赴西德、荷兰考察织物调理剂技术报告(续)

第三部分 阳离子表面活性剂的性能及在其它领域中的应用一、阳离子表面活性剂的定义、通式及典型代表1．定义与通式Hoechst公司表面活性剂应用技术实验室主任G·H·Tauber博士认为，阳离子表面活性剂的定义以如下说法比较实际，即阳离子表面活性剂是以带正电的杂原子作为助溶基团的表面活性剂。     

阳离子表面活性剂合成研究进展

阳离子表面活性剂极性基带正电荷,易于在带负电的表面上吸附成膜,具有其他类型表面活性剂不具备的特殊性质,如抗静电、柔软、杀菌抑菌、缓蚀等性能,介绍了近年来发展较快的几类阳离子表面活性剂,并预测了未来阳离子表面活性剂的发展方向。     

季铵盐类阳离子型表面活性剂

一、季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂的定义离子型表面活性剂溶解于水时,都能离解成阳离子和阴离子两部分。共中起表面活性作用的基团如果是阳离子,这种表面活性剂就称为阳离子表面活性剂。阳离子表面活性剂中起表面活性的部分有含氮、含磷、含硫、含碘等多种化学结     

阳离子表面活性剂复配体系研究进展

表面活性剂被称为工业味精,在工业中有着广泛用途,尤其以阴离子表面活性剂用量最大,但其中的一些阴离子表面活性剂在环境中不易降解,容易造成环境污染,所以降低表面活性剂的用量是该领域的一个研究方向。表面活性剂复配就是提高表面活性剂使用效果,降低其用量的一个有效途径,是表面活性剂应用领域的一个热点。本文重点综述了阳离子/阴离子,阳离子/非离子,阴离子/阳离子/非离子三种表面活性剂复配体系的研究进展,并在此基础上对有阳离子表面活性剂的复配体系研究给出了建议。     

织物柔软剂的新进展

本文介绍了文献报道中为改进二烷基型季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂柔软剂性能所进行的研究工作。包括与阴离子表面活性剂复配，采用二种不同链长的二烷基季铵盐，与三烷基季铵盐组合，与三烷基季铵盐和阴离子表面活性剂复配，与两性表面活性剂、烷基醇酰胺、有机添加物、阳离子变性纤维素配伍等方法。     

阳离子表面活性剂对4A沸石晶化过程的影响

研究了阳离子表面活性剂加入量对4A沸石晶化速度以及阳离子表面活性剂的碳氢链长对4A沸石晶化速度和粒度的影响。结果表明,添加少量的阳离子表面活性剂,即阳离子表面活性剂与氧化铝的摩尔比不大于0 1,4A沸石晶化速度随阳离子表面活性剂的加入量及碳氢链长的增加而增加,可使4A沸石晶化时间缩短20%,并使4A沸石的平均粒度减小,粒度分布变窄。     

阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成及应用研究综述

Gemini作为表面活性剂行列中新兴的一员,因其独特的化学结构及优异的应用性能受到研究者的重视,近年来的研究不断更新,品种丰富。本文简要介绍了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的性质,重点综述了国内各种阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法及应用,最后探讨了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂今后的发展趋势。     

阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成及应用研究综述

Gemini作为表面活性剂行列中新兴的一员,因其独特的化学结构及优异的应用性能受到研究者的重视,近年来的研究不断更新,品种丰富.本文简要介绍了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的性质,重点综述了国内各种阳离子Gemin表面活性剂的合成方法及应用,最后探讨了阳离子Gemini表面活性剂今后的发展趋势.     

