基于光克尔效应的时间分辨荧光光谱测试系统

基于光克尔效应的时间分辨光谱测试技术主要用来研究发荧光的物质在受到激光照射时所表现出的瞬态行为信息。其主要思想是以空间函数来代替光学的响应时间函数,而其响应时间是通过两束光脉冲的相对时间差体现的。我们通过控制光学延迟可以控制两束光脉冲的时间差,并最终得到荧光物质受到激发光照射时表现出的瞬态行为信息。本文设计了一套基于光克尔效应的时间分辨光谱测试系统,其中光学延迟的软件控制系统由c#语言开发而来,通过控制直线精密滑台来实现光学延迟的控制。同时,考虑到样品的不同区域可能具有不同的性质,本文同时设计了一套由易语言开发的、能控制样品移动的软件控制系统,主要通过控制二维滑台来实现。     

Heterodyne autocorrelation method for characterizing 1.55 μmoptical pulse train and for measuring dispersion and nonlinearity inoptical fibers

Heterodyne autocorrelation measurement of 1.55 μm optical pulses from an actively mode-locked external cavity diode laser is performed before and after transmission through an optical fiber. In heterodyne autocorrelation, optical spectrum is resolved electronically. This method is suitable for measurement of optical pulses with a spectral width of less than 100 GHz, and it gives not only the pulse width and chirp of the pulses, but also it is useful for determining the dispersion and optical Kerr constant of an optical fiber. Analytical formalism for deducing these quantities is given for Gaussian pulses. Principal measurement is performed using a mode-locked diode laser. Dispersion is measured for a conventional-dispersion fiber of 35 km. Also, self-phase modulation (SPM) is measured for a dispersion-shifted fiber of 15.83 km     

利用飞秒激光光镊捕获生物细胞

采用自行搭建的飞秒激光光镊,实现了对人体血红细胞（RBC）的稳定捕获。使用的光源为自行搭建的掺钛蓝宝石克尔透镜锁模激光器,输出中心波长810nm、脉冲宽度40fs和重复频率为100MHz的飞秒激光脉冲。通过实验比较了飞秒激光光镊和连续（CW）激光光镊的捕获能力,依据实验数据,比较了两者的Q值。实验结果显示,飞秒激光光镊对于捕获生物细胞同样有效,将光镊技术和飞秒激光特性相结合用于生物学研究领域会有很好的应用前景。     

硝基苯超快非线性折射效应及机理研究

利用Z扫描测量技术研究了飞秒和皮秒激光脉冲激发下液体硝基苯的三阶非线性折射率n2。Z扫描实验的结果表明:液体硝基苯在20 ps、532 nm波长激发下的非线性折射率n2是300 fs,800 nm波长激发下的n2值的11倍。利用带相位物体的飞秒泵浦探测方法研究了液体硝基苯的非线性折射动力学机理。基于泵浦探测实验结果确定了液体硝基苯在超快激光激发后的非线性折射响应函数。测量结果可为基于硝基苯液体的集成光子学器件设计和溶液非线性测量提供有益参考     

飞秒光学频率梳在精密测量中的应用

飞秒光学频率梳通过锁定飞秒锁模激光的重复频率和偏置频率至微波频率基准,在时域上得到重复频率稳定的飞秒脉冲激光,在频域上得到频率间隔稳定的激光频率梳。飞秒光学频率梳作为微波频率与光学频率的桥梁,可以实现对激光频率的直接精密计量,同时作为一种有别于传统连续波稳频激光的特殊激光光源,在激光频率标尺、绝对距离测量和精密光谱测量等光学精密测量领域都有着重要应用。综述了飞秒光学频率梳在若干光学精密测量应用中的研究进展、关键技术和研究动向,分析了其在未来光学测量中的重要作用。     

Sampling pulses with semiconductor optical amplifiers

We demonstrate three techniques to measure the instantaneous frequency and intensity of optical pulses using semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Four-wave mixing, gain-saturation, and interferometric switching through a nonlinear optical loop mirror are three mechanisms by which sampling is done. We have experimentally measured the intensity and chirp profiles of pulses with energies as low as 10 fJ. Since the nonlinearity in the SOA is relatively slow, these measurement techniques are most appropriate for picosecond pulses often found in telecommunication applications. The temporal resolution of these methods are limited by timing jitter, which was ≈0.5 ps for the mode-locked laser diodes we used in our experiments, and by the width of the switching window     

Planarization of gold and aluminum thin films using a pulsed laser

Micrometer-thick gold and aluminum films have been planarized by momentarily melting them with optical pulses from a dye laser. Submicrosecond pulses were used in order to minimize the temperature rise in the substrate, reduce the energy required for melting, and prevent undesirable metallurgical reactions. Planarization of two-level gold metallization structures insulated by SiO2(including interlevel vias) has been achieved. Aluminum metallization on integrated circuits (IC's) has also been planarized. The use of a thin (<200 Å) silicon overcoating greatly aids the aluminum planarization process by passivating the aluminum and increasing its initial optical absorbance.     

