气液界面对流传质的观测与定量分析

采用光学纹影系统对乙醇和水双组分解吸传质过程的对流结构的界面湍动进行了定性观察和定量分析。建立了一套水平非稳态气液传质设备,试验观测了乙醇和水体系中液相组分向气相传质过程的Marangoni界面对流结构。还通过对传统纹影方法的改进,对乙醇解吸传质过程的浓度(本文用质量分数表示)梯度场进行了定量测量。定量分析表明乙醇和水系统解吸过程中,引发界面湍动的原因是局部较大的表面张力梯度。定量分析的结果很好的解释了伴随Marangoni效应的传质过程的混乱的对流结构,为进一步对界面湍动现象的分析提供了帮助。     

气液界面Marangoni效应对传质系数的影响

在气液相际传质过程中,界面Marangoni湍动会对传质过程产生重要的影响,为此,建立了一套气液接触传质设备,以使得通过N2与异丙醇稀溶液逆流接触将液体中使表面张力降低的溶质解吸出来,从而引发Marangoni湍动,提高传质速率。发生Marangoni对流时,液相的传质系数比只依靠扩散传质而不考虑Marangoni效应时大,因此引出增强因子F这一概念,通过计算F的值即可判断Marangoni效应对传质速率影响的程度。提出了一个包括Marangoni准数的计算传质系数关联式,其计算结果与实验结果相符．     

界面湍动对气液传质的影响

气液传质过程中经常伴有界面湍动。界面湍动由传质的不均匀性引起,反过来又极大地促进传质。介绍了界面湍动的产生机理和形成条件,对4种不同Ra和Ma准数的情况分别进行了分析。讨论了界面湍动强度对气液传质系数的影响关系。传质系数与Man成正比,其中n随着Marangoni对流胞类型的不同而在1/3和1之间变化。在气液系统中,液相与气相阻力比越大,由界面湍动引起的传质的增强效应越显著。     

界面传质中Rayleigh对流的定量分析

通过纹影光路观察了特定气液传质装置中乙醇吸收CO₂过程所引发的Rayleigh对流在垂直界面方向上的发展过程。随着溶质吸收的进行,液层的流体稳定性变弱,扰动加剧气液界面失稳并发生湍动,进而发展为羽状流并逐步向液相主体发展,在此过程中伴随着对流胞的融合与增长。液层的浓度分布可通过对相应液层纹影图像进行定量分析获得。液层浓度分布和瞬时传质系数变化表征了Rayleigh对流的引发与发展及其对传质过程的强化效果,界面浓度分布及临界Rayleigh数解释了非均匀传质对湍动的引发机理。羽状流将高浓度液体快速带入主体,加速了近界面液层与主体液层的混合,增强了气液传质。     

界面传质中Rayleigh对流的定量分析

通过纹影光路观察了特定气液传质装置中乙醇吸收CO2过程所引发的Rayleigh对流在垂直界面方向上的发展过程。随着溶质吸收的进行,液层的流体稳定性变弱,扰动加剧气液界面失稳并发生湍动,进而发展为羽状流并逐步向液相主体发展,在此过程中伴随着对流胞的融合与增长。液层的浓度分布可通过对相应液层纹影图像进行定量分析获得。液层浓度分布和瞬时传质系数变化表征了Rayleigh对流的引发与发展及其对传质过程的强化效果,界面浓度分布及临界Rayleigh数解释了非均匀传质对湍动的引发机理。羽状流将高浓度液体快速带入主体,加速了近界面液层与主体液层的混合,增强了气液传质。     

气相中乙醇对水吸收CO_2过程界面对流的影响

考察了在气相中加入少量乙醇对水吸收CO2过程中液相界面对流的影响。采用粒子成像测速仪(PIV)测定了这一气体吸收过程中液体瞬时流场。通过对液体流场信息进行处理,得到了不同条件下速度和湍动能的数据及其分布;根据流场内速度和湍动能及其分布结构,定量分析了气相中加入乙醇对气液传质过程界面对流的影响,发现气相中乙醇的加入导致了局部Marangoni效应,很大程度上增大了界面附近的对流,为促进气液传质提供了依据。     

