纳米流体强化气液传质研究进展

简要阐述了气相沉积法、共混法和分散法3种纳米流体的制备方法以及物理法、化学法两种纳米流体的分散技术。重点综述了纳米流体强化气液传质过程以及强化机理方面的最新研究成果。分析给出了纳米流体强化气液传质的几点原因：掠过效应、抑制气泡聚并机理、边界层混合机理、渗透机理以及多个影响因素相互关联作用。并预测出可能成为研究热点并有助于统一的强化理论表述提出的4个研究方向：影响纳米颗粒强化气液传质的各种因素相互耦合作用;纳米流体对氨、CO2、CO、O2和水蒸气以外的其它气体的物理化学吸收,进一步提出纳米颗粒强化气液传质普适性模型;搜集纳米颗粒影响气液界面附近的浓度分布;速度分布的微观信息以及纳米颗粒与气液界面相互作用的研究。     

纳米流体在芯片微通道中的流动与换热特性

对去离子水及体积分数分别为0.15%和0.26%的水基γ-Al₂O₃纳米流体在当量直径为194.5 μm的硅基梯形芯片微通道内的层流流动和换热特性进行了实验研究。考察了Reynolds数、Prandtl数以及体积分数对流动换热的影响。结果发现,使用纳米流体后,压降无明显增加,纳米流体的流动阻力特性与去离子水基本相同;对流换热Nusselt数较去离子水有明显提高,且随着体积分数的增加而增加;相同泵功下换热热阻显著下降。实验还发现纳米流体的强化传热效果在较高温度时更加明显。根据实验数据得到了梯形硅微通道内低浓度纳米流体的层流对流换热关联式。研究结果对于集成高效芯片散热系统设计具有重要意义。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法模拟纳米流体强化传质过程

使用Boltzmann方法对纳米流体中的传质过程进行了模拟,给出了修改后的Boltzmann方程和计算纳米流体中扩散系数的方程,通过两种方法,基于有限体积颗粒的LBE方法和基于点源颗粒的LBE方法进行了模拟,并与宣益民的实验进行了对比。最后计算了CO2在纳米流体中的扩散系数,计算结果表明,纳米流体因为其纳米颗粒的微扰动对传质有着很大的强化效果,为CO2吸收提供了一种新思路,并且证明了纳米流体的强化传质主要是靠对流传质。     

石墨烯在纳米流体中的研究进展

石墨烯作为一种新兴的平面二维纳米结构材料,具有非常独特的理化特性,将石墨烯均匀地分散到各种用于换热的流体介质中所制备的纳米流体,与常规的基础流体相比,在强化传热方面具有极大的优越性和广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了石墨烯纳米流体的制备方法及其影响因素,分析了石墨烯纳米流体的流动与传热特性,总结了纳米流体的应用现状,最后指出了石墨烯纳米流体存在的问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

皂膜解吸Marangoni对流观察及分析

利用竖直流动皂膜装置,使用纹影光学方法观察了由于丙酮从皂液中解吸,在微米级厚度皂膜上出现的滚筒状Marangoni对流结构;通过建立皂膜传质数学模型及求解,分析了丙酮从皂膜解吸过程中浓度及表面张力的变化。结果表明:由于微米级的皂膜厚度,在皂膜平面法向方向皂膜内皂液丙酮浓度变化很小,但浓度梯度较大,对应的表面张力梯度较大,此较大表面张力梯度是丙酮从皂膜解吸过程中出现Marangoni对流的主要成因。     

纳米流体强化微尺度换热的研究进展

综述了纳米流体强化微尺度换热的研究进展。总结了近几年纳米流体应用于微尺度换热器中的实验研究。从两方面对纳米流体强化微尺度换热的机理进行了分析:纳米颗粒本身对换热特性的强化;纳米颗粒改变换热表面特性对换热的强化。介绍了纳米流体强化微尺度换热的数值模拟研究。指出了当前研究中存在的问题和不足,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

竖直流动皂膜中解吸导致的Marangoni对流观察

In gas-liquid mass transfer processes,Marangoni convection may occur due to the surface tension gradient produced by mass transfer near the interface.With a falling soap film tunnel and the Schlieren optical method,the Marangoni convection patterns along the film surface were observed directly in the desorption process of acetone from the falling soap film.The Schlieren images showed the regular roll convection in the thin falling soap film during the acetone desorption.The hydraulic characteristics were determined experimentally by measuring the variation of acetone concentration in the film and the surface tension of the soap liquid.The results show that the acetone concentration gradient vertical to the falling direction is very small because the thickness of the soap film is in the order of 10^-6 m.The variation of acetone concentration along the falling film is large,so there is a significant surface tension gradient,resulting in the Marangoni roll convection.The experimental results and a qualitative analysis may be helpful to understand the mechanism of Marangoni convection near the interface in the mass transfer.     