Generation of super-stable 40 GHz pulses from Fabry-Perot resonator integrated with electro-optic phase modulator

A simple technique for converting a continuous-wave laser beam into a stable pulse train with high repetition frequency is demonstrated. The generated train is based on the synthesis of its Fourier spectrum which is composed of higher-order sidebands produced by a Fabry-Perot resonator integrated with an electro-optic phase modulator. Super-stable 40 GHz, transform-limited optical pulses are successfully generated.     

40-GHz mode-locked fiber-ring laser using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with integrated SOAs

A 40-GHz mode-locked fiber-ring laser based on an optically controlled modulator is presented and analyzed in detail. The modulator is a monolithic InGaAsP-InP Mach-Zehnder interferometer with integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers, which allows optical pulse generation synchronized to an external optical clock pulse stream. The laser generates nearly transform-limited Gaussian pulses of 2.5-ps width and up to 9-mW mean output power with less than 130 fs of timing jitter, and it is wavelength tunable over more than 30 nm. The relationship between key laser parameters and the output pulse characteristics is analyzed experimentally and numerically. An improved cavity design permits the generation of shorter pulses of 1.0-ps width.     

5.5-mm long InGaAsP monolithic extended-cavity laser with anintegrated Bragg-reflector for active mode-locking

A 5.5-mm-long monolithic extended-cavity laser with an integrated Bragg-reflector in the InGaAsP system for active mode-locking at low repetition rates at a wavelength of 1.55 μm has been fabricated. The device, which is designed to be used as a pulse source in long-distance soliton systems and optical time-division multiplexed systems, generates 20-ps-wide transform-limited pulses with a time-bandwidth product of 0.34 at a repetition rate of 8.1 GHz     

Coherent optical frequency combs: From principles to applications

A coherent optical frequency comb is a kind of broad-spectrum light sources delivering equidistant frequencies, and correspondingly its temporal waveform appears as a sequence of ultrashort pulses. Being the cornerstone technology of today's laser and time-frequency disciplines, it effectively links the optical frequency and the microwave frequency, and has promoted the development of diverse applications, such as precision spectroscopy, optical measurement, coherent optical communications, and optical clocks in the past two decades. In this review, we comprehensively introduce the development path, physical principle, generation/tuning methods, and advanced applications of optical frequency combs.     

A phototransistor with concentric electrodes on the Si substrate

A high-speed phototransistor with concentric lateral electrodes was fabricated on the Si substrate. The optical gain for continuous wave He-Ne laser excitation can be as high as 80. The pulse width in response to mode-locked laser pulses is 220 ps. A bandwidth of 1.7 GHz was observed for saturated unity-gain operation. The capability of being integrated is potentially useful in realizing high-speed optical receivers.     

基于45°倾斜光栅的重复频率可切换被动谐波锁模光纤激光器

基于非线性偏振旋转（NPR）技术,搭建了一台重复频率可切换的被动谐波锁模掺铒光纤激光器。腔内45倾斜光纤光栅（45 TFG）作为一种理想的光纤型起偏器,与两侧偏振控制器（PC）一起实现非线性偏振旋转效应,实现激光器的稳定锁模输出。在673 mW恒定泵浦功率下,通过调节腔内的PC,观测到了从基频到37阶谐波等多种锁模状态。该激光器可产生稳定的最高重复频率脉冲为783 MHz,对应的谐波阶数是37阶,且具有41 dB的边模抑制比（SSR）。高重复频率且稳定性好的脉冲可用于特定的应用中,如现代光通信系统、光学传感等。     

Ultrafast Measurement of Optical DPSK Signals Using 1-Symbol Delayed Dual-Channel Linear Optical Sampling

We propose and demonstrate a 1-symbol delayed dual-channel linear optical sampling for observing optical differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals. As this technique is based on optical gate processing by means of interference with local short pulses, its performance allows ultrafast measurement for a symbol rate of greater than 100 Gsymbol/s. Moreover, as the new measurement apparatus employs a two-series interferometer system with a 1-symbol delay, the measured phase distribution reflects the signal quality between adjacent symbols of the optical DPSK signals. In our experiment, we successfully observe the waveform degradation caused by the coherence of the light source and the pattern effect of the phase modulator. The measurement system noise is also discussed.     

