星载毫米波辐射计地面定标实验

对CE-1(嫦娥一号)卫星有效载荷微波探测仪初样样机8 mm微波辐射计进行了地面定标实验。测量了接收机的线性度和灵敏度;建立了射频前端微波辐射传输模型;应用该模型并结合测试结果,建立了失配条件下辐射计天线温度的定标方程。实验结果表明,接收机线性度为0.9999,灵敏度为0.17 K,定标误差小于0.85 K。为CE-1正样样机的研制以及科学目标的实现提供了定标参考。     

风云三号卫星微波探测仪定标原理及算法

微波探测仪是搭载于气象卫星上的重要载荷,可全天候获取大气温度、湿度垂直廓线、降雨等重要大气参数,为气象预报、气候变化研究和灾害性天气现象监测等提供重要数据。定标是星载微波探测仪定量化应用的基础。详细阐述了星载微波探测仪定标基本原理,给出了定标相关基础概念,并根据星载微波探测仪仪器特性,系统地梳理了发射前热真空定标、发射后在轨定标/真实性检验技术和定标算法,同时对定标试验实施方案和定标算法实现的关键点进行了总结,从而建立了完整的星载微波探测仪定标流程和基准,对星载微波探测仪的统一化定标和定量化应用具有重要意义。     

星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术分析

探测大气水汽的星载微波大气湿度探测仪是国内外气象卫星上的关键载荷之一。多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪观测数据构成的长时间序列数据集在天气预报、数据同化和全球气候监测与评估中有着非常重要的作用。由于微波辐射没有绝对基准,并且不同卫星平台上的微波大气湿度探测仪的系统响应特性和定标方法不尽相同,因此,再定标是提高多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪的长时间序列观测数据的长期一致性和稳定性的关键技术。我国的四台星载微波大气湿度探测仪自2008年以来已经积累了超过10 a的重要观测数据集,亟待通过再定标技术实现4台载荷在轨历史观测数据长期一致性和稳定性并有效应用。为此,详细总结了国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪研究现状,并对国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术研究现状进行总结分析,然后给出我国星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标方案的构想,为再定标处理提供关键共性技术参考。     

风云三号卫星微波探测仪定标原理及算法

微波探测仪是搭载于气象卫星上的重要载荷,可全天候获取大气温度、湿度垂直廓线、降雨等重要大气参数,为气象预报、气候变化研究和灾害性天气现象监测等提供重要数据。定标是星载微波探测仪定量化应用的基础。详细阐述了星载微波探测仪定标基本原理,给出了定标相关基础概念,并根据星载微波探测仪仪器特性,系统地梳理了发射前热真空定标、发射后在轨定标/真实性检验技术和定标算法,同时对定标试验实施方案和定标算法实现的关键点进行了总结,从而建立了完整的星载微波探测仪定标流程和基准,对星载微波探测仪的统一化定标和定量化应用具有重要意义。     

风云三号卫星微波探测仪定标原理及算法

微波探测仪是搭载于气象卫星上的重要载荷，可全天候获取大气温度、湿度垂直廓线、降雨等重要大气参数，为气象预报、气候变化研究和灾害性天气现象监测等提供重要数据。定标是星载微波探测仪定量化应用的基础。详细阐述了星载微波探测仪定标基本原理，给出了定标相关基础概念，并根据星载微波探测仪仪器特性，系统地梳理了发射前热真空定标、发射后在轨定标/真实性检验技术和定标算法，同时对定标试验实施方案和定标算法实现的关键点进行了总结，从而建立了完整的星载微波探测仪定标流程和基准，对星载微波探测仪的统一化定标和定量化应用具有重要意义。     

星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术分析

探测大气水汽的星载微波大气湿度探测仪是国内外气象卫星上的关键载荷之一。多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪观测数据构成的长时间序列数据集在天气预报、数据同化和全球气候监测与评估中有着非常重要的作用。由于微波辐射没有绝对基准，并且不同卫星平台上的微波大气湿度探测仪的系统响应特性和定标方法不尽相同，因此，再定标是提高多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪的长时间序列观测数据的长期一致性和稳定性的关键技术。我国的四台星载微波大气湿度探测仪自2008年以来已经积累了超过10 a的重要观测数据集，亟待通过再定标技术实现4台载荷在轨历史观测数据长期一致性和稳定性并有效应用。为此，详细总结了国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪研究现状，并对国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术研究现状进行总结分析，然后给出我国星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标方案的构想，为再定标处理提供关键共性技术参考。     