表面活性剂对氯离子选择性电极测量值的影响

该文研究了两种非离子表面活性剂、两种阴离子表面活性剂、两种阳离子表面活性剂和一种两性表面活性剂对氯离子选择电极测定值的影响规律。讨论了表面活性剂产生干扰的原因，并提出了抑制干扰的方法。     

阳离子表面活性剂在工业清洗中的应用研究

阳离子表面活性剂易吸附于通常带负电的固体表面,使固体表面疏水,易吸附油污,不利于清洗,工业清洗中常被忽视.然而在阴离子、非离子表面活性剂清洗体系中,复配少量阳离子表面活性剂可以显著提升清洗效率.本文综述了通过改性后可以普遍与阴离子、非离子表面活性剂复配的阳离子表面活性剂的类型、结构及其应用特点,并指出了应用于工业清洗的...     

生物表面活性剂及其在食品中的应用

生物表面活性剂是天然表面活性剂的一个分支,具有与化学合成表面活性剂相区别的理化特性,对生物表面活性剂的发展符合目前发展绿色表面活性剂和生物应用技术的趋势。本文着重论述了生物表面活性剂在食品中的发展和应用．以及现在的实际问题和未来的发展方向。     

复配改性磺化碱木质素减水剂的性能研究

针对磺化碱木质素(SWSL)引气性过强造成混凝土抗压强度下降的问题,通过复配消泡剂二甲基硅油、表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)进行改性以改善其引气性,得到改性磺化碱木质素(GSL),系统研究了其物化性能及作为混凝土减水剂应用的性能。结果表明,GSL具有较强表面活性,泡沫细腻均匀,最大泡径仅0.5mm。掺加GSL的水泥颗粒表面Zeta电位比SWSL和木质素磺酸钙CLS的高,达到-33mV。与SWSL和CLS比较,GSL能在低掺量下使新拌砂浆具有更高减水率和引气性,且砂浆150min流动度损失率仅为3.8%。GSL能明显改善硬化砂浆孔隙结构,孔径小于0.02mm的小孔体积分数高达81.5%。掺量w(GSL)=0.25%时,混凝土减水率达13.6%,3d和7d抗压强度比分别为164%和163%,均高于CLS,达到高效减水剂标准。     

芳香驱蚊微胶囊剂的制备

以脲醛树脂为壁材,使用原位聚合法制备芳香驱蚊微胶囊。考察了微胶囊结构、包埋率、粒径及其分布等影响因素。优化的缩聚反应条件是:以十二烷基硫酸钠为表面活性剂,以盐酸为酸性催化剂,催化剂分批加入,终点pH值2.0,酸化4 h,固化温度70℃,固化时间2 h,搅拌速度800 r/min,可以得到包封率为91.3%、缓释效果良好、粒径分布均匀且粒径1~10μm的流动性球型固体微胶囊。     

Interaction Between an Anionic and an Amphoteric Surfactant. Part I: Monomer–Micelle Equilibrium

A mixture of anionic and amphoteric surfactants is composed of three components at intermediate pH levels: anionic, cationic (protonated amphoteric), and zwitterionic (unprotonated amphoteric). Knowledge of the composition of each surfactant in both monomer and micellar forms (monomer–micelle equilibrium) is important in applications using this mixture. Hydrogen ion titration of the mixed surfactant solution as a function of surfactant composition is combined with the pseudophase separation model and regular solution theory for the three-surfactant mixture to calculate the concentration of each surfactant in monomer and in micelle forms at different pH levels. The specific systems studied here contain sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), which are used in a wide range of consumer products. The degree of protonation of monomeric DDAO is not affected by the presence of SDS, indicating an insignificant formation of ion pairs between these monomers. However, the presence of SDS in micelles shifts the micellar pK _a of DDAO protonation significantly and the method used here allows the quantification of partial fugacities of each individual surfactant in micelle form. The composition in the monomer phase at each pH will aid in understanding and predicting solution compositions corresponding to anionic/amphoteric surfactant precipitation boundaries, which is the focus of the subsequent paper in this series.

Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow-OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo-azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon-silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow-OB is solubilized only in the azo-form in the hydrocarbon-silicone surfactant system.     

