Conflict resolution in collaborative planning dialogs

In a collaborative planning environment in which the agents are autonomous and heterogeneous, it is inevitable that discrepancies in the agents' beliefs result in conflicts during the planning process. In such cases, it is important that the agents engage in collaborative negotiation to resolve the detected conflicts in order to determine what should constitute their shared plan of actions and shared beliefs. This paper presents a plan-based model for conflict detection and resolution in collaborative planning dialogs. Our model specifies how a collaborative system should detect conflicts that arise between the system and its user during the planning process. If the detected conflicts warrant resolution, our model initiates collaborative negotiation in an attempt to resolve the conflicts in the agent's beliefs. In addition, when multiple conflicts arise, our model identifies and addresses the most effective aspect in its pursuit of conflict resolution. Furthermore, by capturing the collaborative planning process in a recursive Propose–Evaluate–Modify cycle of actions, our model is capable of handling embedded negotiation during conflict resolution.     

Distributed conflict resolution among cooperating expert systems

Abstract: Cooperating experts approach attempts to integrate and coordinate the activities of multiple specialised problem solvers that come together to solve complex tasks such as design, medical diagnosis, business management and so on. Due to the different goals, knowledge and viewpoints of agents, conflicts may arise at any phase of the problem-solving process. Managing diverse expertise requires well-organised models of conflict resolution. In this paper, a model for cooperating experts is described which openly supports multi-agent conflict detection and resolution. The model is based on the idea that each agent has its own conflict knowledge which is separated from its domain level knowledge, and each agent has its own conflict resolution knowledge which is not accessible and known by others. Furthermore, there are no globally known conflict resolution strategies. Each agent involved in a conflict chooses a resolution scheme according to its self interest. The model is described by using an example in the domain of office design and it is compared with other systems.     

网管系统策略冲突解决的结果中存在的问题及检测与解决方法

当前，多种方法被用来解决网管系统中的策略冲突，不同方法有不同的应用范围，因此，通常需要综合应用多种方法来解决策略之间的冲突．各种方法解决策略冲突解决的过程是相对独立的，其策略冲突解决的结果也是相对独立的．在解决策略冲突的过程中，难以考虑到已经存在的策略冲突解决结果．因此。不同的策略冲突解决方法的结果之间可能存在冲突．分析了网管系统中多策略冲突解决方法的结果中可能存在的冲突，提出了检测及解决这些冲突的方法，并给出了实验结果及结论．     

基于优化算法的冲突仲裁策略

该文提出了一种基于优化算法的冲突仲裁策略。在约束网络支持的并行设计过程中，建立了冲突仲裁的数学模型，设计了反映冲突严重程度的指标，并针对该指标利用基因算法进行优化求解。与以往的冲突解决方法不同，该方法利用设计参数区间的可扩展性，找到了制约设计问题的瓶颈，以最小的设计区间损失争取到最佳设计指标，从而达到有效解决冲突的目的。与约束网络相配合，该方法能够在并行设计的初期就监控设计过程，提早解决冲突以避免后期出现大返工。文中最后利用了转向架的设计实例说明了该方法的有效性。     

基于STN的时间冲突检测与消解

针对已有的STN一致性检验算法只能检测时间冲突而不能消解冲突的问题,以负环检测算法为基础,提出一种结合冲突检测和冲突消解的迭代算法。设计基于调整代价的冲突消解方法,对负环检测进行增量处理,可提高冲突消解的合理性和速度,减轻计划者处理冲突的负担。实验结果证明该算法具有较高的效率。     

协同设计中的冲突体系及解决方法研究

对冲突在协同设计中所处的时期、层次及冲突属性三个维度进行了分析，并据此构建了一个协同设计冲突体系，在设计理念、应用、系统三个层次上对冲突的表现和导致的后果进行了说明。指出了冲突之间的关系在冲突解决问题上的重要性，在此基础上给出了一个面向冲突体系的冲突解决策略，这一策略能够更好地应对协同设计中冲突的复杂性和动态性，最后给出了关键算法的实现。     