星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术分析

探测大气水汽的星载微波大气湿度探测仪是国内外气象卫星上的关键载荷之一。多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪观测数据构成的长时间序列数据集在天气预报、数据同化和全球气候监测与评估中有着非常重要的作用。由于微波辐射没有绝对基准,并且不同卫星平台上的微波大气湿度探测仪的系统响应特性和定标方法不尽相同,因此,再定标是提高多台星载微波大气湿度探测仪的长时间序列观测数据的长期一致性和稳定性的关键技术。我国的四台星载微波大气湿度探测仪自2008年以来已经积累了超过10 a的重要观测数据集,亟待通过再定标技术实现4台载荷在轨历史观测数据长期一致性和稳定性并有效应用。为此,详细总结了国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪研究现状,并对国内外星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标共性技术研究现状进行总结分析,然后给出我国星载微波大气湿度探测仪再定标方案的构想,为再定标处理提供关键共性技术参考。     

HJ-1B热红外通道星上定标精度检验与敏感性分析

利用内蒙古达里湖定标与真实性检验场地的星地同步观测数据,通过辐射传输模型计算大气廓线高度、大气气体含量、水表参数和观测角度等因子的不确定性对HJ-1B热红外通道（B08）星上定标精度的影响,分析星上定标对各观测因子误差的敏感性。结果表明,回归星上黑体常温点293K和高温点328K得到的HJ-1B B08星上定标,在285.5K点的定标精度在0.84K以内,从定标角度来说,满足陆表温度反演1.0K以内对定标精度的要求,而较难满足水表温度反演0.3K以内对定标精度的要求;星上定标更适用于洁净、干燥大气和高温、高比辐射率地物目标的定标。     

车载多频率微波辐射计与观测数据应用

地基微波辐射计是被动微波遥感研究中进行地面实验的核心仪器。了解辐射计的观测原理以及实验方法对实验的设计和数据的分析具有重要意义。2007年遥感科学国家重点实验室购置了车载多频率微波辐射计,自仪器投入使用以来,获取了多种典型地表的微波辐射测量数据。基于车载多波段微波辐射计开展的地面观测实验为被动微波遥感地表参数反演算法的发展、辐射传输模型的验证等研究提供了重要的数据支持。详细介绍了车载多频率微波辐射计的配置、观测原理和定标方法,并结合地面实验,介绍了利用车载多频率微波辐射计进行实验的方法及数据的处理与应用。该研究对地基微波辐射计观测实验的设计与实施以及对辐射计数据的分析和使用有重要的参考价值。     

ETM+数据绝对反射率反演方法分析

将传感器原始记录信号反演为地面反射率对于遥感定量化应用非常重要。为了寻找一种简单、精度高的绝对反射率反演方法，本文以新疆哈密为试验区，使用经验线方法和基于模拟大气状况的辐射传输模型方法对1999年8月的ETM 数据进行了反演研究。通过将各反演方法得到的反射率值与地面实测值及星上反射率进行对比来验证反演效果，发现经验线方法精度最高，中误差仅为0．063，而基于模拟大气状况的辐射传输模型方法精度差，甚至不如未经大气校正的数据。这是由于星上定标系数误差、辐射传输方程自身误差以及模拟大气误差综合的结果，本研究也说明今后在使用辐射传输模型进行大气校正时要慎重考虑。     

A vector radiative transfer model for sea-surface salinity retrieval from space: a non-raining case

ABSTRACT

Sea-surface salinity (SSS) can be measured from space using a microwave sensor. However, achieving the desired accuracy in SSS retrieval is challenging due to the lower sensitivity of the brightness temperature to SSS especially at low sea-surface temperature conditions. The retrieval accuracy can be further degraded due to the atmospheric and sea-surface effects (including emission and reflection), which require more accurate correction methods based on the radiative transfer model. In this article, a vector radiative transfer model (VRTM) was developed based on a matrix operator method that considers the ocean–atmosphere system under non-raining conditions. The results from this model were compared with measurement data provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite sensor and the results from two other RT models (RT4 model and a forward model of the European Space Agency, ESA). Statistical evaluation of these results revealed that estimation errors of top of atmosphere (TOA) radiance by the VRTM model was less than 0.3% as compared to the RT4 model results. The difference of the brightness temperatures predicted by the VRTM model and measured by the SMOS was within 1.5 K which was better than the ESA’s forward model predictions. These results suggest that the VRTM is relatively more accurate and has high computational efficiency for simulating the TOA brightness temperature for various scientific research and remote-sensing applications.     