纳米流体强化气体水合物生成研究进展

水合物的高效快速生成对水合物技术的工业化应用具有重要的意义。对当前纳米流体促进水合物生成过程进行了分析和总结。结果表明,纳米流体能够极大地强化水合物反应体系的传热过程。纳米粒子的浓度、纳米颗粒本身的物性、纳米颗粒的尺寸大小、纳米流体中固体颗粒的分散稳定性、纳米流体在管道中的流动速度及湍动程度是影响体系传热的主要因素。此外,纳米颗粒能够极大地强化水合物反应体系的传质过程,运输作用、防气泡聚合机理、边界层混合机理、渗透机理被用来解释这一现象。但其具体的促进机理仍不清楚,基础理论的建立是未来研究方向。     

纳米颗粒强化TETA溶液富液解吸CO2的实验研究

为探究纳米颗粒对TETA溶液富液解吸CO_2的影响,采用两步法配制了相同基液质量分数、不同纳米颗粒的纳米流体,以电热套和鼓泡床为解吸实验装置,分别检测了在富液中加入不同纳米颗粒及分散剂后,不同反应时刻,富液中CO_2的残余量,并与空白富液解吸结果作对比,得出纳米颗粒的种类、固含量和粒径及分散剂对解吸转化率、解吸增强因子和解吸能耗的影响。实验结果表明:添加TiO_2和Al_2O_3纳米颗粒可以显著地加快解吸的传质速率,解吸增强因子随固含量及粒径的增加先增大后变小,即存在最佳固含量和最佳粒径;SiO_2纳米颗粒对解吸过程的促进作用并不明显;纳米流体中加入分散剂后,促进传质能力增强,且解吸能耗降低,具有较好的经济性。结合纳米流体促进传质机理对实验结果做出了解释和分析。     

微肋结构对纳米流体绕流圆柱热性能的影响

为了改善传统换热器和换热介质的传热效率,通过两步法制备了不同质量分数（0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%）的TiO₂-水纳米流体,发展了不同微肋结构（竖直肋片和环形肋片）的绕流圆柱换热系统,通过实验研究了圆柱表面微肋结构的类型（竖直肋片和环形肋片）及数量（N₁₍₂₎=4,6,8）、纳米颗粒的质量分数（ω=0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%）、Reynolds数（Re=514~1205）对绕流圆柱换热系统的影响。结果表明,纳米颗粒的添加和微肋结构能有效提高传热效率,圆柱表面温度明显降低,其中质量分数为0.4%的纳米流体在竖直肋片数量为6时表现出更好的换热性能。     

多相传质过程中的Marangoni效应

Marangoni效应广泛存在于液液、气液相际传质过程中,通常会对传质速率产生重要影响。对Marangoni效应的实验及理论研究有助于增进对微观传质机理的理解,是强化相间传质过程效率的重要因素。重点介绍了液液体系中单液滴萃取的实验和模拟研究,对液液体系中Marangoni效应不稳定性的判据,对气液体系有效传质面积的影响,以及两种体系中利用表面活性剂进行传质调控的研究等方面的进展进行了综述,还探讨了传质过程中Marangoni效应应用研究的方向。     

改性氧化钛对羟乙基乙二胺水溶液解吸CO2的强化

羟乙基乙二胺（AEE）水溶液的CO₂循环吸收量高（1.2molCO₂/molAEE）,吸收速度快,稳定性好,但解吸速度慢、解吸量少（0.8mol CO₂/mol AEE）是限制该技术广泛应用的主要原因。本文通过向AEE水溶液中添加质量分数为0.05%～0.20%的改性氧化钛（TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH）强化AEE的解吸能力。CO₂循环吸收（40℃）-解吸（120℃）实验结果表明改性氧化钛的添加比氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果更好,强化顺序为TiO₂-MWCNT＞TiO₂-OH;其对应的最大解吸速率分别为0.093L/min（质量分数0.15%）和0.083L/min（质量分数0.20%）,相对于AEE水溶液,分别提高了32.9%和18.6%;其对应的最大解吸量分别为0.92molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.88molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.20%）,分别提高了12.2%和9.7%;其对应的CO₂循环吸收量分别是0.95molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.89molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）,分别提高了18.75%和11.25%;5次循环吸收解吸实验结果表明改性氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果稳定,具有较强的化学稳定性。对反应后的改性氧化钛进行XRD、BET、FTIR和SEM表征,结果表明改性氧化钛具有较强的结构稳定性。TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH在促进有机胺溶液解吸CO₂方面具有一定的工业应用潜力。     