气液传质过程中Marangoni对流的观测与定量分析

建立了一套气液传质装置和一套纹影系统对乙醇解吸CO₂过程中产生的Marangoni对流结构进行垂直界面方向上的观察,发现解吸过程中近界面处出现均匀分布的旋涡状的对流结构,并随时间聚合发展变大。此外还利用定量纹影法考察了传质过程中的浓度分布和界面张力梯度等信息。定量的结果表明较大的界面张力梯度位于对流胞型的边缘和中心处,驱动着界面流体的运动,并耦合浮力效应,形成了近界面环流的运动形式。这种环流运动造成了对流胞型边缘浓度较大、内部浓度小的分布,促进了相界面流体微元的更新,加强了传质过程。     

伴有Marangoni效应的传质动力学

结合Marangoni对流的流体动力学条件，通过建立的半经验模型研究了伴有Marangoni效应的传质动力学，阐述了Marangoni效应增强传质的机理，得到了传质Sherwood数与Marangoni数之间的连续指数关联，从而得以解释不同实验过程中得到的不同Sherwood数与Marangoni数之间的关系.研究表明，由Marangoni效应而增强的传质系数与界面Marangoni湍动的表现形式有关.     

多相传质过程中的Marangoni效应

Marangoni效应广泛存在于液液、气液相际传质过程中,通常会对传质速率产生重要影响。对Marangoni效应的实验及理论研究有助于增进对微观传质机理的理解,是强化相间传质过程效率的重要因素。重点介绍了液液体系中单液滴萃取的实验和模拟研究,对液液体系中Marangoni效应不稳定性的判据,对气液体系有效传质面积的影响,以及两种体系中利用表面活性剂进行传质调控的研究等方面的进展进行了综述,还探讨了传质过程中Marangoni效应应用研究的方向。     

湍球塔气液相界面结构及传质面积

湍球塔因其防堵塞、强湍动、传质面积大等特点,可作为烟气氨法脱碳后用磷石膏浆料净化尾气微量氨的气液传质设备。本文基于湍球塔液滴团聚分散理论研究了液滴和液膜形成的气液相界面结构,并得到气液传质面积的数学模型。在磷石膏浆料吸收氨法脱碳尾气微量氨的湍球塔实验装置中,在气体Re_g157~475、液气比1~6范围内进行实验研究,从实验数据回归得到的气液传质面积与理论计算值吻合。结果表明,湍球塔气液传质面积以团聚分散的液滴为主,湍球表面积占比不足25%。     

Mass transfer into/from nanofluid drops in a spray liquid‐liquid extraction column

The performance of a spray liquid‐liquid extraction column at two mass‐transfer directions was experimentally studied in the presence of silica nanoparticles. Toluene‐based nanofluid drops containing 0.0005–0.01 vol % silica nanoparticles were dispersed in aqueous phase and acetic acid (AA) transfer between phases was investigated. The experiments were performed at fixed volumetric flow rates of dispersed and continuous phases. Maximum enhancement of 47.4% and 107.5% in overall mass‐transfer coefficient, respectively, for mass‐transfer direction of dispersed to continuous phase and vice versa were achieved for drops with 0.001 vol % silica nanoparticles. These enhancements can be referred to Brownian motion of nanoparticles and induced microconvection. The results showed that nanoparticles are more effective in augmenting AA transfer from continuous to dispersed phase. Probable reason is that smaller diameter and lower internal turbulence of drops in this transfer direction increase dispersed phase resistance potential to be manipulated by Brownian motion of nanoparticles. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 852–860, 2016     

Influence of the Marangoni Effect on Mass Transfer in Inclined Falling Films

The Marangoni effect on the mass transfer coefficient of falling films was investigated on inclined stainless‐steel plates to elucidate the influence on the mass transfer performance of structured packing surfaces. Desorption of ethanol from water generated the Marangoni effect in the liquid phase while the process of oxygen desorption from water was proceeded. The enhanced liquid phase mass transfer by the Marangoni effect was found to be related to the ethanol concentration in the liquid, inclination of the plate, and liquid flow condition. A generalized correlation was proposed to predict the effective enhancement factor of the system incorporated with the Marangoni effect.     