基于PERT图的冲突检测的研究

冲突是协同设计过程中一个不可避免的实际问题,产生的原因是协同设计环境下不同设计群体之间存在各个方面的差异性。基于以上原因,提出了一种冲突检测模型,并在此基础上提出了冲突的分类和基于PERT图的冲突检测算法,此方法通过组合不同设计者的设计方案PERT图找出他们之间存在的冲突问题,进而进行消解。最后通过实例验证此方法的有效性。     

基于协商的冲突消解研究

冲突消解是分布式人工智能（ＤＡＩ）系统中主体协调的一个重要方面。在ＤＡＩ系统中各主体的知识库可能存在着不完整性，不一致性，不相容性和不可约性等等，这些特性可能在协作过程中导致冲突。智能主体必须有一定的机制，用于识别和管理这些不一致性，以及消除由此而导致的冲突。本文分析定义了冲突的类型，并提出了协商冲突消解策略。     

Development of control mechanisms to support coherency of product model during cooperative design process

Product development became an increasingly collaborative and distributed activity. Collaborative design process gathers experts from different backgrounds and areas for a common objective about product development. An effective exchange support is expected to share and integrate design knowledge avoiding conflicts between designers. The management of heterogeneous product representation is a major step to integrate expert activities. To successfully manage this process, this paper proposes: (1) A research experimental platform for cooperative design in product development processes. (2) A new constraint based model to maintain complex relationships in multi-disciplinary cooperative design. (3) A model differentiation technique, which identifies differences and conflicts between models. (4) A Meta-rule concept, which controls the constraint network in design process, leading to a new notification mechanism to present conflict to all corresponding actors.     

Reactive navigation of multiple moving agents by collaborative resolution of conflicts

In navigation that involves several moving agents or robots that are not in possession of each other's plans, a scheme for resolution of collision conflicts between them becomes mandatory. A resolution scheme is proposed in this paper specifically for the case where it is not feasible to have a priori the plans and locations of all other robots, robots can broadcast information between one another only within a specified communication distance, and a robot is restricted in its ability to react to collision conflicts that occur outside of a specified time interval called the reaction time interval. Collision conflicts are resolved through velocity control by a search operation in the robot's velocity space. The existence of a cooperative phase in conflict resolution is indicated by a failure of the search operation to find velocities in the individual velocity space of the respective robots involved in the conflict. A scheme for cooperative resolution of conflicts is modeled as a search in the joint velocity space of the robots involved in conflict when the search in the individual space yields a failure. The scheme for cooperative resolution may further involve modifying the states of robots not involved in any conflict. This phenomenon is characterized as the propagation phase where cooperation spreads to robots not directly involved in the conflict. Apart from presenting the methodology for the resolution of conflicts at various levels (individual, cooperative, and propagation), the paper also formally establishes the existence of the cooperative phase during real‐time navigation of multiple mobile robots. The effect of varying robot parameters on the cooperative phase is presented and the increase in requirement for cooperation with the scaling up of the number of robots in a system is also illustrated. Simulation results involving several mobile robots are presented to indicate the efficacy of the proposed strategy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

协同设计中的并行冲突检测算法

冲突是协同设计的本质,产生的原因是协同设计环境下不同设计群体考虑问题的角度、评价标准和专业知识有所不同。提出了对等式协同设计中操作序列的一致性模型,在操作序列一致性的基础上提出了基于几何级的冲突检测算法,并在此基础上实现了系统设计冲突检测原型系统。     

Detection and resolution of conflicting change operations in version management of process models

Version management of process models requires that different versions of process models are integrated by applying change operations. Conflict detection between individually applied change operations and conflict resolution support are integral parts of version management. For conflict detection it is utterly important to compute a precise set of conflicts, since the minimization of the number of detected conflicts also reduces the overhead for merging different process model versions. As not every syntactic conflict leads to a conflict when taking into account model semantics, a computation of conflicts solely on the syntax leads to an unnecessary high number of conflicts. Moreover, even the set of precisely computed conflicts can be extensive and their resolution means a significant workload for a user. As a consequence, adequate support is required that guides a user through the resolution process and suggests possible resolution strategies for individual conflicts. In this paper, we introduce the notion of syntactic and semantic conflicts for change operations of process models. We provide a method how to efficiently compute conflicts precisely, using a term formalization of process models and consider the subsequent resolution of the detected conflicts based on different strategies. Using this approach, we can significantly reduce the number of overall conflicts and reduce the amount of work for the user when resolving conflicts.     