水-铜纳米流体强化小型毛细泵回路换热特性

在稳定的低压条件下,对以水-Cu纳米流体为工质的小型平板式毛细泵回路（CPL）的换热特性进行了实验研究。实验中纳米颗粒的平均粒径为20 nm,纳米流体质量分数为0.2%～2.0%。工作压力为5.62、9.58、15.74 kPa。研究了纳米颗粒质量分数和运行压力对CPL换热性能、最大热通量和热阻的影响。实验结果表明,水-Cu纳米流体替代纯水能够显著提高CPL的换热性能,蒸发器的传热系数最大可提高40％,最大热通量提高18%。存在着一个对应于最大强化换热能力的最佳质量分数,在实验压力范围内最佳纳米颗粒质量分数为1.0%。水-Cu纳米流体是一种适合在CPL中使用的强化传热工质。运行压力对CPL换热特性也有明显影响,压力越高,CPL换热的强化效果越显著。     

Enhancement of oxygen mass transfer rate in the presence of nanosized particles

Absorption of gases into a liquid is essentially important for two- or three-phase reactions, because the diffusion of a sparingly soluble gas, like oxygen, across a gas-liquid interface generally limits the reaction rates. Using a third, dispersed phase, the mass transfer rate could be significantly increased. The question arises how the absorption rate can be described in the presence of very fine, nanometer size particles or droplets. Its mathematical model should take into account the specific properties of the nanoparticles, e.g. the Brownian motion of particles, its effect on the diffusion of the bulk phase molecules, the mass transfer rate into the nanoparticles, its dependency on the particle size, etc. The mass transfer rate of oxygen, in the presence of nanometer size, organic droplets, has been investigated both experimentally, using organic submicron n-hexadecane droplets, and theoretically. The effect of the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles as well as its effect on the diffusivity in the nanofluid has been discussed. Accordingly, the enhanced diffusion coefficient, due to the convective motion of the continuous liquid phase induced by the moving particles, has been predicted and its effect on the mass transfer enhancement has been calculated using both homogeneous and heterogeneous mathematical models. The predicted data were compared to the measured ones.     

活性炭粒子对K2CO3溶液中CO2化学吸收的强化

The enhancement of chemical absorption of CO2 by K2CO3/H2O absorbents in the presence of activated carbon (AC) particles was investigated. The results show that the gas absorption rates can be enhanced significantly in the presence of AC particles,and the maximum enhancement factor 3.7 was observed at low stirring intensities.The enhancement factor increased rapidly with the solid loading during the initial period of absorption and then became mild gradually to a maximum value. Both the liquid-solid contact area and the probability of solid particles residing at the gas-liquid interface decreased with the increase of the particle size,leading to a negative effect on the enhancement of mass transfer. The influence of the particles on gas absorption decreased with the reaction rate. The stirring speed changed the interfacial coverage and mass transfer rate on the liquid side and consequently affected the mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases; the enhancement factor decreased with the stirring intensity. A heterogeneous two-zone model was proposed for predicting the enhancement factor and the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.     

Synthesis of Silica Nanofluid and Application to CO2 Absorption

Abstract

This study focused on the synthesis of stable nanofluids and their direct application to the CO₂ absorption process. A sol-gel process was used as the synthesis method of nanoparticles in nanofluid. The particle size and stability were determined by SEM image and zeta potential of the nanofluid. Three types of nanofluids containing approximately 30 nm, 70 nm, and 120 nm particles were synthesized and all nanofluids had a stable zeta potential of approximately ? 45 mV. Addition of nanoparticles increased the average absorption rate of 76% during the first 1 minute and total absorption amount of 24% in water. The capacity coefficient of CO₂ absorption in the nanofluid is 4 times higher than water without nanoparticles, because the small bubble sizes in the nanofluid have large mass transfer areas and high solubility.