碳氟表面活性剂在有机液体中的表面活性

从不同的碳氟链（ 包括四氟乙烯五聚体衍生物、全氟丙烯环氧齐聚体衍生物以及全氟烷基衍生物等） 出发, 制备了多种碳氟化合物。通过表面张力测定,研究了碳氟化合物在甲苯、正己烷、正癸烷、环己烷等烃类化合物以及在氯仿、硝基甲烷、二甲亚砜、正丁醇等极性化合物中的表面活性。探讨了表面活性剂结构对其表面活性的影响。     

聚合型乳化剂及其应用

聚合型乳化剂是一种新型乳化剂。本文介绍了聚合型乳化剂的类型和一般性质，通过传统乳化剂与聚合乳化剂比较，阐明了可聚合型乳化剂的优点，最后介绍了聚合型乳化剂的应用情况。     

日本糖基和氨基酸系表面活性剂的开发及应用

以糖和氨基酸为原料的表面活性剂因其温和性、安全性和生物降解性近年来在日本受到高度重视 ,在日本已开发与应用这两类无公害的表面活性剂 ,并有良好的市场前景。     

Effect of Electrolyte and Temperature on Volatile Organic Compounds Removal from Wastewater Using Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase System of Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Mixtures

Abstract

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are frequently observed contaminants in industrial wastewaters causing concerns about environmental and health effects. An aqueous surfactant two-phase (ASTP) extraction system using mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants have been shown to be a promising surfactant-based separation technique to concentrate solutes such as proteins and dyes from aqueous solution. A phase separation of a surfactant solution occurs at certain surfactant compositions and concentrations, forming two isotropic phases. One is rich in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-rich phase) and the other is lean in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-dilute phase). Most of the organic contaminants tend to solubilize and concentrate in the surfactant-rich phase, leaving the surfactant-dilute phase containing only small amounts of contaminants as remediated water. The effect of NaCl addition on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the extraction ability of ASTP formed by mixtures of cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide; DTAB) and anionic surfactant (alkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; DPDS) at 50 mM total surfactant concentration with a 2:1 molar ratio of DTAB:DPDS was investigated; the CMC of the mixture slightly decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. The extraction and preconcentration of benzene are greatly enhanced by added NaCl. The higher the degree of hydrophobicity of contaminants, the greater the extraction into the surfactant-rich phases. At 1.0 M NaCl addition, about 95% of xylene, 92% of ethylbenzene, 90% of toluene, and 79% of benzene are extracted into the surfactant-rich phase within a single stage extraction and the contaminant partition ratios can be as high as 395 for xylene, 273 for ethylbenzene, 206 for toluene, and 84 for benzene, which are greater than those obtained from the conventional ASTP extraction system using nonionic surfactants.     

Modified Two-Phase Titration Methods to Quantify Surfactant Concentrations in Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

In enhanced oil recovery applications, surfactants are injected into reservoirs along with polymers and salts. The effluents eluted from lab experiments and field tests are analyzed by HPLC methods using an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) detector. When the surfactant concentrations are less than 100 ppm, HPLC methods are inaccurate. A novel two-phase titration method is developed where surfactant concentrations can be quantified using a calibration curve constructed with UV/vis absorption. This method can analyze surfactant concentrations 5–80 ppm where dilution eliminates any high-salinity interferences with the absorption measurements. The method is based on formation of a dye-surfactant complex and the light absorption of the complex has a linear correlation with the surfactant concentration. Anionic surfactant concentrations lower than 100 ppm can be accurately quantified using this method with methylene blue. The method was also developed for low concentrations (<50 ppm) of cationic surfactants using methyl orange and indigo carmine. The indigo carmine method can be used without the use of an organic phase. All methods are applicable at salinities up to 3 wt%. Both the methylene blue method and the methyl orange method can be used to detect zwitterionic surfactants. These methods can be used in the presence of polymers without any prior treatments.