Optical signal generation at millimeter-wave repetition rates usingsemiconductor lasers with pulsed subharmonic optical injection

A new technique is presented and investigated systematically which generates optical signals at millimeter-wave repetition rates from a semiconductor laser, without the need for an intracavity saturable absorber. Optical pulses are generated from a long-cavity semiconductor laser with a repetition rate equal to its cavity resonant frequency by injecting short optical pulses at one of the cavity resonance subharmonics. A rate-equation model is proposed to explain the mechanism of this subharmonic optical injection method. Optical pulses with repetition rates of 35 and 56 GHz are generated using the proposed scheme from a semiconductor laser with a distributed Bragg reflector and a Fabry-Perot laser diode, respectively. The performance of the generated pulses is also evaluated in terms of detected RF power at the repetition frequencies, the subharmonic suppression ratio, phase noise, and timing jitter as a function of frequency detuning, injected optical power, laser bias current, and, finally, the subharmonic number. It is found that the generated optical pulses exhibit large subharmonic suppression ratio (>17 dB), large locking ranges >400 MHz, low levels of phase noise (~-93 dBc/Hz@10 kHz) and timing jitter (<0.41 ps over 100 Hz to 10 MHz), and large tolerance to variations in operating parameters     

紫外飞秒激光的脉宽测量方法

相对于近红外波段的飞秒激光脉冲，紫外波段的飞秒脉冲由于具有单光子能量高、聚焦特性好、电离率高和成丝阈值低等优点，在高功率密度光场的产生、等离子体光物理等领域有着越来越广阔的应用前景，成为激光技术的研究热点。随着紫外飞秒激光技术的发展，传统的脉宽测量方法不能满足需求。指出了紫外飞秒激光脉宽测量研究的主要进展，讨论了目前可用于紫外飞秒激光脉宽的测量方法，主要有双光子荧光测量法、互相关法、简并四波混频法、多光子电离法，介绍了相关测量原理与特点。在此基础上，对紫外飞秒激光脉宽测量技术研究前景进行了展望。     

短脉冲在色散平坦光纤中传输前后波形、相位和啁啾测量的实验研究

二次谐波频率分辨光学门(SHG-FROG)是能够准确测量短脉冲多项特性参量的新技术。利用二次谐波频率分辨光学门脉冲分析仪对在色散平坦光纤中传输前后的短脉冲进行了测量,得到了待测光脉冲的频率分辨光学门(FROG)图、自相关曲线、自相关频谱曲线、波形和相位曲线以及脉宽、谱宽、啁啾等反映短脉冲特性的信息,对实验结果进行了分析,并与高斯脉冲在单模光纤中的线性传输理论进行了比较。结果表明,激光器输出的短脉冲是具有负线性啁啾的近变换极限高斯脉冲,经过12.7 km色散平坦光纤传输后仍然为具有负线性啁啾的高斯脉冲,其谱宽在传输过程中基本保持不变,脉宽展宽了3.1倍,啁啾增大了4倍。实验测量结果和理论预期一致。     

Mode-Locked InP-Based Laser Diode With a Monolithic Integrated UTC Absorber for Subpicosecond Pulse Generation

Future optical transmission systems and signal processing circuits will require optical pulse sources capable of producing subpicosecond (sub-ps) pulses with low timing jitter at repetition rates of tens of gigahertz. In this paper, we present the theory, design, and measurements of a novel InP-based hybrid mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) structure with an ultrafast monolithically integrated, reverse-biased, uni-traveling-carrier (UTC) absorber. The necessity of an ultrafast absorber to obtain sub-ps pulses is analyzed and explained with our advanced time-domain rate-equation model. The realized MLLD demonstrated clean sub-ps pulses of 900 fs at 42-GHz repetition rate and the potential in an optimized device to reach values around 600 fs.      

应用于激光光谱学中的短脉冲光峰功率的测量

报道了应用于激光光谱学中直接测量短脉冲光峰值光功率的双通道测量系统。给出了两个通道的线性关系和频率响应曲线。实验表明此测量系统可以测量到脉宽为10ns的脉冲光峰功率1％的放大和吸收。     

4.5 Gbit/s modelocked extended-cavity laser with a monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulator

An electroabsorption modulator has been monolithically integrated with an extended-cavity laser, which incorporates a Bragg reflector. Actively modelocked at the fundamental cavity resonance frequency of 4.5 GHz, the laser provides a train of 6.3 ps pulses with a centre wavelength of 1544 nm onto which data is encoded by the modulator. This 4.5 Gbit/s single-chip transmitter is suitable for systems employing short optical pulses.<>