Retrieval of land surface temperature and emissivity from ASTER1B data using a dynamic learning neural network

The accuracy of a radiance transfer model neural network (RM-NN) for separating land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity from AST09 (the Advanced Spaceborne and Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Standard Data Product, surface leaving radiance) is very high, but it is limited by the accuracy of the atmospheric correction. This article uses a neural network and radiance transfer model (MODTRAN4) to directly retrieve the LST and emissivity from ASTER1B data, which overcomes the difficulty of atmospheric correction in previous methods. The retrieval average accuracy of LST is about 1.1 K, and the average accuracy of emissivity in bands 11–14 is under 0.016 for simulated data when the input nodes are a combination of brightness temperature in bands 11–14. The average accuracy of LST is under 0.8 K when the input nodes are a combination of water vapour content and brightness temperature in bands 11–14. Finally, the comparison of retrieval results with ground measurement data indicates that the RM-NN can be used to accurately retrieve LST and emissivity from ASTER1B data.     

一种基于雪粒径演化过程的积雪亮温模拟新方法

本研究采用HUT模型、DMRT模型和MEMLS模型模拟积雪雪粒子与不同波段（18.7 GHz和36.5 GHz）微波相互作用（吸收和消光）,并用于辐射传输模型。而雪粒径的获取一直是一个难点,本研究由Jordan91雪粒径演化模型演化得到雪粒径,并将其作为辐射传输模型的输入参数,基于像元内实测数据进行混合像元18.7和36.5 GHz水平极化亮温模拟。结果表明：采用HUT模型、DMRT模型和MEMLS模型的消光系数在18.7 GHz时模拟亮温的偏差分别为-3.6、-1.8和-0.7 K,在36.5 GHz时分别为4.0、10.4和14.4 K。对于18.7 GHz水平极化和36.5 GHz水平极化,基于有效雪粒径的亮温模拟与基于雪粒径演化过程的亮温模拟精度呈现出很好的线性关系。因此,基于雪粒径演化过程的方法是一种合适的获取辐射传输模型中雪粒径参数的方法。     

A New Method of Simulating Bright Temperature of Snow Cover based on Snow Grain Size Evolution Process

This research used HUT model, DMRT model and MEMLS model to simulate interactions(absorption and extinction) between snow grainsfor different wave bands (18.7 GHz and 36.5 GHz) of microwave which were used for radiative transfer model. Obtaining the snow grain size is always a difficulty. So this research used Jordan91 snow grain size evolution model to evolve snow grain size which was regarded as input parameter of radiative transfer model, and used measured data to simulate spaceborne brightness temperature for 18.7 GHz horizontal polarization and 36.5 GHz horizontal polarization in a mixed pixel. The results showed that the bias of simulation brightness temperature using extinction coefficient of HUT model, DMRT model and MEMLS model for 18.7 GHz horizontal polarization were -3.6 K、-1.8 K and -0.7 K respectively, and for 36.5 GHz horizontal polarization were 4.0 K、10.4 K and 14.4 K respectively. For 18.7 GHz horizontal polarization and 36.5 GHz horizontal polarization, the bright temperature simulation based on effective snow grain size shows a good linear relationship with the brightness temperature simulation basedon snow grain size evolution process. Therefore, the method based on the snow grain size evolution process is a suitable method for obtaining the snow grain size parameter in the radiative transfer model.     

一种高精度黑体辐射源温度测控系统设计

黑体辐射源作为通用红外目标,主要用于红外热成像系统的性能测试、校准和标定,其温度精度和稳定性直接影响产品的最终性能.为实现黑体辐射面温度的高精度测量与控制,提升红外热成像系统整体性能,提出了基于ATmega128单片机的黑体辐射源温度测控系统方案设计;利用MAX1402芯片和PT100完成温度的高精度测量;采用四线制恒压源驱动电路,简化硬件电路设计;基于μC/OS-Ⅱ操作系统平台和PID控制算法完成系统软件设计.详细阐述了MAX1402的校准和PT100标定过程,分析了影响温度测量和控制精度的影响因素并提出了解决方法.实验结果表明,该系统的温度测量绝对误差小于0.01℃,控制稳态绝对误差小于0.004℃.满足红外热成像系统性能提升的需求.     