Microconvection in porous media during pervaporation of a liquid mixture—an experimental study

The objective of this investigation was to study experimentally the behaviour of a binary liquid mixture which evaporates from the surface of a porous plate. While the liquid flows towards the surface, an exponential concentration profile establishes in the pores. The plate acts as a mass transfer resistance which hinders the more volatile component from evaporating preferentially. It can be shown that under proper conditions evaporation is non-selective, that is, both components are removed equally.Experiments with the mixture 2-propanol-water and plates of different thickness and pore diameter proved the theoretical predictions to be valid, with exceptions: for low alcohol content evaporation is highly selective, the reason being intense microconvection in the porous plate. The intensity of this microconvection strongly depends on the mean pore size of the material.The mechanisms inducing the convection were attributed to Bénard and Marangoni instabilities. By using two different experimental set-ups, it could be shown that the Marangoni effect is dominant in thin plates, whereas Bénard convection is only of importance in thicker plates.A flow model is proposed to describe qualitatively how the Marangoni convection in a porous medium may take place.     

Marangoni对流的纹影实验分析

通过纹影系统对乙醇溶液解吸CO₂的过程进行了实验研究,液层自由界面的俯视纹影图记录了对流结构的演化过程,并捕捉到了Marangoni对流结构的初始形态。相应的胞型结构因发展空间的限制,由初始的近圆形逐渐变成了多边形结构。利用纹影图片的灰度分布信息,对单个胞型结构的出现、发展及分裂阶段进行了定性分析,发现界面非均匀传质所引发的界面对流在其胞型发展的过程中将会导致界面的变形。湍动的后期,液层表面将布满多边形结构,且胞型结构基本保持不变。相应纹影图片的颜色差异随解吸的进行逐渐减小,即随着传质推动力的减小,湍动强度也将减弱。     

A model of bubble coalescence in the presence of a nonionic surfactant with a low bubble approach velocity

A bubble coalescence model for a solution with a nonionic surfactant and with a low bubble approach velocity was developed, in which the mechanism of how coalescence is hindered by Marangoni stress was quantitatively analyzed. The bubble coalescence time calculated for ethanol–water and MIBC–water systems were in good agreement with experimental data. At low surfactant concentrations, the Marangoni stress and bubble coalescence time increased with bulk concentration increase. Conversely, in the high concentration range, the Marangoni stress and coalescence time decreased with bulk concentration. Numerical results showed that the nonlinear relationship between coalescence time and surfactant concentration is determined by the mass transport flux between the film and its interface, which tends to diminish the spatial concentration variation of the interface, that is, it acts as a “damper.” This damping effect increases with increased surfactant concentration, therefore decreasing the coalescence time at high concentrations.     

Enhancement of oxygen mass transfer rate in the presence of nanosized particles

Absorption of gases into a liquid is essentially important for two- or three-phase reactions, because the diffusion of a sparingly soluble gas, like oxygen, across a gas-liquid interface generally limits the reaction rates. Using a third, dispersed phase, the mass transfer rate could be significantly increased. The question arises how the absorption rate can be described in the presence of very fine, nanometer size particles or droplets. Its mathematical model should take into account the specific properties of the nanoparticles, e.g. the Brownian motion of particles, its effect on the diffusion of the bulk phase molecules, the mass transfer rate into the nanoparticles, its dependency on the particle size, etc. The mass transfer rate of oxygen, in the presence of nanometer size, organic droplets, has been investigated both experimentally, using organic submicron n-hexadecane droplets, and theoretically. The effect of the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles as well as its effect on the diffusivity in the nanofluid has been discussed. Accordingly, the enhanced diffusion coefficient, due to the convective motion of the continuous liquid phase induced by the moving particles, has been predicted and its effect on the mass transfer enhancement has been calculated using both homogeneous and heterogeneous mathematical models. The predicted data were compared to the measured ones.     

基于浓度/速度场测量的吸收过程液相传质系数

针对矩形流道内气、液流体的并流吸收传质过程,分别应用实时激光全息干涉术和激光多普勒速度仪对不同气、液流速下液相内近界面浓度分布与速度分布进行了实验观测.结果表明,边界层内浓度分布呈指数下降,流速越大梯度越陡,且速度边界层厚度要大于浓度边界层厚度.建立了通过物料衡算求算液相传质系数的方法.得到了不同条件下平均液相传质系数,并与Whiteman’s双膜理论的计算结果进行了比较.