基于特征优先关系的冲突消解方法*

提出了一种基于特征优先关系的冲突消解方法,该方法通过制定设计人员的静态优先级和特征操作的动态优先级,可以有效地预防、检测和消解冲突,维护了协同模型的一致性。同时,还采用了负载平衡技术,保证了协同建模的效率。     

协同设计中多主体冲突问题的研究

从设计流程和体系结构的角度，对多主体冲突的产生、预防、检测与解决机制进行了系统的研究，提出了一个解决冲突问题的三层结构模型和各层相应的冲突解决策略，从而在控制级及领域级都对冲突进行了有效的避免和控制，该模型及方法在摩托车协同概念设计系统中得到了实现，为智能设计和协同设计奠定了基础。     

协同工作中冲突消解机制的研究

协同工作就是利用网络技术众多设计者共同合作完成任务,及时更新信息,保证网络信息的一致性与快速响应性。但是在协同工作过程设计成员自身条件差异,不可避免在协同设计中会产生冲突,所以准确及时对冲突检测与消解是协同工作的关键。因此提出一种新的集成化冲突消解模型,给出模型算法,利用模式匹配技术在这个模型中进行冲突检测与消解,采用克莫普匹配法进行冲突消解。通过实验证明,集成化模型和模式匹配技术很有效,对冲突检测准确,对冲突消解效率高,尤其处理大批量冲突时速度很快。效果非常显著,算法复杂度也很低。     

分布式冲突检测系统的研究与实现

提出一种支持并行设计的分布式冲突检测方法,设计并开发分布式冲突检测系统。该系统以约束网络的一致性区间求解算法为核心,通过计算约束网络中各设计参数的可行域区间,可以有效地检测产品设计过程中的冲突。软件系统采用B/S结构,以支持地理分布的协同设计团队的设计工作,并以铁路列车某型转向架工程设计为例验证了该方法的有效性。     

A smart conflict resolution model using multi-layer knowledge graph for conceptual design

Reducing the impact of conflicts on requirement-function-structure mapping in the early stage of product design is an important measure to achieve conceptual innovation, which relies on accurate reasoning of multi-domain knowledge. As product requirements become more personalized and diverse, traditional discrete knowledge organization and reasoning methods are difficult to adapt to the challenges of continuity and precision in conceptual solution. Knowledge graphs with complex networks have obvious advantages in association detection, knowledge visualization, and explainable reasoning of implicit knowledge, which offer innovative opportunities for conflict resolution in conceptual design. Therefore, a smart conflict resolution model using a multi-layer Knowledge Graph for Conceptual Design(mKGCD) is proposed in this study. A knowledge expression form of FBS-oriented design patent vocabulary is proposed, which is used for knowledge entity recognition and relation extraction based on natural language processing. A label mapping method based on inventive principles is used for patent classification and a four-layer semantic network for conflict resolution is constructed. Through semantic distance calculation, the designer's requirements for function/behavior/structure are smart deployed to obtain appropriate knowledge. A case study of the conceptual design of a collapsible installation and handling equipment demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach. The proposed method can not only meet the functional solution and innovation in the context of different design requirements, but also effectively improve the design efficiency in the iterative design process by means of multiple meanings of one graph.     

Resolving Conflicting Insights in Asynchronous Collaborative Visual Analysis

Analyzing large and complex datasets for critical decision making can benefit from a collective effort involving a team of analysts. However, insights and findings from different analysts are often incomplete, disconnected, or even conflicting. Most existing analysis tools lack proper support for examining and resolving the conflicts among the findings in order to consolidate the results of collaborative data analysis. In this paper, we present CoVA, a visual analytics system incorporating conflict detection and resolution for supporting asynchronous collaborative data analysis. By using a declarative visualization language and graph representation for managing insights and insight provenance, CoVA effectively leverages distributed revision control workflow from software engineering to automatically detect and properly resolve conflicts in collaborative analysis results. In addition, CoVA provides an effective visual interface for resolving conflicts as well as combining the analysis results. We conduct a user study to evaluate CoVA for collaborative data analysis. The results show that CoVA allows better understanding and use of the findings from different analysts.