Radiometric calibration evaluation for RSBs of Suomi-NPP/VIIRS and Aqua/MODIS based on the 2015 Dunhuang Chinese Radiometric Calibration Site in situ measurements

The Dunhuang Chinese Radiometric Calibration Site (CRCS), used for the vicarious calibration (VC) of reflective solar bands (RSBs), was determined as the primary radiometric calibration site for Chinese space-borne optical sensors and was also selected in 2008 by the Working Group on Calibration and Validation of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites as one of the instrumented reference sites. In August 2015, an in situ measurement was carried out at the Dunhuang site to evaluate the RSB radiometric calibration of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua based on the reflectance-based method. A portable spectroradiometer was used in the experiment to obtain the surface reflectance, and the atmospheric parameters were obtained by sun photometers and radiosonde. A Dunhuang surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function model obtained during the field missions in 2008 and 2013 was implemented. Two days of in situ measurement data including 2 days of VIIRS data and 1 day of MODIS data were used for this evaluation. The results show that the radiometric calibration accuracy is within ±2% for most NPP/VIIRS and Aqua/MODIS RSBs based on the Dunhuang site. It should be noted that there is a relatively large difference in the NPP/VIIRS day–night band (DNB) and Aqua/MODIS band 7 results at the central wavelength of 2.1 μm, with biases of – 4.78% and – 5.71%, respectively. One factor contributing to the difference is the atmospheric transmittance calculation in these bands using the 6S radiative transfer model. If Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission model is used for atmospheric transmittance correction, part of the bias of the MODIS band 7 and VIIRS DNB can be eliminated. However, the consistency of the VIIRS M11 and MODIS B7 is 3.47%, which is larger than that of the other bands.     

Accuracy of in-flight calibration of the water-vapour channel of a satellite radiometer by radiance calculation

Abstract

The accuracy of a calibration of a water-vapour channel of a radiometer on board a satellite by using a radiative transfer code with radiosonde profiles was examined with the aid of the calibrated WV channel data of the Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR) on the MOS-1 satellite. It has been verified that the assumption that a linear extrapolation for the relative humidity in the upper troposphere was reasonable for estimating the radiances in the water-vapour channel by a comparison of the brightness temperatures of the channel measured by the calibrated VTIR with those calculated by the radiative transfer code. An error in water-vapour distribution or radiosonde data considerably affected the estimated brightness temperature by the radiance calculation in the water vapour absorption band. The accuracy of the calibration of the water-vapour channel by the radiance calculation was with the root-mean-square (rms) temperature difference of 3–96°C.     

Preliminary estimate of calibration of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer thermal infrared data using Lake Titicaca

The absolute radiometric accuracy of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal infrared (TIR) data was evaluated with in situ data collected in a vicarious calibration field campaign conducted in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia during May 26 and June 17, 2000. The comparison between MODIS TIR data produced by the version 2.5.4 Level-1B code and the band radiances calculated with atmospheric radiative transfer code MODTRAN4.0 based on lake surface kinetic temperatures measured by five IR radiometers deployed in the high-elevation Lake Titicaca and the atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles measured by radiosondes launched on the lake shore on June, 15 2000, a calm clear-sky day, shows good agreements in bands 31 and 32 (within an accuracy of 0.4%) in the daytime overpass case. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the changes on the measured atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles result in negligible or small effects on the calculated radiances in the atmospheric window bands (bands 20–23, 29, and 31–32). Therefore, comparisons for these bands were made for cases when lake surface temperature measurements were available but no radiosonde data were available and in subareas of 10×16 pixels where there was no in situ measurement but MODIS brightness temperatures in band 31 vary within ±0.15 K by using the validated band 31 to determine lake surface temperatures through the MODTRAN4.0 code. Comparisons and error analysis show that the specified absolute radiometric accuracies are reached or nearly reached in MODIS bands 21, 29, and 31–33 and that there is a calibration bias of 2–3% in bands 20, 22, and 23. The error analysis also shows that the radiosondes cannot provide accurate atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles to estimate the calibration accuracies in the atmospheric sounding bands (bands 24–25, 27–28, and 34–36) at the specified 1% level and that the calibration accuracy in the ozone band 30 cannot be estimated without in situ measurements of ozone.     

一种基于弹道曲线模型的脱靶量测试方法

针对传统的脱靶量测试设备体积庞大、不便移动且测试成本高等缺点,提出了一种基于弹道曲线模型的双目立体视觉的脱靶量测试方法。研究了摄像机的成像模型及坐标系变换,分析了摄像机标定的一般方法,构建了摄像机标定模型,并推导了标定参数的表达式。基于双目立体视觉测试技术设计了弹道曲线模型的弹丸脱靶量测量系统,其测量过程简单且标定结果稳定,可实现弹丸运动目标的快速检测,通过对运动目标的空间定位和轨迹拟合实现了脱靶量的测试。实验结果表明:弹道直线模型和曲线模型均能简便地求解飞行弹丸脱靶量,后者比前者更贴近实际弹丸飞行轨迹,可获得更高精度的脱靶量,弹道曲线模型的脱靶量平均绝对误差(MAE)比直线模型降低了大约一半。