道内液滴和气泡的分散规律进行研究。考察了两相流量、黏度、表面活性剂浓度等因素对分散流型及分散尺寸的影响规律。结果表明,对于液滴分散过程,表面活性剂的浓度和连续相流量决定了分散流型,随二者增大,流型从dripping流向jetting流转变。对于气泡分散过程,实验范围内仅存在squeezing、dripping流型,表面活性剂的加入对气泡分散过程影响可忽略。嵌入毛细管的阶梯式T型微通道内获得的液滴、气泡直径小于微通道直径,根据实验结果基于两相流量和毛细管数分别建立了计算液滴、气泡分散尺寸的半经验模型,模型与实验结果符合良好。     

十字交叉微通道内微液滴生成过程的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对十字交叉微通道内微液滴的生成进行三维数值模拟,获得了拉伸挤压、滴状剪切、单分散射流等单分散微液滴的生成机制以及紊乱射流、节状形变流、管状流和滑移流等两相流型,模拟与实验结果相吻合验证了模拟的有效性。液液两相流型主要受两相流速、两相界面张力以及连续相黏度的影响,发现随着连续相的流量增大,微液滴的生成尺寸减小,生成频率增大;而离散相流量的影响则相反。两相表面张力与连续相黏度分别在低连续相Ca数和高连续相Ca数条件下分别起主导作用。在低连续相Ca数(U_d<0.03 m·s^-1)的拉伸挤压和滴状剪切流流型下,微液滴生成尺寸随着表面张力系数的减小而减小,在射流条件下反而增大,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。在高连续相Ca数(U_d>0.03 m·s^-1)下,微液滴的生成尺寸随着连续相黏度的增大而减小,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。另外,壁面接触角在拉伸挤压流型下对微液滴生成无太大影响,但在滴状剪切和单分散射流流型下,接触角减小会导致微液滴无法稳定生成。     

Droplet size and velocity profiles in liquid-liquid horizontal flows

The size and vertical distribution of drops were studied experimentally in dispersed liquid-liquid pipeline flows. Under most conditions the pattern was dual continuous where both phases retain their continuity and there is entrainment in the form of drops of one phase into the other. The investigations were carried out in a stainless steel test section with 38 mm ID with water and oil (density and viscosity ) as test fluids. Mixture velocities from 1.5 to and input oil volume fractions from 20% to 80% were used. A dual sensor impedance probe allowed drop chord length and drop velocity measurements at different locations in a pipe cross section.It was found that in dual continuous flows drop concentration and size decreased with increasing distance from the interface. There were only small differences in size between oil drops in the lower water continuous layer of the flow and water drops in the upper oil continuous layer. Mixture velocity did not affect significantly the drop size of either phase since higher velocities that would result in smaller drops were accompanied by increased entrainment of one phase dispersed into the other that favoured larger drops. The Rosin-Rammler function was found to fit satisfactorily the experimental drop size distributions, while literature correlations on entrained and maximum drop sizes in a turbulent field underpredicted the values found experimentally.     

Mean and turbulent fluctuating velocities in oil-water vertical dispersed flows

Experiments of oil-water upward and downward flows have been carried out in a 38 mm ID pipe to investigate the modifications of turbulent flow characteristics by the presence of dispersed phase, i.e., mean and turbulent velocity profile of the continuous phase and mean velocity profile of the dispersed phase. Results for both oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) dispersions are presented. In o/w upward flow, the axial mean velocity profiles are found to be flatter than in single-phase flow and then change to centre peaked as the input oil fraction increases; a flatter profile is seen in w/o upward flow. In downward flow, the presence of oil drops always tends to flatten the continuous phase velocity profile in o/w dispersions, while a slightly centre peaked profile is observed in all cases of w/o systems. For both upward and downward flows, the presence of the dispersed phase tends to flatten the turbulence intensity profile and to result in a more uniform distribution of the turbulent energy over the pipe cross-section. It is also found that turbulence is more likely to be enhanced in the pipe centre area, where the volume fraction and the size of the dispersed phase are larger, while suppressed in the area close to the wall. Turbulence intensity is increased with mixture velocity and is slightly higher in upward than in downward flows. The current study suggests that local dispersed phase fraction and size as well as dispersed phase velocity seem to affect turbulence characteristics in oil-water flows. Previous models based on particle-laden flows for the prediction of turbulence enhancement or suppression were examined and agreement was found to depend on the type of dispersion (i.e., whether oil or water constitute the continuous phase).     

Predictive model of the entrained fraction in horizontal oil-water flows

Knowledge of entrained fraction of one phase into the other during dual continuous liquid-liquid flows, where both phases retain their continuity at the top and bottom of the pipe but there is dispersion of one phase into the other, is important for predicting pressure drop and hold up in this pattern. However, there is only limited amount of experimental information available on entrained fractions and almost no modelling attempts for their evaluation. In this paper, a semi-empirical model is proposed for predicting the entrainment of one phase into the other in dual continuous horizontal oil-water flows based on the balance between drop entrainment and drop deposition rates and assuming no slip between dispersed and continuous phases. Drop entrainment occurs when the detaching drag force on the waves of stratified wavy flow overcomes the attaching surface tension force. A force balance on the wave developed by Al-Wahaibi et al. [2007. Transition between stratified and non-stratified horizontal oil-water flows: part II (mechanism of drop formation). Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 2929-2940] is used to predict the drop volume that entrains into the opposite phase. For the calculation of the drop deposition rate a correlation developed for gas-liquid systems was initially used. However, improved predictions are obtained with a new deposition rate constant that was developed from available data on entrained fraction in oil-water flows. The model with the new deposition rate constant is able to predict reasonably well experimental data available in the literature on entrained fraction in different oil-water flow systems.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DISPERSED LIQUID/LIQUID TWO-PHASE UPFLOW IN A PIPE

This paper presents experimental data for dispersed liquid/liquid upflows. Water was the continuous phase and mineral oil was the dispersed droplet phase. For this flow regime reduced gravity bubbly flow phenomena was simulated because the mineral oil and water had almost the same density. The mean velocity and turbulence fields, the size distributions of the oil droplets, the volume fraction, and interfacial area density distribution were measured using fiber optic Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) and phase Doppler Anemometer (PDA) systems. Significantly, the results presented in this paper are similar to those for bubbly air/water flows in microgravity conditions (Kamp el at., 1995).     

水包油型乳化液油滴的管内节流破碎行为与机理

实验研究了水包油型乳化液油滴在管内节流元件处的破碎行为,分析了破碎机理. 结果表明,液滴破碎主要发生在节流元件内壁及下游附近,其概率是施于液滴上湍流应力与液滴表面能之比的递增函数,是流体韦伯数及节流元件两侧最大压差的递增函数;在湍流状态(Re>4000)下,液滴充分振荡且受到较大的水流惯性力和速度梯度剪切力,更易破碎;由苏丹红IV染色的正庚烷体系界面张力由非染色时的47 mN/m降到23.6 mN/m,黏性力对液滴破碎的影响程度下降,受流速、压差等影响的惯性力起决定性作用,液滴破碎程度更大;流速决定流体对分散相油滴的湍流剪切破碎力,流速增大则油滴粒径破裂程度加大,而流速取决于流量和节流比;注入染色正庚烷油相体积增大(0.5~5 mL),削弱了节流元件的液滴破碎作用,两相流体系倾向于形成更大直径的液滴,中位径一般为20~35 mm.     

水平渐变管内油水两相流模拟研究

为优化油气集输管道局部管道结构,采用计算流体力学软件对水平渐变管内油水两相流进行数值模拟,对比不同含水率、不同入口流速条件下两相流流型,分析油水两相流在管道内的压力分布规律。结果表明,渐变管内油水两相流流型为水包油流型,管壁主要为油相润湿;渐缩管压力随流向位移持续下降,渐扩管先下降后上升再下降;整体压降速率与含水率成反比,与入口流速成正比。研究结果可以为优化稠油集输管网管道结构、降低管道流动能耗等油水混输问题提供参考。     

水平管内水环输送模拟稠油减阻特性

基于自主设计加工并搭建的水环输送稠油减阻模拟管路系统,采用500^#白油模拟稠油,试验研究了稠油在水环作用下的水平管流阻力特性,分析了油相表观流速（0.3～1.0m/s）、水相表观流速（0.11～0.72m/s）及入口含水率（0.13～0.49）对水润滑管流流型特征及减阻效果的影响。结果表明：环状水膜可有效隔离并润滑油壁界面,油-水两相流流型总体上呈稳定的偏心环状流结构;水环输送可大幅降低管道输送过程中的压降,其压降值仅为相同油流量下纯油输送压降的1/55～1/27;当入口含水率为0.13～0.27时,水环输送的效能显著,输油效率均高于40;油相表观流速和入口含水率的增加会增大单位管长压降,降低水环输送的减阻效果和输油效能。     

Dispersion of high-viscosity liquid-liquid systems by flow through SMX static mixer elements

The pressure drop and the dispersed phase drop size distribution have been measured for flow through SMX static mixer elements, in columns of diameter 41.18 and 15.75 mm, for a continuous phase of aqueous corn syrup and a dispersed phase of silicone oil. For single-phase flow the pressure drops were consistent with known literature correlations. In the presence of the dispersed phase the pressure drops were increased about 20% above the expected single-phase values, showing more short-term fluctuations but with no significant effect of the flow fraction of the dispersed phase. Droplet size distributions were measured by the computer-aided analysis of images from a digital camera. For shorter lengths of packing the distributions showed a significant “tail” at the large-diameter end, but as the packing length was increased the tail decreased or became non-existent. The mean drop sizes have been compared with a new model based on drop formation at equivalent point sources within the packing.     

Drop breakage model in static mixers at low and intermediate Reynolds number

Drop break-up process for the flow of liquid-liquid dispersion in a static mixer has been investigated. Two new theoretical models for the drop break-up at low and intermediate Reynolds number for variant viscosity ratio of the dispersed phase to the continuous phase have been developed assuming that the flow through the static mixer elements is analogous to the flow through porous media. This concept has recently been established by Morançais et al. (Chem. Eng. Commun. 179 (1999) 77) and Legrand et al. (Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 79 (2001) 949). The boundary-layer shear force concept has been applied to predict the drop break-up at low Reynolds number and at intermediate Reynolds number, the effect of inertia on the drop break-up has been considered. The predicted drop sizes are in reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

Size Distribution of Drops Formed from Nozzles in Air at Velocities below Jetting

The drop size distribution of drops formed from four nozzles (d = 0.5, 1.8, 2.7 and 3.6 mm) were measured for the flow rate range Q = 0.1–1.17 cm³/s and Reynolds number 56–448. Distilled water was used as the dispersed phase and air as the continuous one. The experimental drop size distributions were described satisfactorily by the theoretical upper limit number and volume distributions. The experimental data of minimum and maximum diameters versus the respective Sauter mean diameters gave straight lines with slopes of 0.81 and 1.18, respectively.